Month: September 2017

Harvard. Nine Radcliffe graduate students petition to attend “Economics Seminary”, 1926

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-30

Harvard’s Economic Seminary was a men-only affair going into the mid-1920’s. Before the beginning of the second semester of the 1925-26 academic year, a group of nine Radcliffe graduate students respectfully petitioned Allyn Young, the chairman of the Harvard Economics Department, to allow them “the privilege of regular attendance at the seminary”. Four of those women went on to earn Ph.D.’s in economics or economic history, three of them had substantial academic careers (Harvard, Berkeley and Pomona). At least one of the others had a full career as a government economist.

Besides transcribing this priceless artifact for the chronicle of women in economics, I have conducted a preliminary sweep of internet sources, including genealogical resources available at ancestry.com to construct partial timelines for this gang of nine. I have even come up with pictures of all nine of them!

__________________________________

The Petition

January 21, 1926

To
Professor Allyn A. Young
Chairman of the Economics Department
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass

The undersigned Radcliffe graduate students who are doing work in Economics at Harvard, would like permission to attend the weekly seminary in Economics. On two occasions they have been invited to be present at special meetings. They found the lectures stimulating and informative and are inclined to feel that the customary exclusion of Radcliffe students from these meetings puts them at some disadvantage. They must forego the opportunity of hearing both the informal lectures of experts in the various fields of Economics, and the results of the research of their fellow students. They also miss an invaluable chance for discussion less formal than that of the classroom.

Therefore, they petition the Economics Department for the privilege of regular attendance at the seminary.

[Signed]

Elizabeth L. Waterman
Mary C. Coit
Emily H. Huntington
Margaret R. Gay
Eunice S. Coyle
Miriam Keeler
M. Gertrude Brown
R. Guppy
A. Gilchrist

Source: Harvard University Archives. Department of Economics, Correspondence and Papers (1902-1950). Box 25; Folder: “Economics Seminary 1925-33”.

__________________________________

Elizabeth Lane Waterman
(1903-1973)

1903. Born September 24 in Boston to Arthur J. Waterman from England and Amy H. Lane of Boston.

1924. A.B. (honors in economics and sociology, Phi Beta Kappa) from Barnard College.

1925. A.M. from Radcliffe College.

1926-28. Received an Augustus Anson Whitney and Benjamin White Whitney Fellowship to study at the London School of Economics.

1928-29. Instructor at Wellesey College.

1929. Ph.D., Radcliffe College. Thesis title: Standard of Living of Eighteenth Century English Labor, 1700-1790.

1930. Married Glennon Gilboy (Professor of Engineering at MIT 1925-1937) April 19.

1929-30. Executive secretary of the Harvard Committee on Research in the Social Sciences.

1934. Wages in Eighteenth Century England. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

1930-41. Executive Secretary of the Harvard Committee on Research in the Social Sciences.

1940. Applicants for Work Relief: A Study of Massachusetts Families under the FERA and WPA. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

In World War II she served as economist for the Office of Strategic Services in Washington.

After the war she returned to Harvard as associate director of the Harvard economic research project, graduate school consultant and economics lecturer.

1953. Divorced in November.

1960-64. Consultant to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1961. Secretary-General of the International Conference on Input-Output Techniques in Geneva.

1968. Publishes A Primer on the Economics of Consumption (New York: Random House).

1973. Died October 10 in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Sources: A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists, ed. by Robert W. Dimand, Mary Ann Dimand and Evelyn L. Forget. Also, see her obituary published in The Boston Globe, October 12, 1973. Thanks to Hendrika Vande Kemp for correcting an error and for pointing to omissions in the original post.

Image Source: Barnard College, Mortarboard 1925, p. 62.

__________________________________

Mary Chandler Coit
(1895-1984)

1895. Born May 7 in Winchester, Massachusetts to Robert Coit and Eliza Atwood.

1917. Received A.B. with Distinction in Economics from Radcliffe College.

1920. Living with parents in Winchester, Massachusetts working as a secretary at a college.

1925. Received A.M. from Radcliffe College.

1930. Married Oscar Hatch Hawley March 11 in Ames, Iowa. In the 1930 census his occupation is listed as college music instructor (in the 1930 Iowa State College yearbook he is the conductor of the Iowa State Band) and hers as college instructor.

1939. Oscar Hatch Hawley died June 29 in Bolton Massachusetts.

1940. Census lists her as a widow farmer living in Worcester, Massachusetts with two sons, 8 and 6 years of age.

1984. Died 17 July in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

Sources: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com. The Iowa State College yearbook, Bomb, 1930.

Image Source: Radcliffe Yearbook, 1917, p. 34.

__________________________________

Emily Harriet Huntington
(1895-1982)

1895. Born October 22 in Sacramento, California to Dr. Thomas W. Huntington and Harriet Olive Pearson.

1917. A.B. awarded from University of California.

Worked on a cost of living study at the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Attended graduate department of Bryn Mawr College.

Attended London School of Economics.

1924. A.M. awarded by Radcliffe College.

1926-7. Instructor in Economics at Simmons College in Boston.

1928. Ph.D. from Radcliffe College. Thesis Cyclical Fluctuations in the Cotton Manufacturing Industry.

1928. Returns to the University of California at the rank of instructor at the faculty of economics.

1930. Appointment to assistant professor

1937. Promotion to associate professor

1944. Promotion to professor.

1961. Retirement.

1982. Died April 20 in Berkeley, California.

Source: University of California, Bancroft Library/Berkeley. Regional Oral History Office. Emily H. Huntington: A Career in Consumer Economics and Social Insurance. Interview conducted by Alice Greene King. 1971. From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: 1921 passport photo.

__________________________________

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay
(1901-1989)

1901. Born December 17 in Toledo Ohio to Edwin Francis Gay and Louise Fitz Randolph

1922. A. B. awarded by Radcliffe College. Phi Beta Kappa with distinction in history.

1923. A. M. Radcliffe College.

1928-29. $1,200 Augustus Anson Whitney and Benjamin White Whitney Fellowship to study abroad.

1931-36. Tutor in history and economics at Radcliffe.

1936-41. Assistant professor of history at Scripps College, Claremont, CA

1939. Married Godfrey Davies, member of the research staff of the Huntington Library and editor of its Quarterly.

1942-45. Analyst for Douglas Aircraft Co.

1948-1967. Instructor through professor ranks at Pomona College in Claremont.

1952. Ph. D. in History. Presumably thesis published as The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship: A Study in Applied Mercantilism, 1563-1642 (Harvard Economic Studies 97, Harvard University Press, 1956).

1967. Retirement.

1989. Died August 3 in Santa Barbara, CA.

Sources: Radcliffe College Annual Reports. John H. Gleason’s In Memorium: Margaret Gay Davies (1901-89). From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Margaret G. Davies awarded fellowship 1961

__________________________________

Eunice Shipton Coyle
(1895-1982)

1895. Born October 3 in Boston to James Michael and Agnes M. Eisner.

1918. A.B. Radcliffe College.

1926. A.M. Radcliffe College.

1936. Census Bureau

1940. According to the Census her occupation listed as research worker at the Department of the Treasury.

1982. Died December 29 in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Radcliffe Yearbook 1918, p. 35 .

__________________________________

Miriam Keeler
(1897-1998)

1897.Born September 30, 1897 in Malden Massachusetts to Charles H. Keeler and Susan R. Fisher.

1920. A. B. Magna cum laude from Mount Holyoke. Phi Beta Kappa.

1926. A.M. in economics from Radcliffe College.

1927. Married Samuel E. Cornelius. (died in 1965).

1929-1936. National Child Labor Committee of New York.

1938. Move to Washington area. Worked at Labor Department, editor of the monthly magazine The Child. issued by the Children’s Bureau.

1957. Wrote pamphlet “What Social Security means to Women”

1960. Retirement.

1998. Died November 12 in Sandy Spring, Maryland.

Source: Obituary “Miriam Keeler, Economist” in Washington Post, Dec. 3, 1993, B10. From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Mt. Holyoke Yearbook, Llamarada, 1920, p. 194.

__________________________________

Gertrude Brown
(1903-1989)

1903. Born Mary Gertrude Brown on February 26 in Carre, Vermont to Joseph E. Brown and Dora Ellen Reagan.

1924. A. B. Mount Holyoke College. (Mary E. Wooley Fellowship)

1926. A. M. in economics. Radcliffe College.

1926. Assistant in the Department of Economics and Statistics, M.I.T.

1927. Married Elmer J. Working (Harvard economics Ph.D.) June 11 in Somerville, Massachusetts.

1928. Residence in St. Paul, Minnesota. Husband employed as associate professor in the College of Agriculture.

1932. Ph.D. in Economic History at Radcliffe College. “The History of Silk Culture in the North American Colonies.”

1930. Residence in Washington, D.C. Husband employed as a government economist.

1935. Residence in Washington, D.C.

1940. Living in Urbana, Illinois. Husband professor at the University of Illinois.

1989. Died January 9 in Denver Colorado.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Mt. Holyoke Yearbook, Llamarada, 1924, p. 68.

__________________________________

Ruth Guppy
(1899-1991)

1899. Born June 11 in Marblehead, MA to George Guppy (architect, born in New York City) and Florence R. Gray (born in Chelsea, MA).

1926. A.M., Radcliffe College.

1930. According to Census, Ruth Guppy was single, living in Brooklyn and working as an economic researcher for a bank.

1930. Married Lawrence G. Ropes in 1930.

1940. Residence in Beverly, Massachusetts. Husband’s occupation listed as hydraulic engineer.

1991. Died Jan 7. Last residence Short Hills, New Jersey.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

* * * * * * *

Lynne Ranieri, a former neighbor of Ruth Guppy Ropes, came across this page in Economics in the Rear-view Mirror during the course of her research on her former neighbor. Ms. Ranieri graciously provided me the image of Ruth Guppy, age ca. 15 years and wrote me via Facebook:

At the end of her life my neighbor, Ruth Guppy Ropes lived with her brother here in NJ and when he moved to MA to be with his son (by which time Ruth had died), I attended his estate sale and bought some artifacts of their lives, including photos of Ruth. I saw your blog post had photos of some of the Radcliffe petitioners, but none of Ruth. In the event you would like to add her to your archives, I have attached here one of my favorite photos of her at her desk. The photo is dated 1914 and as Ruth was born in 1899, I would assume this was when she was in high school. If it is too small to see, I can email you a larger version. I have also attached here a photo of an obviously-older Ruth [see below]. FYI, it seems she married Mr. Ropes in 1930 and I have not yet found any evidence of her having returned to her work in economics…
I am happy to see Ruth get a bit more recognition for her accomplishments. She was much older than I am and I didn’t have much time to get to know her well, but in the little time I spent with her it was clear she was a bright, gentle woman.

__________________________________

Anna True Gilchrist
(1882-??)

1882. Born January 17 in Arlington, Massachusetts to George E. Gilchrist (born in Canada) and Annie J. Warren.

1900. Pupil at Northfield Seminary in Northfield, Massachusetts.

1901-02. Lived in Europe.

1910. Residence in Melrose, Massachusetts with parents.

1906. A. B. Boston University. Member Delta Delta Delta and Phi Beta Kappa.

1920. Listed in the Simmons College yearbook Microcosm as a graduate student.

1922. Passport renewal application for travel to England, Egypt, Palestine, Greece, France, Italy and Switzerland with scheduled departure on the Lapland (President Wilson) on January 18, 1923. Her occupation is listed as social worker, residing in Melrose.

1926. A.M., Radcliffe College.

1940. Residence at 110 Sewall Ave. in Brookline, MA.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Tags BrownMG, Coit, Coyle, GayMR, Gilboy, Gilchrist, Guppy, Huntington, Keeler, Waterman, Young

Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Galbraith’s Business Organization and Control. Syllabus and Exams. 1949-50

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-28

Materials for the undergraduate course “Business Organization and Control” taught by Sidney Alexander in 1948-49 has been transcribed and posted earlier. The course was taught the following year by John Kenneth Galbraith and others. Below you will find enrollment data followed by transcriptions of the syllabi for both semesters along with the mid-year and final examinations for the course.

_______________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 161 (formerly Economics 61a and 62b). Business Organization and Control. (Full Co.) Dr. Galbraith

(F) Total 179: 2 Graduates, 61 Seniors, 75 Juniors, 32 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 8 Radcliffe.
(Sp) Total 160: 2 Graduates, 56 Seniors, 70 Juniors, 24 Sophomores, 7 Radcliffe, 1 Other.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of the Departments for 1949-59, p. 73.

_______________________

[Fall Term, 1949-50]

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Dr. Galbraith

Date	Topic	Lecturer	Reading
Sept. 28	Preview	Galbraith	Bain, Ch. 1,2 (omitting pp. 26-41), 4, 5, 6, 8. TNEC No. 21, pp. 20-48, 113-121.
Sept. 30	Applied Theory of Markets	Galbraith
Oct. 3	“	Galbraith
Oct. 5	“	Galbraith
Oct. 7	Section
Oct. 10	Section
Oct. 12	HOLIDAY
Oct. 14	Forms of Business Enterprise	Gordon	Guthmann & Dougall, Chapter 2
Oct. 17 24	The Corporation: Origin and Legal Characteristics	Gordon	Buchanan, Ch. 3; Berle & Means, Book II, Ch. 1; Dewing, Book I, Ch. 1-2.
Oct. 19 26	“	Gordon
Oct. 21 28	Section
Oct. 24 31	Concentration & Market Organization: The Role and peration of the Large Corporation	Galbraith	Gordon, Chapters 2, 4, 5. Berle and Means, Book I, Ch. 1; Book IV, Chapters 1-4.
Oct. 26 Nov. 2	“	Galbraith
Oct. 28 Nov. 4	Section
Oct. 31 Nov. 7	Concentration & Market Organization: Holding companies and interest groups	Galbraith	Purdy, Chapter 7. Structure of the American Economy, Part I, Appendix 13
Nov. 2 Nov. 9	Concentration & Market Organization: Trade Associations	Gordon	TNEC No. 18, pp. 45-67 TNEC No. 21, pp. 234-258
Nov. 4 Nov. 11	Section

Bain, Joe S., Pricing, Distribution, and Employment, 1948.

U.S., Temporary National Economic Committee Monographs:

No. 18, Trade Association Survey;
No. 21, Competition & Monopoly in American Industry.

Guthmann, H. G., & Dougall, H. E., Corporate Financial Policy, 1948.

Buchanan, N. S., The Economics of Corporate Enterprise.

Berle, A. A., & Means, G. C., The Modern Corporation and Private Property, 1932.

Dewing, A. S., Financial Policy of Corporations, 1941, 2-volume edition.

Gordon, R. A., Business Leadership in the Large Corporation, 1945.

Purdy, H. L., Lindahl, M.L., and Carter, W. A., Corporate Concentration & Public Policy, 1942.

U.S., National Resources Committee, Structure of the American Economy, Part I, “Basic Characteristics.

_______________________

[Fall Term (cont.), 1949-50]

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Messrs. Galbraith and Gordon

	Topic	Lecturer	Reading
November 14	Price Leadership and Market Sharing	Gordon	Burns, Ch. III (ex. pp. 118-140), and Ch. IV.
November 16	Patents and Trademarks	Gordon	T.N.E.C. Monograph No. 21, pp. 158-165; Edwards, pp. 216-248.
November 18	Section
November 21	Advertising	Galbraith	Burns, Ch. VIII
November 23	Price Discrimination	Gordon	Boulding, pp. 533-43
November 25	Section		Boulding, pp. 533-43
November 28	Basing Point System—Exposition	Galbraith	Machlup, Ch. 1 (ex. Appendix) and Ch. 3; Kaysen, “Basing Point Pricing and Public Policy”
November 30	Basing Point System—Consequences	Kaysen
December 2	Section
December 5	Economic Norms of Public Policy	Duesenberry	Hansen, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles, Ch. XV
December 7	“	Duesenberry	Hansen, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles, Ch. XV
December 9	Section		Galbraith, Essay on Monopoly and Concentration of Economic Power in Ellis, Review of Contemporary Economics
December 12	Economic Norms of Public Policy	Duesenberry
December 14	Promoting Competition: The Anti Trust Laws	Gordon	Purdy et al., Chs. 16, 17, 18 (omitting pp. 354-360), 20 (omitting pp. 393-401), 28; Adelman, “Effective Competition and the Anti Trust Laws”; Mason, “The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States
December 16	Section
December 19	Promoting Competition: The Anti Trust laws
December 22	“

Adelman, M. A., “Effective Competition and the Anti Trust Laws,” M.I.T., Publications in the Social Sciences, Series No. 1, Reprint from Harvard Law Review, Sept. 1948.

Boulding, Kenneth, Economic Analysis, Revised Edition.

Burns, A. F., The Decline of Competition, 1936.

Edwards, Corwin, Maintaining Competition, 1949.

Kaysen, Carl, “Basing Point Pricing and Public Policy,” Q.J.E., August, 1949, pp. 289-314.

Machlup, Fritz, The Basing Point System, 1949.

Mason, Edward S., “The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the U.S.,” Harvard Law Review, June, 1949, pp. 1265-1285.

Purdy, H. L., Lindahl, M. L., and Carter, W. A., Corporate Concentration & Public Policy, 1942.

U.S., T.N.E.C. Monograph No. 21, Competition and Monopoly in American Industry, 1940.

Hansen, Alvin, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles, 1941, First Edition.

Ellis, Howard, Review of Contemporary Economics, 1948.

_______________________

Final Examination, Fall Term 1949-50

1949-50
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 161

I.
(one hour)

Required

A book published a couple of years ago entitled The American Individual Enterprise System, has the following to say about “the meaning of competition”;

“How a seller chooses to exercise his freedom, as long as he is independent, does not furnish a test of competition. The only true test, and the basic distinguishing feature of competition, is whether there are at least two suppliers of a market who make independent decisions on the prices and conditions at which they will offer their goods and services.”

Using the word “competition” in this sense, the book’s authors stat that “competition serves the public in the following ways”:

“It tends to assure that goods and services will be produced and distributed at the lowest possible cost.
“It tends to assure that profits will be held to the minimum.
“It tends to assure that the energy and raw materials and productive capacity of the nation will be used for providing those goods and services which the public wants, and in proportion to the relative demands of the public.
“It assures freedom of opportunity. Anyone at any time, if he has the necessary capital, can enter any line of business he desires.”

Questions:

(a) Do you concur in this definition of competition? Why or why not?

(b) Would an economic system which is “competitive” in the sense of the above quotation necessarily produce the results which the authors mention? Consider in turn each of the “results” mentioned above. Be specific, and make certain that you explain each step in your reasoning.

II.
(Seventy-five minutes)

Answer any three of the five.

Give a concise, clear explanation of the mechanics of a multiple-basing point pricing using graphs if you wish.
Under what circumstances and why are business firms likely to prefer non-price to price competition? Define your terms precisely.
In what ways may it be argued that the American patent system is a stimulus and in what ways a deterrent, to invention and to realized technical progress in American industry?
What is price discrimination? Outline a set of conditions under which discriminatory pricing operates to the advantage of buyers.
State definitely but concisely the way in which each of the following cases affected the development of antitrust law.

C. Knight Case
Standard Oil Case
U. S. Steel Case
Aluminum Case

III.
(Forty-five minutes)

Required.

Schumpeter and Clark appear to agree in advocating (or condoning) certain restraints on competition. Develop fully and discuss the lines of argument by which they arrive at their respective conclusions.

Mid-Year. January 1950.

_______________________

[Spring Term, 1949-50]

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Professor Galbraith and Mr. Gordon

	Subject	Lecturer	Reading
Feb. 8	Promoting Competition: Cartel Policy	Gordon	Mason, Controlling World Trade, Ch. 1, 2.
Feb. 10	Promoting Competition: The Recent Antitrust Cases	Gordon	Oppenheim, Cases on Federal Antitrust Laws, Ch. 5. Nicholls, “The Tobacco Case of 1946,” American Economic Review, May 1949, pp. 284-96.
Feb. 13	Regulating Competition: Retail Trade and Regulation	Galbraith	TNEC Monograph 35, pp. 5-14, 145-160. Adelman, “The A & P Case,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1949.
Feb. 15	Regulating Competition: Retail Trade and Regulation	Galbraith
Feb. 17	Section
Feb. 20	Limiting Competition: Agriculture	Galbraith	Black, Parity, Parity, Parity, Ch. 5, 20, 21. Schultz, Production and Welfare of Agriculture, Ch. 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15.
Feb. 22	HOLIDAY
Feb. 24	Limiting Competition: Agriculture	Galbraith
Feb. 27	Limiting Competition: Agriculture	Galbraith
Mar. 1	Regulated Monopoly: The Public Utility Concept	Gordon	Lyon, Abramson et al, Government and Economic Life, Vol. II, Ch. 21.
Mar. 3	Section
Mar. 6	Regulated Monopoly: Power and Transport	Gordon
Mar. 8	Regulated Monopoly: Power and Transport	Gordon	Locklin, Economics of Transportation, Ch. VIII, XV, XVI.
Mar. 10	Section
Mar. 13	Regulated Monopoly: Power and Transport	Gordon
Mar. 15	Corporate Financial Structure	Gordon	Dewing, Financial Policy of Corporations, Bk. I, Ch. 4 to p. 83, Ch. 7, 8, 9 to p. 218, and pp. 230-42; Bk. III, Ch. 1, 2. Merrill, Lynch, How to Read a Financial Report (entire pamphlet)
Mar. 17	Section
Mar. 20	Corporate Financial Structure	Gordon
Mar. 22	Corporate Financial Structure	Gordon
Mar. 24	Section
Mar. 27	Regulation of Securities and Markets	Gordon	Stein, Government and the Investor, Ch. 2, 3, 4, 6.
Mar. 29	Regulation of Securities and Markets	Gordon	Stein, Government and the Investor, Ch. 2, 3, 4, 6.
Mar. 31	Section
Recess from April 2 through 9
Apr. 10	Conservation: Forest Products	Nixon	Jensen, Lumber and Labor, Ch. 1,2.
Apr. 12	Conservation: Oil and Gas	Manne	Rostow, A National Policy for the Oil Industry, Ch. 1-9, 13-15.
Apr. 14	Section
Apr. 17	Conservation: Oil and Gas	Manne
Apr. 19	HOLIDAY
Apr. 21	Public Development: Housing	Galbraith	Fortune Magazine: The Industry Capitalism Forgot, August 1947, & Editorial, September 1947. TNEC Monograph #8, Towards More Housing, Ch. IV, V, IX.
Apr. 24	Public Development: Housing	Galbraith
Apr. 26	Economic Mobilization	Galbraith	Galbraith, “The Disequilibrium System,” American Economic Review, 1947. Johnson, G. G., Economic Stabilization Program.
Apr. 28	Section
May 1	Economic Mobilization	Galbraith
May 3	Reconciliation of Policy	Galbraith
May 5	Summary	Galbraith
Reading Period begins May 8

Mason, Edward S., Controlling World Trade, 1946.

Oppenehim, S. C., Cases on Federal Antitrust Laws.

Nicholls, W. H., “The Tobacco Case of 1946” in American Economic Review, May 1949, pp. 284-96.

Lyon, Abramson, et al, Government and Economic Life 1940.

Dewing, Arthur S., Financial Policy of Corporations, 1941, 2-volume edition.

Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Beane, How to Read a Financial Report (pamphlet).

Stein, Emanuel, Government and the Investor.

Locklin, D. Philip, Economics of Transportation, 1947.

TNEC Monograph #8, Toward More Housing.

TNEC Monograph #35, Large-Scale Organization in the Food Industries.

Adelman, M. A., “The A & P Case. A Study in Applied Economic Theory,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. LXIII, No. 2, May 1949.

Schultz, T. W., Production and Welfare of Agriculture, 1949.

Black, J. D., Parity, Parity, Parity, 1942.

Jensen, Vernon, Lumber and Labor.

Rostow, Eugene V., A National Policy for the Oil Industry, 1947.

Galbraith, J. K., “The Disequilibrium System,” American Economic Review, Vol. XXXVII, #3, June 1947.

Fortune Magazine, “The Industry Capitalism Forgot,” August 1947, “Editorial,” September 1947.

Johnson, G. G., Suggestions for the Development of an Economic Stabilization Program for a War Emergency, National Security Resources Board, Document 47.

_______________________

Economics 161
[Midterm] Examination
April, 1950

Retailing and agriculture are both industries composed of many small firms. What are the similarities in government policy toward these industries? What are the important differences?
What were the principal provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934? Discuss briefly in light of the abuses they were designed to remedy.

_______________________

Spring Term, Final Examination

1949-50
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 161

I.
(Forty-five minutes)

Required

The special appeals court, which heard the Alcoa case in 1945, said that Congress, in passing the federal antitrust laws, “was not necessarily actuated by economic motives alone.” “It is possible,” the court said, “because of its indirect social or moral effect, to prefer a system of small producers, each dependent for his success upon his own skill and character, to one in which the great mass of those engaged must accept the direction of a few.”

Does this point of view seem to you to provide a persuasive argument for the fair trade laws, Robinson-Patman Act and the position of the government in the A & P cases? Explain.

II.
(Ninety minutes)

Answer three out of four.

Explain the importance of the following in relation to public regulation of the petroleum industry:
1. The rule of capture.
2. The Connally “Hot Oil” Act.
3. The Interstate Compact.
4. Marginal well Acts.
5. Compulsory unit operation.
What are the Acts of Congress administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission? Outline the principal provisions of any three of them and the ends they were designed to achieve.
Under what circumstances do you believe a certificate of convenience and necessity should be required for entry into a business? What industries would you add (or delete) from a list where such certificates are required and why?
“The pricing system is not an appropriate means for stabilizing income from farming over time. To place this burden on the pricing system, as has been done in recent years can only reduce greatly its capacity [for allocating resources between alternative employments in agriculture and between agricultural and non-agricultural enterprise].”

What is the general character of the legislation “of recent years” to which Professor Schultz refers? Do you agree that it has inhibited resource allocation? Does the same objection hold for the Brannan Plan?

III.
(Forty-five minutes)

Required.

Before signing or vetoing important legislation, the President customarily requests the Bureau of the Budget—or occasionally some other Executive department or agency—to prepare a confidential memorandum setting forth the main features of the proposed legislation, the principal groups favoring and opposing it together with their arguments and motives, a careful statement of the economic consequences of the legislation; and the recommendation to the President, properly defended, as to whether he should accept or veto the legislation.
Would you prepare such a memorandum on the amendments to the Natural Gas Act of 1938 (the Kerr Bill), as passed by the Eighty-first Congress and keeping in mind the following:
1. That you are asked to pass only on the economic questions posed by the legislation. You are at liberty to ignore any purely legal issues that may have been involved.
2. That your concern is solely with the public welfare. You may ignore any political problems which the legislation poses for the President or his party.
3. That the President is a busy man and should not be burdened with an unnecessarily long-winded discourse.

(The quality of your memorandum and its economic analysis and argument, not the particular recommendation you make, will be the guiding factor in marking your paper.)

Final. May 1950.

Source: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith. Box 519, Folder “Economics 161, 1949-50.”

Image: John Kenneth Galbraith in Harvard Class Album 1952.

Tags Galbraith

Curriculum Harvard

Harvard. Economics Education of Theodore Roosevelt, 1878-80

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-26

The founding head of the University of Chicago’s Department of Political Economy, James Laurence Laughlin, was originally trained at Harvard where he taught for five years. He moved on to Cornell for two years before going to Chicago. During Laughlin’s early years at Harvard, one of his economics students was Theodore Roosevelt (Harvard Class of 1880, better known as the 26^th President of the United States of America). Roosevelt was eight years younger than Laughlin and died in 1919. Five years later Laughlin published an essay on “Roosevelt at Harvard”. An original typed draft of the essay can be found in his papers at the Library of Congress. While Laughlin spends much of the essay going through Roosevelt’s transcript with interesting comments and observations on Harvard personalities of the late 1870’s, I have only included those parts that deal with the economic education of the future President.

I have not yet compared this draft to the published version, but I have corrected obvious typing errors and inserted some material from what appears to be an earlier draft of page 9 of the typed manuscript.

________________________________

From “Roosevelt’s College Days”
by James Laurence Laughlin

…As a freshman Roosevelt entered the university in 1876 just as a new régime inaugurated by President Eliot had got fairly into working order. The new captain had already introduced the elective system and had enlisted some forward-looking members of his faculty such as C. C. Langdell, Charles F. Dunbar, and Henry Adams. The potentialities of this situation are so interesting that one might be tempted to linger too long on them. They involved epoch-making changes for the nation in education for law, economics, and history. The appointment of Dean Langdell in the Law School brought in the case-system, revolutionized the teaching of law throughout the country, and attracted the attention of foreign jurists. With the creation of the first professorship in economics at Harvard for Dunbar in 1871 there then began the modern teaching in economics which has had so remarkable a development for the last thirty years in all the universities of the country. While Gurney and Torrey were princes of the blood in History, Henry Adams came as the paladin of new adventure. He had the dash and spirit of the crusader. He held the first seminar for research in history in this country. He tied up American history not only with British institutions but also with those of our Teutonic forebears. Such men as these added a new touch to the temple of learning by which Harvard had already won distinction an on which she is till receiving credit….

…For the first time [Roosevelt’s] mind turned from the languages and natural history to those of public interest with which his future was to be so much occupied [during his junior year, 1878-79]. He selected a course in Political Economy then known as Philosophy 6. Although Professor Dunbar had been appointed in 1871, there was no separate department of Political Economy until 1879-80. Previously economics had been briefly taught by Francis Bowen, the professor of philosophy, and for a time the new subject found shelter in his department. Roosevelt’s first introduction to that field was announced in the catalogue as: “Political Economy. –J. S. Mill’s Political Economy.—Financial Legislation of the United States. Prof. Dunbar and Dr. Laughlin.” Professor Dunbar gave lectures on the public finance of the Civil War in which he was a master. To me fell the duty of conducting recitation and discussions on Mill’s original two-volume treatise. [Laughlin’s own Abridged version of Mill’s Principles] Inasmuch as the work was exacting, Roosevelt’s mark for the year of 89 was high.…

[In his senior year, 1879-80…] In Political Economy he studied with Professor Dunbar Cairnes’s Leading Principles of Political Economy, McLeod’s Elements of Banking, and Bastiat’s Harmonies Économiques in which he got 78.

During his junior year, in order to widen the interest of my students in applying economics to public questions, I suggested to a group of them the advantage of forming a Finance Club for the purpose of inviting outside economists to speak at the university. Besides Roosevelt there were George Hoadley, J. G.Thorp, A. B. Hart, F. J. Ranlett, W. H. Rhett, Josiah Quincy and Charles G. Washburn. The plan evidently appealed to Roosevelt, for he writes to his sister in the autumn of 1878 as follows:

‘I have begun studying fairly hard now, and shall keep it up until Christmas. I am afraid I shall not be able to come home for Thanksgiving; I really have my hands full, especially now that my Political Economy Professor wishes me to start a Finance Club, which would be very interesting indeed, and would do us all a great deal would of good, but which will also take up a great deal of time”.

The President of the club was J. G. Thorp (of 1879) and the Secretary was A. B. Hart. The meetings were held in the rooms of the department on the first floor of University Hall, on the window sills of which along side the wide front steps was placed the “shingle” of the club as a means of announcing a meeting to members. That “shingle” is now hanging on the wall of Professor Hart’s office in the Widener Library.

The lecturers invited by the club stirred up a wide interest in economics. Few of us had known William G. Sumner personally. The vigor of his writing had given us the impression of a very austere personality. At Yale a student who had been invited to supper with Sumner’s family came bursting into his chum’s room late on a wintry night, shouting: “Fellows, Billy Sumner is kind to his family.” Any such impression was dispelled by a very interesting lecture [on “The Relation of Legislation to Money”] marked by Sumner’s usual felicity of style. It was a pleasure, also, to come into contact with the unusually agreeable personality of Gen. Francis A. Walker, another lecturer [on “The Principles of Taxation”]. His experience in the army with Hancock, his administrative ability, his work on the census, and his suggestive economic mind created a desire to know him. Likewise, in the case of Edward Atkinson we came to know an active business man who without academic training had attempted to formulate economic theory. [He had a genius for lucid exposition, so that his lectures on “American Competition with Europe”, “Capital and Labor”, “Railways”, and “The National Banking System”, attracted many students. Later, the one lecture which stirred up the most permanent interest was that by Col. T. W. Higginson on “Young Men in Politics”, which led to the formation of a Harvard Union after the example of the one at Oxford. Another result of the new interest in economics was the action of the university authorities in bringing Hugh McCulloch and Simon Newcomb each to give a course of three lectures.]

[Of especial value was the writing and discussion of papers by the members themselves. Early in the first year five papers had been read. In February, 1879, one of them was by Robert Bacon and Theodore Roosevelt on “Taxation.”]

There was an interesting meeting of the Finance Club on the occasion of the presence of Henry George. I can recall the small group of members gathered in University Hall to whom George spoke informally. After his talk there was a general discussion, in which the students freely exchanged arguments with the speaker. They had had a fairly good grind in the fundamental principles of economics. As a consequence, George did not show to advantage in the give-and-take. It is an interesting coincidence that only seven years after (in 1886) Theodore Roosevelt was the Republican candidate for Mayor of new York city against Henry George, the Labor candidate, and Abram S. Hewitt, the candidate of the United Democracy.

There was a reason why George did not fare well in this discussion. It is a curious fact that George’s system was almost always regarded as a problem in taxation, and in the discussion of it attention was only directed to the matter of so taxing land value that there would be no object in holding land in private property ownership. Strangely enough, the course of the arguments by which he reached this conclusion, the very supports on which his system of taxation rested, were generally disregarded, or what is more likely were little understood. To this day there is no adequate study of the logic of “Progress and Poverty”. It does not seem to be realized that his plan of taxation depended on the dictum that payment of rent was a subtraction from wages, and that abolition of rent for land would remove the existence of low wages and wipe out poverty. Such an outcome was reached only by granting as proved that payment of interest on capital could be eliminated. This part of this theorizing was extremely weak. if his reasoning was wrong, his system of taxation had no supports.

In the copy of the first edition of “Progress and Poverty” [Link to Fourth Edition, 1881] now lying on my table, I find a request for a review of it from the editor of the International Review as follows:

Jan. 11., 1880

“My dear Laughlin:

About 2pp. on this book, please. I should suppose from glancing at it that it was rubbish. But there may be ideas in it.

Truly yrs.

H.C-Lodge.”

Senator Lodge had ceased to be an instructor in history after 1878-79, and when Roosevelt was a senior he had become editor of the International Review….

…In his junior year I had an interesting conference with [Roosevelt]. He came to me to discuss whether it would be better for him to specialize on natural history or to take more economics. He gave no indication that he was thinking of a public career. My advice was that the country at that time especially needed men trained to think correctly on public questions and that these questions were nine-tenths economic. I can no say, of course, that my advice influenced him, but he did continue his economics in his senior year. Nor could one say that in after life he always thought correctly on economics. in public office, in order to get things done, it is too often supposed that economic considerations must be sacrificed to political expediency. Yet he did not forget his college courses in economics. After he had left the presidency and was contributing editor on the Outlook, when I was in charge of the campaign of education for the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, I had an interview with him in order to secure his support of the measure. On sending in my card, he appeared at the other end of the open floor entirely covered with desks, holding up my card at arm’s length, and shouting: “Where’s the fellow that taught me Political Economy”. In conference, after explaining the measure and asking him for advice how to proceed, he said “Have it associated as little as possible with Aldrich’s name. Have it come up from the small bankers of Florida or Oregon.” Then, as we finished, he added: “I will do all I can to help you. I wish I could do more. I could make a speech on the free coinage of silver; but when you get me into compound differentials and finance”—here his voice rose into his characteristic falsetto—“I am all up in the air.” To which I replied “That does not speak well for your teaching at the university”. “On the contrary, Mr. Laughlin, patting me cordially on the knee, “that was the best course I had at the university”. It was a bit of kindly good fellowship…

Source: Library of Congress, The Papers of James Laurence Laughlin. Box 7, Folder “Roosevelt at Harvard Oct/24” published as J. L. Laughlin, “Roosevelt’s College Days,” American Review of Reviews, October, 1924.

Image Source: Library of Congress, The Papers of James Laurence Laughlin. Box 7, Folder “Roosevelt at Harvard Oct/24”.

Tags Dunbar, GeorgeH, Laughlin

Economists Harvard

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. alumnus 1909. Arthur Norman Holcombe, 1956

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-25

Arthur Norman Holcombe (1884-1977) was awarded a Ph.D. in economics at Harvard in 1909. In the Preface to his doctoral thesis he thanked “Professor Gustav Schmoller of Berlin, Professor Lujo Brentano of Munich, and above all Professor F. W. Taussig of Harvard.”

Thesis title: Public ownership of telephones on the continent of Europe. Boston, etc., Houghton, Mifflin, 1911, 8°. pp. xx, 482 (Harv. Econ. Stud., 6).

It is an indicator of the porousness of the borders between the disciplines making up the Harvard Division of History, Government, and Economics in the early 20th century that Holcombe moved so easily from the department of economics to the government department where he went on to have a distinguished career.

__________________

Arthur Norman Holcombe was born in Winchester, Massachusetts, on November 3, 1884. He graduated from Harvard with an AB in 1906, and a Ph.D. in 1909. On August 30, 1910, he married Carolyn H. Crossett; they had five children. In 1964, he married Hadassah Moore Leeds Parrot. Holcombe split his career between public service and teaching. He was credited with establishing political philosophy and theory as basic disciplines in Harvard’s government curriculum. Among his students were Henry A. Kissinger and Henry Cabot Lodge. In 1949, he assisted Chiang Kai Shek in the drafting of a constitution for the Republic of China. In 1955, he retired as Eaton Professor of the Sciences of Government to become chairman of the Committee to Study the Organization of Peace, an affiliate of the American Association for the United Nations. He died on December 9, 1977.

Source: “Biographical Note” from Guide to the Arthur N. Holcombe Personal Papers at the John F. Kennedy Library.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

Address: (home) 21 Follen St., Cambridge, Mass.; (business) Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Occupation: University Professor.
Married: Carolyn Hawley Crossett, Warsaw, N.Y., August 30, 1910.
Children: Waldo Hawley, born July 25, 1911; Mary, born September 1, 1914; Robert Crossett, born January 28, 1916; Jane, born August 11, 1917; Richard Maynard, born February 2, 1920.
War Record: Investigator U. S. Bureau of Efficiency, 1917-18; Investigator War Industries Board, 1918; acting member Wire Control Board, U. S. Telegraph and Telephone Administration, 1918-19.

At the time of our Decennial I was assistant professor of government at Harvard and was serving my second term as Massachusetts Minimum Wage Commissioner. The following Winter I published my book on State Government and was nominated at the primary for the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, but was defeated for election. In June, 1917 I went to Washington as a specical Investigator for the U.S. Bureau of Efficiency, with which I remained during the greater part of the War. My principal assignment was to the Bureau of Internal Revenue to assist the Commissioner in organizing the administration of the war income and excess-profits tax law. In 1918 I was assigned to the War Industries Board, where I remained until the Armistice. Thereafter I was appointed by the Posmaster General to the Committee on Standarization of Telephone Rates and acted as a member of the Wire Control Board in charge of the telegraphs and telephones of the United States until the return of the properties to their owners in the Summer of 1919. Returning to Harvard I was presently appointed professor of government and chairman of the department of government, positions which I still hold. During the War I declined reappointment as Minimum Wage Commissioner for a third term, but after my return was appointed by Governor Coolidge a member of the Special Commission on Teachers’ Salaries. I have also been a member of the Council of the American Political Science Association and have written vor various periodicals on political and economic subjects.

Have written: “Public Ownership of Telephones” (1911); “State Government in the United States” (1916).

Member: Cambridge Club; Boston City Club; American Political Science Association; American Economic Association.

Source: Harvard College Class of 1906, Fifteenth Anniversary Report (No. 4, 1926), pp. 167-8.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

Address: (home) 20 Berkeley St., Cambridge, Mass.; (business) Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Occupation: University Professor.
Married: Carolyn Hawley Crossett, Warsaw, N.Y., August 30, 1910.
Children: Waldo Hawley, born July 25, 1911; Mary, born September 1, 1914; Robert Crossett, born January 28, 1916; Jane, born August 11, 1917; Richard Maynard, born February 2, 1920.

Since the last report I have remained at Harvard as professorof government and chairman of the department of government. I have lectured also at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California, Stanford University, and the Furman Institute of Politics at Greenville, S. C. I have published two more books and sundry articles in various periodicals. I am secretary of the Harvard Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, chairman of the Policyholders’ Committee of the Teachers’ Insurance and Annuity Association of America, and a member of the Committee on Research Agencies of the Social Science Research Council, organized by the leading national aossociations for the advancement of the social sciences. I am also chairman of the Troop Committee, Troop 6 of Cambridge, Boy Scouts of America, a director of the Tuckerman School, Boston, and a member of the National Committee for a Department of Education, which is working for a reorganization of the educational activities of the Federal Government. I have been treasurer of the Cambridge Public School Association, chairman of the Sunday School Committee of the First Parish Church, Cambridge, and chairman of the Massachusestts Legislative Council, organized by sundry associations interested in social welfare measures of various kinds. I am a member of the Council for the National Economic League, and have also been more or less active in divers other organizations, particularly the Proportional Representation League, the Massachusetts Civic League, the National Municipal League, and teh League of Nations Non-Partisan Association.

Have written (since 1921): “The Foundations of the Modern Commonwealth” (1923); “The Political Parties of Today” (1924; 2d edition, 1925).

Source: Harvard College Class of 1906, Twentieth Anniversary Report (No. 5, 1926), pp. 136-7.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE, Old Cove Road, Duxbury, Mass. Chairman, Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, American Association for the United Nations, U. N. Plaza, New York, N.Y.

I now have nineteen grandchildren, nine grandsons and ten granddaughters.

Lectured on American Government at the College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium, in 1952. Lectured on same subject at Claremont Men’s College, Claremont, Calif., in 1955-56. Became Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, emeritus, in June, 1955. L.H.D., Columbia University, 1954.

Several papers of mine have been published since 1951 in various technical volumes. With my retirement from teaching in January, 1956, I shall give my working time to my avocation, planning and agitating for a stronger United Nations Orgnaization.

Source: Harvard Class of 1906, 50th Anniversary Report (Cambridge: Cosmos Press, 1956), p. 91.

Tags Holcombe

Bibliography Harvard

Harvard. General Bibliography for Hansen and Williams’ Money and Banking, 1946-47

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-25
2 Comments on Harvard. General Bibliography for Hansen and Williams’ Money and Banking, 1946-47

Today’s post is the last of three devoted to the year long graduate sequence “Principles of Money and Banking” taught by Alvin H. Hansen, John H. Williams, and Richard M. Goodwin (second semester) at Harvard in 1946-47.

The thirteen typed pages (!) of “General Reference Reading” for both semesters has been transcribed below.

The first post includes Hansen’s first semester’s list of readings and final examination (Econ 141a) and course enrollments in each semester. The previous post provides Williams’ second semester reading list along with its final examination.

__________________________

ECONOMICS 141
PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

GENERAL REFERENCE READING

(Books listed in minimum and supplementary reading lists are not included here.)

Books:

Allen, A. M. and others: Commercial Banking Legislation and Control. Macmillan, 1938.

Angell, J. W.: Behavior of Money. McGraw-Hill, 1935.

Angell, J. W.: Investment and Business Cycles. McGraw-Hill, 1941.

Bladen, V. F.: Money and the Price System. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1942.

Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System: Annual Reports.

Bresciani-Turroni, C,: The Economics of Inflation. Allen and Unwin, 1937.

Bretterton and others: Public Investment and the Trade Cycle in G. B. Clarenden Press, 1941.

Burgess, W. R.: The Reserve Banks and the Money Market. Harpers, 1936.

Butters and Lintner: Effect of Federal Taxes in Growing Enterprises. Harvard University Press, 1945.

Cassel, G.: On Quantitative Thinking in Economics. Clarendon Press, 1935.

Cassel, G.: Money and Foreign Exchange after 1914. Macmillan, 1923.

Clapham, Sir John: The Bank of England, Cambridge University Press, 1944.

Clark, Colin: National Income and Outlay. Macmillan, 1938.

Clark, Colin: The Conditions of Economic Progress, 1940.

Clark, Colin: The Economics of 1960. Macmillan, 1942.

Clark, J. M.: Economics of Planning Public Works. Gov’t. Printing Office, 1935.

Clark, J. M.: Strategic Factors in the Business Cycle. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1934.

Cole, G. D. H.: Money: Its Present and Future. Cassell and Co., 1944.

Committee on Finance and Industry: Macmillan Report. H.M.S.C., 1931.

Copland, D. B.: The Road to High Employment. Harvard University Press, 1945.

Currie, L.: Supply and Control of Money in the United States. Harvard University Press, 1934.

Docker, F. J.: Foreign Exchange, 1939.

Economic Essays in Honour of Gusav Cassel. Allen and Unwin, 1933.

Economic Reconstruction. Report of Columbia Commission, Columbia University Press, 1934.

Einzig, Paul: World Finance, 1939-40. Kegan, Paul, 1940.

Ellis, H. S.: German Monetary Theory. Harvard University Press, 1934.

Ellis, H. S.: Exchange Control in Central Europe. Harvard University Press, 1941.

Ellis, P. W.: The World’s Biggest Business. American Public Spending, 1914-44, National Industrial Conference Board, 1944.

Fellner, W. A.: A Treatise on War Inflation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1942.

Fine, S. M.: Public Spending and Postwar Economic policy. Columbia University Press, 1944.

Fisher, Irving: Purchasing Power of Money. Macmillan, 1911.

Foster and Catchings: Money. Houghton, Mifflin, 1930.

Foster and Catchings: Profits. Houghton, Mifflin, 1925.

Gilbert, Milton: Currency Depreciation and Monetary Policy. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1939.

Goldschmidt, R. W.: The Changing Structure of American Banking, Routledge, 1933.

Graham, F. D.: Exchange, Prices and Production in Hyper-Inflation: Germany, 1920-1923. Princeton University Press, 1930.

Hamilton, E. J.: American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain. Harvard University Press, 1934.

Hansen, Alvin H.: Economic Stabilization in an Unbalanced World. Harcourt, Brace, 1932. Part I.

Hansen, Alvin H.: International Economic Relations, Part III. Hutchins Commission, University of Minnesota Press, 1934.

Hansen, Alvin H.: (a) Fiscal Policy and Full Employment, N. Y. University Institute in Postwar Reconstruction, 1946. (b) How Shall We Deal with the Public Debt? N. Y. University Institute in Postwar Reconstruction, 1943.

Hansen, A. H., and Perloff, H. S.: State and Local Finance in the National Economy, Norton, 1944.

Hardy, C. O.: Credit Policies of the Federal Reserve System. Brookings, 1932.

Harris Institute Lectures: Gold and MonetaryStabilization. University of Chicago Press, 1932.

Harris, S. E.: The Assignats. Harvard University Press, 1930.

Harris, S. E.: Monetary Problems of the British Empire. Macmillan, 1931.

Harris, S. E.: Twenty Years of Federal Reserve Policy. Harvard University Press, 1933.

Harris, S. E.: Economics of the American Defense Program. Norton, 1943.

Harrod, R. F.: The Trade Cycle. Clarendon Press, 1936.

Harrod, R. F.: International Economics. Nisbet, 1939.

Hawtrey, R. G.: Capital and Employment. Longmans, 1939.

Hayek, F. A.: Profits, Interest and Investment. Routledge, 1939.

Hayek, F. A.: The Pure Theory of Capital. Macmillan, 1941.

Hearings, U. S. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, 79^th Congress, 1^st Session.

Hicks and Hart: The Social Framework of the American Economy. Oxford Press, 1945.

Hicks, J. R.: The Problem of Valuation for Rating. Macmillan, 1944.

Hicks, J. R., and U. K.: Standards of Local Expenditure. Macmillan, 1943.

Higgins, B. H.: Canada’s Financial System in War, Occasional Paper No. 19, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1944.

Institute of International Finance, New York University, Bulletin Numbers 101, 112, 122, 124, 132, 137, 141, 142 dealing with current banking and central bank problems.

Kalecki, M.: The Theory of Economic Fluctuations. Farrar & Rinehart, 1939.

Kalecki, M.: Studies in Economic Dynamics. Farrar & Rinehart, 1944.

Kemmerer, E. W.: The ABC of Inflation. McGraw-Hill, 1942.

Kjellstrom, Erik T. H. and others: Price Control—the War Against Inflation. Rutgers University Press, 1942.

Kjellstrom: Managed Money. Columbia University Press, 1934.

Keynes, J. M. Unemployment as a World Problem. University of Chicago, 1931 (pp. 1-42).

Keynes, J. M.: Means to Prosperity. Harcourt, Brace, 1933.

Keynes, J. M.: How to Pay for the War. Harcourt, Brace, 1940.

King, W. T. C.: History of the London Discount Market. Routledge, 1936.

Kuznets, S.: National Income and Capital Formation, 1919-1935. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1937.

Kuznets, S.: National Income and its Composition, 1919-38. 1941.

League of Nations: World Economic Survey. (Annual).

League of Nations: Money and Banking: Monetary Review, Commercial and Central Banks (Vols. I and II). Annual.

Lange, O.: Price Flexibility and Employment, 1944.

Lester, R. A.: Monetary Experiments. Princeton University Press, 1939.

Long, C. D.: Building Cycles and the Theory of Investment, Princeton University Press, 1940.

Lundberg, E.: Economic Expansion. King, 1937.

Lutz, Friedrich: International Monetary Mechanisms: The Keynes and White Proposals (July 1943) Department of Economic and Social Institutions, Princeton University.

Machlup, Fritz: International Trade and the National Income Multiplier, 1943.

Mackenzie, K.: The Banking Systems of Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States, Macmillan, 1945.

Madden, J. R. and Nadler, M.: International Money Markets. Prentice Hall, 1935.

Marshall, Alfred: Money, Credit, and Commerce. Macmillan, 1923.

Meade, J. E.: An Introduction to Economic Analysis and Policy. Oxford University Press, 1938.

Meade, J. E.: Consumer’s Credit and Unemployment. Oxford University Press, 1938.

Morton, W. A.: British Finance 1930-40. University of Wisconsin Press, 1943.

Moulton, H. G.: The New Philosophy of Public Debt. Brookings, 1943.

Moulton, H. G.: Income and Economic Progress. Brookings, 1935.

Myers, Margaret G.: Paris as a Financial Centre. Columbia University Press, 1936.

Nathan, Otto: Nazi War Finance and Banking. Occasional Paper No. 20. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1944.

Nathan, Robert, Mobilizing for Abundance. McGraw-Hill, 1944.

Northrup, Mildred B.: Control Policies of the Reichsbank. Columbia University Press, 1938.

Ohlin, B.: Interregional and International Trade. Harvard University Press, 1933.

Ohlin, B.: Editor of issue of The Annals, May 1938 on Some Problems and Policies in Sweden.

Paris, J. D.: Monetary Policies of the U. S. 1932-38. Columbia University Press, 1938.

Pierson, J. H. G.: (a) Full Employment, Yale University Press, 1941. (b) Full Employment in Practice, N. Y. University Institute on Postwar Reconstruction, 1946.

Pigou, A. C.: The Theory of Unemployment. Macmillan, 1933.

Pigou, A. C.: Employment and Equilibrium. Macmillan, 1941.

Plumptre, A. F. W.: Central Banking in the British Dominions. University of Toronto Press, 1940.

Robinson, Joan: Introduction to the Theory of Employment. Macmillan, 1937.

Roll, Erich: About Money. Faber and Faber, 1934.

Saulnier, R. J.: Contemporary Monetary Theory. Columbia University Press, 1938.

Schumpeter, J. A.: The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press, 1934.

Shackle, G. L. S.: Expectations, Investment and Income, 1938.

Shepherd, Henry L.: The Monetary Experience of Belgium, 1914-1936. Princeton University Press, 1936.

Shirras and Rostas: The Burden of British Taxation. Macmillan, 1943.

Taus, E. R.: Central Banking Functions of the U. S. Treasury. Columbia University Press, 1945.

Timlin, Mabel: Keynesian Economics, 1942.

Thornton, Henry: An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (1802). Farrar and Rinehart, 1939 (Introduction by Hayek).

Timoshenko, V.: World Agriculture and the Depression. University of Michigan, Bureau of Business Research, 1933.

Veblen, T.: Theory of Business Enterprise. Scribner’s, 1904.

Veblen, T.: The Engineers and the Price System. Huebsch, 1921.

Villard, H. H.: Deficit Spending and the National Income. Farrar and Rinehart, 1941.

Vineberg, P. F.: The French Franc and the Gold Standard. McGill University, 1938.

Westerfield, R. B.: Our Silver Debacle. Ronald Press, 1936.

Whittlesey, C. R.: (a) The Banking System and War Finance. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1943. (b) The Effect of War on Currency and Deposits. National Bureau, 1943. (c) Bank Liquidity and War. National Bureau, 1945.

Williams, J. H.: Argentine Trade under Inconvertible Paper. Harvard University Press, 1920.

Willis, H. P., and Beckhart, B. H.: Foreign Banking Systems. Holt, 1929.

Willis, J. B.: The Functions of the Commercial Banking System. New York: Kings Crown Press, 1943.

Wood, Elmer: English Theories of Central Banking Control, 1819-1858. Harvard University Press, 1939.

Youngman, A.: The Federal Reserve System in Wartime. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1945.

Articles:

Allen, Newcomer and Shoup: “Taxation Problems”, Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1945.

Anderson, B. M.: “Keynes and Morgenthau Foreign Exchange Stabilization Plans”, Bankers Magazine, May 1943.

Angell, J. W.: “The 100% Reserve Plan”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1935.

Angell, J. W.: “Foreign Exchange”, Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Volume 6.

Belae, W. T. M. Jr., Kennedy, M. T., and Winn, W. J.: “Commodity Reserve Currency,” Journal of Political Economy, August, 1942.

Benham, F.: “Wartime Control of Prices”, Economica, Feb. 1942.

Bennion, E. G.: “Unemployment and the Theories of Schumpeter and Keynes”, Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1943.

Bergson, A.: “Prices, Wages, and Income Theory”, Econometrica, July-October, 1942.

Beveridge, W. H.: “Underemployment in the Trade Cycle”, Economic Journal, March, 1939.

Bloomfield, A. I.: “The Mechanism of Adjustment of the American Balance of Payments: 1919-1929”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1943.

Bronfenbrenner, M.: The Role of Money in Equilibrium Capital Theory”, Econometrica, January, 1943.

Bronfenbrenner, M.: “Some Fundamentals in Liquidity Theory”, Quarterly Journal of Econ., May, 1945.

Clark, Colin: “The Determination of the Multiplier from National Income Statistics”, Economic Journal, September, 1938.

Copeland, M. A.: “The Capital Budget and the War Effort”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1943.

Currie, L.: “The Failure of Monetary Policy to Prevent the Depression of 1929-32”, Journal of Political Economy, April 1934.

Dolley, J. C.: “Ability of the Banking System to Absorb Government Bonds”, Journal of Political Economy, February, 1943.

Domar, E.: “The Burden of the Debt and the National Income”, Am. Econ. Rev., December, 1944.

Ebersole, J. F.: (a) “Banks can make more Postwar Jobs.” Harvard Business Review, Autumn, 1943. (b) “Government can Help Banks make more Jobs.” Harvard Business Review, Winter, 1944.

Eddy, George A.: “The Present Status of New Security Issues”, Review of Economic Statistics, August 1939.

Ellis, Howard: “Some Fundamentals in the Theory of Velocity”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1939.

Ellis, Howard: “Notes on Recent Business-Cycle Literature”, Review of Economic Statistics, August, 1938.

Federal Reserve Bulletin: “The Money and Banking System in War-time, Dec., 1943.

Fellner, William: “Monetary Policies and Hoarding in Periods of Stagnation”, Journal of Political Economy, June 1943.

Freeman and Bans, “Saving and Spending Patterns”, Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1944.

Friedman, Milton and Poole, K. E.: “The Spendings Tax,” Am. Econ. Rev., March 1943.

Goodwin, R. M.: “Keynesian and Other Interest Theories”, Review of Economic Statistics, February, 1943.

Graham, Benjamin: “The Critique of Commodity-Reserve Currency: A Point-by-Point Reply”, Journal of Political Economy, February, 1943.

Graham, F. D.: “100% Reserves: Comment”, American Economic Review, June, 1941.

Graham, F. D.: Keynes vs. Hayek in a Commodity Reserve Currency”, Econ. Journal, Dec., 1944. (See also Note by Lord Keynes)

Graham, F. D.: “Commodity-Reserve Currency: A Criticism of the Critique”, Journal of Political Economy, February, 1943.

Hagen and Kirkpatrick, “The National Output at Full Employment in 1950”, Am. Econ. Rev., Sept., 1944.

Hart, A. G.: “Model Building and Fiscal Policy”, Am. Econ. Rev., September, 1945.

Harris, S. E.: “American Gold Policy and Allied War Economics”, Economic Journal, September, 1940.

Harrod R. F.: “An Essay in Dynamic Theory”, Economic Journal, March, 1939.

Hayek, F. A.: “A Commodity-Reserve Currency”, Economic Journal, June-Sept., 1943.

Hansen, Alvin H.: “Three Methods of Expansion through Fiscal Policy”, Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1945.

Hansen, Musgrave and Chamberlain, “Notes on Fiscal Policy”, Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1945.

Henderson, J. S.: “Regional Differentials in Interest Rates”, So. Econ. J., Oct., 1944.

Hinshaw, “American Prosperity and the British Balance of Payments Problem”, Rev. of Econ. Stat., Feb., 1945.

Hicks, J. R.: “Mr. Keynes’ Theory of Employment”, Economic Journal, June, 1936.

Hicks, J. R.: “The Monetary Theory of D. H. Robertson”, Economica, February, 1942.

Hicks, J. R.: “Maintaining Capital Intact”, Economica, May, 1942.

Hicks, J. R.: “Saving and the Rate of Interest in War-time,” The Manchester School of Econ. and Soc. Studies, April, 1941.

Holden, G. R.: “Mr. Keynes’ Consumption Function and the Time-Preference Postulate”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1938; see Keynes’ Reply, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1938.

Horsefield, J. K.: “Currency Devaluation and Public Finance, 1929-1937”, Economica, August, 1939.

Jacobi, N. H.: “Government Loan Agencies and Commercial Banking”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1942.

Joseph, M F. W.: “The British White Paper on Employment Policy, Am. Econ. Rev., Sept., 1944.

Kaldor, Nicholas: “Capital Intensity and the Trade Cycle”, Economica, February, 1939.

Kaldor, Nicholas: “Stability and Full Employment”, Economic Journal, December, 1938.

Kalecki, M.: “The Short-Term Rate of Interest and Velocity of Cash Circulation”, Review of Economic Statistics, May, 1941.

Kalecki, M.: The Short-Term and the Long-Term Rate”, Oxford Economic Papers, No. 4, Sept., 1940.

Keynes, J. M.: “Alternative Theories of the Rate of Interest”, Economic Journal, June, 1937.

Keynes, J. M.: “The Objective of International Price Stability”, Economic Journal, June-September 1943.

Kondratieff, M. D.: “The Long Waves in Economic Life”, Review of Economic Statistics, November, 1935.

Lange, O.: “Is the American Economy Contracting”, Am. Econ. Rev., 1939, pp. 503-513.

Langer, H. C.: “Maintaining Full Employment”, Am. Econ. Rev. Dec., 1943.

Langum, J. K.: “The Statement of Supply and Use of Member Bank Reserve Funds”, Review of Economics Statistics, August, 1939.

Lanston, A. G.: “Crucial Problems of the Federal Debt”, Harvard Business Review, Winter, 1946.

Lehmann, Fritz: “One Hundred Per Cent Money”, Social Research, February, 1936.

Leland, S. E.: “Management of the Public Debt after the War”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev. June, 1944.

Leland, S. E.: “The Government, the Banks, and the Debt”, Commercial and Financial Chronicle, January 17, 1946.

Lerner, A. P.: “Mr. Keynes’ General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”, International Labour Review, October 1936 and November 1937.

Lerner, A. P.: “Saving Equals Investment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1938.

Lerner, A. P.: Alternative Formulations of the Theory of Interest,” Economic Journal, June, 1938.

Lerner, Lange, Curtis, Lutz: “Saving and Investment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1939.

Lerner, Simons, Graham and Others: “Planning and Paying for Full Employment”, Int’l Postwar Problems, October, 1945 and January, 1946.

Leser, C. E. V.: “The Consumer’s Demand for Money”, Econometrica, April, 1943.

Long, C. D.: “Long Cycles in the Building Industry, 1856-1935”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1939.

Lusher, D. W.: “The Structure of Interest Rates and the Keynesian Theory of Interest”, Journal of Political Economy, April, 1942.

Lutz, F. A.: “The Interest Rate and Investment in a Dynamic Economy, “ Am. Econ. Rev., December, 1945.

Lutz, F. A.: “The Outcome of the Saving-Investment Discussion”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1938.

Lutz, F. A.: “Velocity Analysis and the Theory of the Creation of Deposits”, Economica, May 1939.

Machlup, F.: “Period Analysis and the Multiplier Theory”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1939.

Machlup, F.: “The Theory of Foreign Exchanges”, Economica, Nov., 1939.

Marget, A. W.: “The Monetary Aspects of the Walrasian System”, Journal of Political Economy, April 1935.

Marget, A. W.: “Leon Walras and the ‘Cash-Balance’ Approach to the Problem of the Value of Money”, Journal of Political Economy, October, 1931.

McLeod, G. N.: “The Financing of Employment Maintaining Expenditures”, Am. Econ. Rev., Sept., 1945.

Metzler, L. A.: “Underemployment Equilibrium in International Trade,” Econometrica, April, 1942.

Millikan, M.: “The Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest”, Am. Econ. Rev. 1938, pp. 247-260.

Millikan, M., and others: “General Interest Theory”, Am. Econ. Rev., Supplement, 1938, pp. 69-72.

Moonitz, Maurice: “The Risk of Obsolescence and the Importance of the Rate of Interest”, Journal of Political Economy, August, 1943.

Morgan, E. V.: “The Future of Interest Rates”, Economic Journal, Dec., 1944.

Morgan, Theodore: “Interest, Time Preference and the Yield of Capital”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1945.

Morgenstern, O. “On the International Spread of Business Cycles”, Journal of Pol. Econ., August, 1943.

Mosak, J.: “National Budgets and National Policy”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1946.

Nussbaum, A.: “The Meaning of Inflation”, Political Science Quarterly, March, 1943.

Ohlin, Robertson, Hawtrey: “Alternative Theories of the Rate of Interest: Three Rejoinders”, Economic Journal, September, 1937.

Ohlin, B.: Some Notes on the Stockholm Theory of Savings and Investment”, Economic Journal, March 1937, June, 1937.

Ohlin, B.: “Mechanism and Objectives of Exchange Control”, Supplement to American Economic Review, March 1937.

Palmer, P. F.: “The Control of Post-War Inflation”, Bulletin of National Tax Association, February, 1943.

Pierson, J. H. G.: “The Underwriting of Aggregate Consumer Spending as a Pillar of Full Employment Policy”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1944.

Pigou, A. C.: “The Classical Stationary State”, Econ. Journal, December, 1943, (See also comment by Kalecki in Economic Journal, April, 1944.)

Plumptre, A. F. W.: “Interest Rates and Bank Credit in the British Dominions”, Economic Journal, June, 1939.

Polak, J. J.: “Balance of Payment Problems of Countries Reconstructing with the Help of Foreign Loans”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 1943.

Pumphrey, L. M.: “The Exchange Equalization Account of Great Britain”, American Economic Review, December, 1942.

Robinson, Joan: The Concept of Hoarding”, Economic Journal, June, 1938.

Robinson, Joan: “The International Currency Proposals”, Economic Journal, June-September, 1943.

Robinson, R. I.: “Money Supply and Liquid Asset Formation”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1946.

Salant, W. S.: “The Demand for Money and the Concept of Income Velocity”, Journal of Political Economy, June, 1941.

Samuelson, P.: “Interactions between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration”, Review of Economic Statistics, May, 1939.

Samuelson, P.: “Dynamics, Statics, and the Stationary State”, Review of Economic Statistics, February, 1943.

Samuelson, P.: “Fiscal Policy and Income Determination”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1942.

Samuelson, P.: “The Rate of Interest under Ideal Conditions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 1939.

Savage, T. E.: “Banks and Consumer Credit”, Bankers Magazine, February, 1943.

Schumpeter, J. A.: “An Analysis of Economic Change”, Review of Economic Statistics, May, 1935.

Seltzer, L.H.: (a) “Direct versus Fiscal and Institutional Factors”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev., Feb., 1941. (b) “Postwar Domestic Monetary Problems”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1944. (c) “The Changed Environment of Monetary and Banking Policy”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev. May, 1946.

Shapiro, S.: “The Distribution of Deposits and Currency in the United States, 1929-1939”, Journal of the American Statistical Association. Dec. 1943.

Shirras, G. F.: “The Position and Prospects of Gold,” Economic Journal, June-Sept., 1940.

Shoup, Carl: “Problems in War Finance”, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1943.

Simmons, E. C.: “Treasury Deposits and Excess Reserves”, Journal of Political Economy, June, 1940.

Simons, H. C.: “Rules versus Authority in Monetary Policy”, Journal of Political Economy, February, 1936.

Simons, H. C.: “Hansen on Fiscal Policy”, Journal of Political Economy, April, 1942.

Smithies, A.: “The Quantity of Money and the Rate of Interest”, Review of Economic Statistics, February, 1943.

Smithies, A.: “The Behavior of Monetary National Income Under Inflationary Conditions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1942.

Smithies, A.: “Full Employment in a Free Society”, Am. Econ. Rev. June, 1945.

Somers, H. M.: “Rules versus Authority in Monetary Policy”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1941.

Spere, Herbert, and Leavitt, John A.: “Inflation as a Post-War Problem”, Journal of Political Economy, August, 1943.

Stettner, W. F.: “Sir James Stewart on the Public Debt”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1945.

Stolper, W. F.: “Monetary Equilibrium and Business-Cycle Theory”, Review of Economic Statistics, February, 1943.

Stone, R.: “National Income in the United Kingdom and the United States of America,” Review of Economic Studies: Winter, 1942-43.

Stone, R.: “The National Income, Output, and Expenditure of U.S.A. 1929-41,” Economic Journal, June-Sept., 1942.

Viner, Jacob: “Mr. Keynes on the Causes of Unemployment: A Review” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1936.

Viner, Jacob: “Inflation: Menace or Bogey?” Yale Review: Summer, 1942.

Watkins, L. L.: “The Expansion Power of the English Banking System,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1938.

Whittlesey, C. R.: “Problems of Our Domestic Money and Banking System”, Supplement, Am. Econ. Rev., March, 1944.

Whittlesey, C. R.: “Reserve Requirements and the Integration of Credit Policies,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1944.

Williams, John H.: “The Adequacy of Existing Mechanisms under Varying Circumstances” Supplement to American Economic Review, March, 1937.

Williams, John H.: “Fiscal Policy and Preparedness”, Proceedings, Academy of Political Science, May, 1939.

Williams, John H.: “Economic and Monetary Aspects of the Defense Program”, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February, 1941.

Williams, John H.: “Economic Consequences of Deficit Financing”, Am. Econ. Rev., Supplement, 1940, pp. 52-66.

Williams, John H.: “The Keynes and White Plans”, Foreign Affairs, July, 1943.

Williams, John H., and Jacoby, N. H.: “The Changing Position of the Banking System and its Implications for Monetary Policy”, Supplement to American Economic Review, March, 1942.

Williams, R. S.: “Fiscal Policy and Propensity to Consume”, Econ. Journ., Dec., 1945.

Winn, Willis J.: Commodity-Reserve Currency: A Rejoinder”, Journal of Political Economy, April, 1943.

Wright, D. McC.: “The Future of Keynesian economics,” Am. Econ. Rev., June, 1945.

Wright, D. McC., “Moulton’s: The New Philosophy of Public Debt”, Am. Econ. Rev., Sept., 1943.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1) Box 4, Folder “Economics, 1946-47 (2 of 2)”.

Image Source: Alvin H. Hansen and John H. Williams in Harvard Class Album 1942.

Tags Hansen, WilliamsJH

Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Graduate Money and Banking, Reading List, Final Exam. Williams and Goodwin, 1947

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-23

Today’s post is the second of three devoted to the year long graduate sequence “Principles of Money and Banking” taught by Alvin H. Hansen, John H. Williams, and Richard M. Goodwin (second semester) at Harvard in 1946-47.

The reading list for Econ 141b is transcribed below, along with the corresponding final examination questions. The previous post provided transcriptions for the first semester’s list of readings and final examination (Econ 141a) and course enrollments in each semester. The next post will have the “General Reference Reading” list for both semesters.

____________________________

SECOND SEMESTER
ECONOMICS 141b: PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

III. International Monetary Equilibrium:

Cassel, G., The Downfall of the Gold Standard (1936).
Copland, Douglas, Australia in the World Crisis (1934).
Ellis, H. S., Exchange Control in Central Europe (1941).
Graham and Whittlesey, Golden Avalanche (1939).
Hall, M. F., The Exchange Equalization Account (1935).
Hahn, George, International Monetary Cooperation (1945).
Hansen, Alvin, H., America’s Role in the World Economy (1945).
Hardy, C. O., Is There Enough Gold (1936).
Harris, S. E., Exchange Depreciation (1936).
Harris, S.E., Economic Problems of Latin America (1944).
Iverson, Carl, International Capital Movements (1936).
Kindelberger, C. P., International Short-term Capital Movements (1937).
League of Nations: Final Report on Gold (1932).
League of Nations: Economic Fluctuations in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1918-22 (1942).
Nurkse, R., International Currency Experience (1944).
Warren and Pearson: (a) Gold and Prices (1935);
(b) World Prices and the Building Industry (1937).
Williams, John H., Postwar Monetary Plans (Second Edition, 1945)

IV. Monetary and Fiscal Policy:

Beveridge, Sir William, Full Employment in a Free Society (1945).
British White Paper on “Employment Policy” (1944).
de Chazeau, Hart, and Others, Jobs and Markets (1946).
Economics of Full Employment. Six Oxford Economists (1945).
Fellner, W., Monetary Policies and Full Employment (1946).
Financing American Prosperity, Twentieth Century Fund (1945).
Groves, H. M.: (a) Production, Jobs and Taxes (1944).
(b) Postwar Taxation and Economic Progress (1946).
Hansen, Alvin, H., Economic Policy and Full Employment (1946).
Harris, S. E., Postwar Economic Problems (1943).
Harris, S. E., Economic Reconstruction (1945).
Hayes, H. Gordon, Spending, Saving and Employment (1945).
League of Nations: Anti-Depression Policy (1945).
Langum, John K., Postwar Banking Problems (1946).
Postwar Economic Studies No. 3, Public Finance and Full Employment (1945).
Postwar Economic Studies No. 8, Federal Reserve Policy (1946).
Ruml and Sonne, Fiscal and Monetary Policy (1944).
Terborgh, George, The Bogey of Economic Maturity (1945).
Williams, John H. Postwar Monetary Plans (Second Edition, 1945), Chapters 4, 5.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Alvin Harvey Hansen Papers. Box 1 of Lecture Notes and Other Course Material, Folder “Econs 141”. Also found in Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1) Box 4, Folder “Economics, 1946-47 (2 of 2)”.

____________________________

1946-47
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 141b

PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

(Three hours)

Discuss one question in each part.

I

Your own appraisal of Keynes’ “General Theory.”
The consumption function as a guide to monetary and fiscal policy.

II

The treatment of the interest rate in modern monetary theory.
Hayek’s criticism of the Foster and Catchings thesis.
Hawtrey’s theory of the business cycle.

III

The problem of international monetary and trade adjustment in the postwar world.
One of the following:

(a) The International Monetary Fund;
(b) The International Bank for Reconstruction and development;
(c) The ITO Charter.

Keynes’ paper on the “Balance of Payments of the United States,” Economic Journal, June, 1946.

Final. May, 1947.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Final Examinations 1853-2001. Box 14. Papers Printed for Final Examinations: History, History of Religions…, Economics, … , Military Science, Naval Science, May, 1947.

Image Source: John H. Williams in Harvard Class Album, 1950.

Tags Hansen, WilliamsJH

Exam Questions Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Money and Banking graduate course, readings and exam. Hansen, 1946-47

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-22

Today’s post is the first of three devoted to the year long graduate sequence “Principles of Money and Banking” taught by Alvin H. Hansen, John H. Williams, and Richard M. Goodwin (second semester) at Harvard in 1946-47.

The reading list for Econ 141a is transcribed below, along with the corresponding final examination questions as well as enrollment numbers for both semesters.

Following posts will provide transcriptions for the following semester’s list of readings and final examination (Econ 141b) plus the “General Reference Reading” list for both semesters.

____________________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 141a. (fall term) Professors J. H. Williams and Hansen.—Principles of Money and Banking.

Total 130: 88 Graduates, 1 Senior, 26 Public Administration, 15 Radcliffe.

[Economics] 141b. (spring term) Professors J. H. Williams and Hansen and Assistant Professor Goodwin.—Principles of Money and Banking.

Total 113: 75 Graduates, 23 Public Administration, 15 Radcliffe.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of Departments for 1946-1947, p. 71.

____________________________

ECONOMICS 141
PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

Economics 141a — First Semester, 1946-47 (Professor Hansen)

Central Banking: Current Problems and Policies
Theory of Money, Liquidity-Preference, Interest and Prices

Economics 141b — Second Semester, 1946-47 (Professor Williams)

III. International Monetary Equilibrium

Monetary and Fiscal Policy

READING LIST FOR ECONOMICS 141a
Principles of Money and Banking
1946-1947

Note: Pre-requisite reading (for those who are deficient in undergraduate preparation in Money and Banking:

Banking Studies, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, (1941).
Southard, F. A., Foreign Exchange Practice and Policy, (McGraw-Hill, 1940).
Any one standard textbook in Money and Banking, such as: Thomas, Our Modern Banking and Monetary System, (Prentice-Hall, 1942); or Reed, Money, Currency and Banking, (McGraw-Hill, 1942).

I. Central Banking: Current Problems and Policies.

A. Minimum Reading List:

I. Books and Pamphlets:

International Currency Experience (League of nations, 1944), Chapters I-IV, pp. 7-112.
World Economic Survey, 1942-44 (League of Nations, 1945), Chapter IV “Finance and Banking” (pp. 173-213).
Money and Banking: 1942-44 (League of Nations, 1945).
Ellis, H. S., (in Harris: Economic Reconstruction, McGraw-Hill, 1945), Chapter 13, “Central and Commercial Banking in Postwar Finance” (pp. 237-252).
Hansen, Alvin H., America’s Role in the World Economy (Norton, 1945), Chapter XVII, “Gold, Exports and Liquidity” (pp. 144-157).
Harris, S. E., Inflation and the American Economy (McGraw-Hill, 1945), Chapter XXIV, “Money and Savings” (pp. 372-383).
Hawtrey, R. G., The Art of Central Banking (Longmans, 1933) pp. 116-207.
Keynes, J. M., Treatise on Money, Volume II, Chapters 25, 32, 33.
Robertson, D. H., Essays in Monetary Theory (King, 1940), Chapter II, “Theories of Banking Policy” (pp. 39-59); Chapter XII, “British Monetary Policy” (pp. 154-167).
Williams, John H., Postwar Monetary Plans (Knopf, second edition, 1945), Chapter 6, “The Banking Act of 1935” (pp. 112-129); Chapter 8, “The Crisis of the Gold Standard” (pp. 154-172); Chapter 9, “Monetary Stability and the Gold Standard” (pp. 172-190).
Financing American Prosperity (Twentieth Century Fund, 1945):
1. Ellis, H. S., “Monetary Controls and the Business of Banking” (pp. 140-153).
2. Hansen, Alvin, H., “Management of the Debt and Internal Stability” (pp. 246-256).
3. Williams, John H., “Money and Banking” (pp. 381-5).
Postwar Economic Studies, No. 3 (Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, 1945):
1. Robinson, R. I., “Monetary Aspects of National Debt Policy” (pp. 69-83).
2. Wallich, H. C., “Public Debt and Income Flow” (pp. 84-100).
3. Hansen, Alvin H., “Comments” (pp. 131-5).

II. Reports and Articles:

Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances:
1. Fiscal year ended June 30, 1944 (pp. 1-10).
2. Fiscal year ended June 30, 1945 (pp. 1-10).
Federal Reserve Bulletins:
1. May 1946 (pp. 461-8), “Treasury Financing and Banking Developments.”
2. July 1946 (pp. 707-15), “Postwar Business Finance”.
3. February 1946 (pp. 122-3), “Estimated Liquid Assets of Individuals and Business”.
Bopp, K. R., “Central Banking at the Crossroads”, Supplement, American Economic Review, March 1944 (pp. 260-77).
Hansen, Alvin H., “Inflation”, Yale Review, Summer 1946.
Macmillan Report, Royal Commission on Industry and Commerce, Cmd. 3897 (1931), pp. 2-45; 106-160.
Samuelson, Paul, “The Effect of Interest Rate Increases on the Banking System”, American Economic Review, March 1945.
Seligman, H. L., “The Problem of Excessive Commercial Bank Earnings”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1946.
Whittlesey, C. R., “Federal Reserve Policy in Transition”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1946.

B. Supplementary Reading List:

I. Books

Arndt, H. W., The Economic Lessons of the Nineteen Thirties, (Oxford, 1944).
Coulborn, W, A. L., An Introduction to Money, (Longmans, 1938) Chapters 5, 13-14 (pp. 48-64, 209-241).
Fisher, Irving, 100 Per Cent Money, (Adelphi, 1935; Third Edition City Printing Co., New Haven, 1945).
Johnson, G. G., The Treasury and Monetary Policy, (Harvard 1939), Chapter I-V (pp. 3-160).
Hawtrey, R. G., The Gold Standard in Theory and Practice (Longmans, Fourth Edition, 1939).
Hawtrey, R. G., A Century of Bank Rate. (Longmans, 1938).
Lewinski, J., Money, Credit and Prices, (King, 1929) Chapters IV-V (pp. 99-144).
McCracken, Paul W., The Future of Northwest Bank Deposits, Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, 1946.
Mints, L. W., A History of Banking Theory (Chicago, 1945), Chapters VI and X (pp. 74-100; 178-197).
Morgan, E. V., The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, (Macmillan, 1943).
Niebyl, Karl H., Studies in the Classical Theories of Money, (Columbia, 1946).
Sayers, R. S., Modern Banking, (Oxford, 1938), Chapters 4-5 (pp. 70-145).
Viner, J. Studies in the Theory of International Trade, (Harper, 1937), Chapter V, “English Currency Controversies” (pp. 218-289).
Wernette, P., Financing Full Employment, (Harvard, 1945), Chapter 3 (pp. 33-61).

II. Articles

Abbott, C. C. (Review articles on Financing Problems and Bank Liquidity), Review of Economic Statistics, February 1946 (pp. 48-51).
Abbott, C. C., “Management of the Federal Debt”, Harvard Business Review, Autumn 1945.
Goldenweiser, E. A., “Commercial Banking After the War”, Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1944.
Seltzer, Lawrence, “Is a Rise in Interest Rates Desirable or Inevitable?”, American Economic Review, December 1945.
Treasury Bulletin, April 1946, “Federal War-time Financing and the Growth of Liquid Assets”.
Keynes, J. M., “The Objective of International Price Stability”, Economic Journal, June-September 1943.

C. General Reference Reading (see below).

II. Theory of Money, Liquidity Preference, Interest and Prices.

A. Minimum Reading List:

I. Books:

Haberler, G., Prosperity and Depression, (League of Nations, 1939), Chapters 8, 13, (pp. 168-254; 455-507).
Hansen, Alvin H.:
1. Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles, (Norton, 1941), Chapters 1-5; 11-15; (pp. 13-105; 225-338).
2. Full Recovery or Stagnation, (Norton, 1938), Chapters 1-5 (pp. 13-133); Appendix, pp. 331-343.
Hayek, F. A., Prices and Production, (Routledge, 1935), Chapters 1 and 4 (pp. 1-31; 105-128).
Hicks, J. R., Value and Capital, (Oxford, 1939), Chapters 12-13 (pp. 153-170).
Keynes, J. M., Monetary Reform, (Harcourt, 1924), pp. 81-95; 152-191.
Keynes, J. M., A Treatise on Money, (Harcourt, 1930), Chapters 9-13 and 30 (Volume I, pp. 123-220; Volume II, pp. 148-208).
Keynes, J. M., General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, (Harcourt, 1936), pp. 3-45; 61-65; 74-221; 245-271; 292-332; 372-384.
Lerner, A. P., The Economics of Control, (Macmillan, 1944), Chapters 22-25 (pp. 271-345).
Marget, Arthur W., The Theory of Prices, Volume I, (Prentice-Hall, 1938), Chapters 12 and 15 (pp. 302-343, 414-459).
Marget, Arthur W., The Theory of Prices, Volume II, (Prentice-Hall, 1942), Chapter 3 (pp. 89-133).
Marshall, A., Official Papers, (Macmillan, 1926), pp. 19-31.
Pigou, A. C., Lapses from Full Employment, (Macmillan, 1945), Chapters 1-5; 8-9; 12. (pp. 1-29; 38-51; 69-73).
Robertson, D. H., Money, (Harcourt, 1929), chapters 2-4; 7-8 (pp. 18-91; 144-197).
Robertson, D. H., Essays in Monetary Theory, (King, 1940), Chapters 1, 6, 11 (pp. 1-38; 92-7; 113-153).
Schumpeter, J. A., Business Cycles, (McGraw-Hill, 1939), Volume II, Chapter 8, (pp. 449-482).
Wicksell, K., Interest and Prices, (Macmillan, 1936), Introduction by Bertil Ohlin; also author’s Preface; Chapters 5, 7-8, 11 (pp. 38-50; 81-121; 165-177).
Wicksell, K., Money: Lectures on Political Economy, Volume II, (Macmillan, 1935), Chapter IV (pp. 127-228).
Wright, David McC., The Creation of Purchasing Power, (Harvard, 1939), Chapters 4-6 (pp. 60-121).
Macmillan Report, Royal Commission on Finance and Industry, Cmd. 3897 (1931), Part I, Chapter 11.

II. Articles:

Clark, Colin, “Public Finances and Changes in the Value of Money”, Economic Journal, December 1945.
Hicks, J. R., “Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation”, Econometrica, April 1937.
Hawtrey, R. G. and Hicks, J. R., “Interest and Bank Rate”, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, October 1939.
Keynes, J. M., “Relative Movement of Real Wages and Output”, Economic Journal, March 1939.
Lange, O., “The Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume”, Economica, February 1938.
Lerner, A. P., “Alternative Formulations of the Theory of Interest”, Economic Journal, June 1938.
Lerner, A. P., “Interest Theory: Supply and Demand for Loans or Supply and Demand for Cash”, Review of Economic Statistics, May 1944.
Lerner, A. P., “Ex Ante Analysis and Wage Theory”, Economica, November 1939.
Lerner, A. P., “Some Swedish Stepping Stones in Economic Theory”, Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, November 1940.
Mints, Hansen, Ellis, Lerner, Kalecki, “A Symposium on Fiscal and Monetary Policy”, Review of Economic Statistics, May 1946.
Modigliani, F., “Liquidity Preferences and the Theory of Interest and Money”, Econometrica, January 1944.
Pigou, A. C., “Employment Policy and Sir William Beveridge”, Agenda, August 1944.
Reder, M. W., “Interest and Employment”, Journal of Political Economy, June 1946.
Simons, H. C., “Debt Policy and Banking Policy”, Review of Economic Statistics, May 1946.

B. Supplementary Reading List:

I. Books:

Adarkar, B. P., The Theory of Monetary Policy, (King, 1935), Chapter 1-8; 13-15 (pp. 3-52; 101-122).
Chandler, L. V., An Introduction to Monetary Theory (Harper, 1940), pp. 1-205.
Coulborn, W. A. L., An Introduction to Money, (Longmans, 1938), Chapters 6-8; 15-16 (pp. 65-116; 242-264).
Lindahl, Erik, Studies in the Theory of Money and Capital, (Allen and Unwin, 1939), Part II, Chapters 4-6, (pp. 199-268).
Myrdal, Gunnar, Monetary Equilibrium, (Hodge, 1939), Chapters 1-3 (pp. 1-48).
Polanyi, M. Full Employment and Free Trade, (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1945), Chapters 1, 4, (pp. 1-66; 87-103).
Sayers, R. S., Modern Banking. (Oxford, 1938), Chapter 6 (pp. 146-164).
Thomas, Brindley, Monetary Policy and Crises, (Routledge, 1936), Chapters 3-4 (pp. 62-156).

II. Articles:

Lange, O., “Economic Controls After the War,” Political Science Quarterly, March 1945.
Marschak, J., “Wicksell’s Two Interest Rates”, Social Research, November 1941.
Simons, H. C., “On Debt Policy”, Journal of Political Economy, June 1945.
Warburton, Clark, “The Volume of Money and the Price Level Between the World Wars”, Journal of Political Economy, June 1945.
a. Warburton, Clark, “The Monetary Theory of Deficit Financing”, Review of Economic Statistics, May 1945.
b. Arndt, H. W., “The Monetary Theory of Deficit Financing; A Comment”, Review of Economic Statistics, May 1946.

C. General Reference Reading (see below).

____________________________

Mid-Year Final Examination

1946-47
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 141a

(Write on any THREE questions.)

1. Give a thorough discussion of current monetary and banking problems including in your essay the following topics:
  1. The increase in the quantity of money in the U. S. since 1934; causes and effects.
  2. War-time financing; the role of the Federal Reserve Banks and of the commercial banks.
  3. Recent and prospective trends in interest rates; causes and effects.
  4. New proposals with respect to reserve requirements, composition of bank assets, and control of bank credit.
  5. Management of the public debt.
1. Write an essay on Keynes’ theory of interest, explaining the significance and role of the marginal efficiency schedule, the consumption function, liquidity preference, and monetary policy. In connection with Keynes’ interest theory, discuss the ideas and contributions of Hicks, Lerner and Modigliani.
2. Compare Fisher, Marshall (Cambridge cash-balance school), Wicksell and Keynes with respect to the role of the quantity of money in the theory of money and prices.
3. Write an essay (about an hour) on any two of the following:
  1. Hayek: Prices and Production
  2. Keynes: A Treatise on Money; or General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
  3. Marget: The Theory of Prices
  4. Robertson: Money; or Essays in Monetary Theory
  5. Wicksell: Money; or Interest and Prices
  6. Hansen: Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles; or Economic Policy and Full Employment

Final. January, 1947.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Final Examinations 1853-2001. Box 13. Papers Printed for Final Examinations: History, History of Religions…, Economics, … , Military Science, Naval Science, January, 1947.

Image Source: Alvin Hansen from Harvard Class Album 1952.

Tags Hansen, WilliamsJH

Economists Exam Questions Gender Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins University. Economics Ph.D. Examination Questions for Gertrude Schroeder, 1947

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-21

From time to time in rummaging through folders in archival boxes, I come across a random artifact that is linked to a old professor of mine, a professional colleague or even a classmate from graduate school. The Department of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University wrote Ph.D. examination questions targeted to the individual candidate, as we see in the nine hours worth of examinations taken over two days by then 27 year old Gertrude Guyton Schroeder at the end of September 1947.

Gertrude Elsa Guyton was born in New Mexico February 20, 1920, married twice (first husband: William Schroeder, second husband Rush Varley Greenslade). According to her Washington Post obituary (below), she worked as an economist for the CIA from 1954 to 1969. From 1969 to 1993 she was a professor of economics at the University of Virginia. She died March 30, 2007, leaving an endowment of nearly $10 million to the University of Virginia for international studies (see below).

These 1947 examination questions are interesting as artifacts associated with one of the relatively small number of woman of her generation who pursued Ph.D. studies in economics. My professional connection to Gertrude Schroeder (as I knew her) was as the lead author of a comparative study of US and Soviet consumption à la International Comparison Project (Kravis, Heston and Summers):

Schroeder, Gertrude E. and Edwards, Imogene. 1981: Consumption in the USSR: An international comparison. Joint Economic Committee, US Congress. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC., 1981.

The purchasing-power-parities published there along with the Soviet personal consumption statistics were an essential ingredient for the calculations in my paper for the Abram Bergson memorial issue, The ‘Welfare Standard’ and Soviet Consumers, Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 47, issue 2, June 2005, pp. 333-345. I spoke to her only once or twice about her data, and she was indeed delighted that these data proved of use for empirical analysis nearly a quarter of century later.

I was unable to find a picture of Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade for this posting so I figured the quote from Brecht’s Threepenny Opera was appropriate for this former CIA analyst:(with apologies to Bertolt Brecht) “While some stand in the darkness and others stand in light, you see the latter clearly, the former hide in night.”

________________________

AER Membership Listing, 1970

SCHROEDER, GERTRUDE E., academic, government; b. Albuquerque, N.M., 1920; B.A., Colo. State Coll., 1940; M.A., Johns Hopkins, 1948, Ph.D., 1953. DOC. DIS. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1952. FIELDS 2b, 9, 7d. PUB. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1954; “Industrial Labor Productivity,” JEC, Dimensions of Soviet Economic Power, 1962; “”Soviet Economic Reforms: A Study in Contradictions,” Soviet Studies, July 1968. RES. Soviet Wage Statistics and Real Wages. Economist, various U.S. Govt. Agencies, 1943-48; sr. economist, Dept. of Labor and Dept. of Health, Edn. and Welfare since 1950 [sic, cf. obituary below]; part-time tchg., U. Md. and American U., 1966-68. ADDRESS 3051 Porter St. NW., Washington DC 20008.

Source: Biographical Listings of Members, The American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 6 (Jan., 1970) p. 389.

________________________

AER Membership Listing, 1974

SCHROEDER, GERTRUDE E., academic; b. Albuquerque, N.M., 1920; Educ. B.S., Colo. State Coll., 1936 [sic]; M.A., Johns Hopkins, 1948, Ph.D., 1953. Doc. Dis. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1952. Fields 050, 110, 800. Pub. “Consumer Problems in the Soviet Union”, Problems of Communism, 1973; “Recent Developments in Planning and Incentives in the Soviet Union”, Soviet Econ. Prospects for the seventies, 1973; “The Reform of the Indsl. Supply System in the USSR”, Soviet Studies, 1972. Res. A study of the Soviet fin. system. Prev. Pos. Sr. Econs., various U.S. Govt. Agencies, 1943-69; Cur. Pos. Prof. of Econs., U. of Va. since 1969. Address Univ. of Va., Dept. of Econs., Charlottesville, VA 22901.

Source: Directory of Members, The American Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. 5 (Oct., 1974) p. 359.

________________________

Obituary. Washington Post

Gertrude Greenslade, Economist

Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade, 87, an economist at the CIA and the University of Virginia, died of renal failure March 30 at Powhatan Nursing Home in Fairfax County. She lived in McLean.

Mrs. Greenslade was an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1954 until 1969 and worked as a consultant to the CIA from 1993 until her death. She was a member of the faculty at the University of Virginia from 1969 until 1993, when she retired.

She was born in Albuquerque and graduated from Colorado State University. She received two degrees in economics from Johns Hopkins University, a master’s in 1948 and a doctorate in 1953.

Her specialty was the study of Soviet and Eastern European economies. Mrs. Greenslade was fluent in Russian and was a former president of both the Southern Conference on Slavic Studies and the Association for Comparative Economics.

Her first husband, William Schroeder, died in 1966. Her second husband, Rush V. Greenslade, died in 1978….

Source: Washington Post, April 12, 2007.

________________________

Gift to the University of Virginia

Professor emeritus Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade designated the University as the beneficiary of a revocable trust and two individual retirement accounts. Her gift of more than $7 million will support interdisciplinary international studies in the College and Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.

Source: The Cornerstone Society Report, 2007-2008.

Professor donates to international studies
University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

By Virginia Terwilliger

The Center for South Asian Studies and the East Asia Center, along with several other international studies programs, recently received more than $386,000 to strengthen and elevate their programs for the 2009-10 school year, thanks to late Economics Prof. Gertrude Greenslade.

Prior to her death in March 2007, Greenslade arranged to leave $9.8 million in an endowment to the University’s international studies programs. Now, those funds are beginning to be distributed to various University beneficiaries, College Dean Meredith Woo said, adding that the terms of the endowment mandate that only 5 percent may be distributed immediately.

The money also will contribute to exchange programs between the University and the University of Rome, […end of webpage]

Source: The Cavalier Daily, October 12, 2009.

________________________

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
[Johns Hopkins University]

Gertrude Guyton Schroeder

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Prepare an essay on the theory and measurement of productivity.
Compare the development and behavior of American and European unionism.
Analyze the theoretical and empirical relation between economic growth and fluctuation.
Write a review of a book in economics that has appeared since World War II.

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Develop the history of banking and of theory about banking; and indicate their relevance to present-day problems and policies.
Explain the theory of interest; what it is, how it gets determined, and what is its significance for economic statics and dynamics. Do not neglect a review of its actual behavior.
Compose a short article on the corporation—its history, legal status, its quantitative position, and its impact on the economy.
What are the major tools of monetary and fiscal policy? Evaluate them.

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Set forth the doctrine of comparative advantage using arithmetic models and explaining both the assumptions on which the doctrine rests and the limitations on the conclusion that may be drawn from it.
Write for an hour on monopoly.
Compare on all major points the theories of Alfred Marshall and J. M. Keynes. Show what both these synthesizers owe to earlier thinkers. What ideas of theirs, if any, have been rejected?
In what sense may it be argued that the competitive allocation of resources is an optimum allocation?

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy Series 5/6. Box 6/1, Folder “Comprehensive Exams for Ph.D. in Political Economy, 1947-65”.

Tags Greenslade, Schroeder

Economists Fields Harvard

Harvard. Ph.D. Examination Candidates in Economics, 1913-1914

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-19

For seventeen Harvard economics Ph.D. candidates this posting provides information about their respective academic backgrounds, the six subjects of their general examinations along with the names of the examiners, the subject of their special subject, thesis subject and advisor(s) (where available).

________________________________________

DIVISION OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1913-14

Notice of hour and place will be sent out three days in advance of each examination.
The hour will ordinarily be 4 p.m.

Arnold Warburton Lahee.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, February 25, 1914.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Taussig, Gay, Ripley, Anderson, and R. B. Perry.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1907-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1911-12, 1913—. A.B., Harvard, 1911; A.M. ibid., 1912. Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1911-12; Professor of Economics, University of Vermont, 1912-13.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology. 4. Statistics. 5. Public Finance. 6. Philosophy.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Thesis Subject: “Municipal Expenditures in Massachusetts.”

Rufus Stickney Tucker.

Special Examination in Economics, Thursday, April 30, 1914.
General Examination passed May 29, 1913.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1907-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1911-13. A.B., 1911; A.M., 1912. Assistant in Economics, 1913—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory. 2. Statistics. 3. Money and Banking. 4. Economic History since 1750. 5. History of American Institutions. 6. Public Finance.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Taussig, Sprague and Day.
Thesis Subject: “The Incidence of Taxes on Real Estate.” (With Professor Bullock).
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Taussig, and Day.

John Ise.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 1, 1914.
General Examination passed May 2, 1913.
Academic History: University of Kansas, 1904-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1911—. Mus.B., Kansas, 1908; A.B., ibid., 1910; LL.B., ibid., 1911; A.M., Harvard, 1912. Assistant in Economics, 1912-13.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology and Social Reform. 4. Public Finance and Financial History. 5. Money, Banking, and Crises. 6. Jurisprudence.
Special Subject: Economics of Agriculture.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Turner, Gay, Carver, and James Ford.
Thesis Subject: “History of the Forestry Policy of the United States.”
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Turner, and R. T. Fisher.

Harry Rudolph Tosdal.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, May 4, 1914.
Committee: Professors Ripley (chairman), Taussig, Bullock, Sprague, and Holcombe.
Academic History: St. Olaf College, 1906-09; Universities of Berlin and Leipsic, 1911-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1913 (Jan.)—. S.B., St. Olaf College, 1909. Assistant in Economics, 1913.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Public Finance. 3. Economic History since 1750. 4. Transportation. 5. Municipal Government. 6. Industrial Organization.
Special Subject: Industrial Organization.
Thesis Subject: “The German Kartell Movement.” (With Professor Ripley.)

Robert Campbell Line.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 6, 1914.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Turner, Ripley, Day, and Anderson.
Academic History: University of Montana, 1906-10; Harvard Graduate School, 1910-12. A.B., Montana, 1910; A.M. Harvard, 1911. Instructor in Economics, Mt. Holyoke College, 1912—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory. 2. Sociology. 3. Agricultural Economics. 4. Public Finance and Financial History. 5. Transportation and Foreign Commerce. 6. History of American Institutions since 1789.
Special Subject: Agricultural Economics.
Thesis Subject: “The Meat Supply of the United States.” (With Professor Carver.)

William Clifford Clark.

General Examination in Economics, Thursday, May 7, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Gay, Ripley, Munro, and Anderson.
Academic History: Queen’s University, 1906-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1912—. A.M., Queen’s, 1910. Tutor in Latin, Queen’s, 1910-12.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology. 4. Modern Government. 5. International Trade and Tariff Policy. 6. Labor Problems.
Special Subject: International Trade and Tariff Policy.
Thesis Subject: “The Canadian Grain Trade.”

Harley Leist Lutz.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 8, 1914.
General Examination passed May 14, 1909.
Academic History: Oberlin College, 1904-07; Harvard Graduate School, 1907-09. A.B., Oberlin, 1907; A.M., Harvard, 1908. Austin Teaching Fellow, Harvard, 1908-09; Sheldon Travelling Fellow, 1911-12; Associate Professor of Economics, Oberlin, 1909—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History to 1750, with special reference to England. 3. Sociology and Social Reform. 4. Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises. 5. Public Finance and Financial History. 6. History of American Institutions.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Taussig, Sprague, and Day.
Thesis Subject: “State Control over the Assessment of Property, with special reference to the State Tax Commissions.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Day, and Holcombe.

Louis August Rufener.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, May 11, 1914.
Committee: Professors Ripley (chairman), Bullock, Gay, Munro, and Anderson.
Academic History: University of Kansas, 1907-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1912—. A.B., Kansas, 1911; A.M. ibid., 1912. Assistant in Economics, 1913—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology. 4. Public Finance. 5. Labor Problems. 6. Municipal Government.
Special Subject: Labor Problems.
Thesis Subject: “The Work of the Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration.” (With Professor Ripley.)

Homer Bews Vanderblue.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, May 11, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Turner, Sprague, Day, and Dr. Copeland.
Academic History: Northwestern University, 1907-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1912—. A.B., Northwestern, 1911; A.M. ibid., 1912. Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1913—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Statistics. 3. History of American Institutions since 1789. 4. Economic History since 1750. 5. Commercial Organization. 6. Transportation.
Special Subject: Transportation.
Thesis Subject: “Railroad Valuation.” (With Professor F. W. Taussig and Mr. E. J. Rich.)

Eugene Mark Kayden.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 13, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Bullock, Gay, Ripley, and R. B. Perry.
Academic History: University of Colorado, 1908-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1912-13; Princeton Graduate School, 1913—. A.B., Colorado, 1912; A.M. Harvard, 1913.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Money and Banking. 4. Public Finance and Financial History. 5. Philosophy. 6. Labor Problems and Labor History.
Special Subject: Labor Problems.
Thesis Subject: “The Labor Movement in the United States, 1890-1912.” (With Professors Taussig and Ripley.)

Percy Gamble Kammerer.

General Examination in Economics (Social Ethics), Thursday, May 14, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Ripley, Day, Anderson, Foerster, and R. B. Perry.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1904-06, 1910-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1913(Feb.)—. A.B., 1908 (1913).
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Ethical Theory. 3. Poor Relief. 4. Social Reforms. 5. Sociology. 6. The Labor Questions.
Special Subject: Sociology.
Thesis Subject: (undecided).

Hermann Franklin Arens.

General Examination in Economics, Friday, May 15, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Sprague, Anderson, Foerster, and Yerkes.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1903-06; Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, 1906-08; General Theological Seminary, New York, 1908-09; Harvard Graduate School, 1912—. A.B., Harvard, 1907; A.M. ibid., 1913. Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1912-13; Assistant in Social Ethics, 1913—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Sociology. 3. Socialism and Labor Problems. 4. Philosophy. 5. Agricultural Economics. 6. Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises.
Special Subject: Sociology.
Thesis Subject: (undecided).

Yamato Ichihashi.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 18, 1914.
General Examination passed May 1, 1912.
Academic History: Leland Stanford Junior University, 1904-08; Harvard Graduate School, 1910-12. A.B., Stanford, 1907; A.M., ibid., 1908. Assistant in Economics, Stanford, 1908-10; Instructor in History and Government, ibid., 1913—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology and Social Reform. 4. Statistics. 5. Anthropology. 6. Labor Problems and Industrial Organization.
Special Subject: Labor Problems.
Committee: Professors Ripley (chairman), Taussig, Bullock, James Ford, and Foerster.
Thesis Subject: “Emigration from Japan, and Japanese Immigration into the State of California.” (With Professor Ripley)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Ripley, Turner, and Carver.

Frederic Ernest Richter.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, May 18, 1914.
Committee: Professors Sprague (chairman), Turner, Gay, Day, and Anderson.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1909-13; Harvard Graduate School, 1913—. A.B., 1913. Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1912—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Statistics. 4. Money, Banking and Commercial Crises. 5. Economics of Corporations. 6. History of American Institutions since 1783.
Special Subject: Economics of Corporations.
Thesis Subject: “Underwriting and Marketing Securities in the United States and England.” (With Professor Sprague.)

Wesley Everett Rich.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 20, 1914.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Turner, Gay, Foerster, and Mr. W. C. Fisher.
Academic History: Wesleyan University, 1907-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1911—. A.B., Wesleyan, 1911; A.M. ibid., 1912. Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1912-13.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology. 4. Public Finance. 5. Labor Problems and Socialism. 6. History of American Institutions.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Thesis Subject: “The History of the United States Post Office.”

Ralph Cahoon Whitnack.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 20, 1914.
Committee: Professors Taussig (chairman), Ripley, Sprague, Day, and Anderson.
Academic History: Brown University, 1902-06; Harvard Graduate School, 1909-11, 1913—; Universities of Paris and Munich, 1912-13. A.B., Brown, 1906; A.M., Harvard, 1911. Austin Teaching Fellow in Economics, 1910-11; Instructor in Economics, Brown, 1911-12.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Money, Banking, and Crises. 4. Transportation and Foreign Commerce. 5. Ethics. 6. Sociology.
Special Subject: Theories of Distribution.
Thesis Subject: “Social Stratification.” (With Professors Taussig and Anderson.)

Johann Gottfried Ohsol.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 25, 1914.
General Examination passed May 6, 1911.
Academic History: Polytechnic Institute of Riga, 1899-1903; Harvard Graduate School, 1909-11, 1912-13. Candidate in Commerce, Riga, 1903; A.M., Harvard, February, 1914.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Sociology and Social Reform. 4. Public Finance and Financial History. 5. Labor Problems and Industrial Organization. 6. History of American Institutions.
Special Subject: Labor Problems.
Committee: Professors Gay (chairman), Ripley, Foerster, and Holcombe.
Thesis Subject: “The Recent Agrarian Movement in Russia and its Historical Background.” (With Professor Gay.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Gay, Ripley, and Wiener.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examinations for the Ph.D. (HUC 7000.70), Folder “Examinations for the Ph.D., 1913-14”.

Image Source: Harvard Yard (between 1913 and 1920). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

Tags Arens, ClarkWC, Ichihashi, Ise, KammererPG, Kayden, Lahee, Line, LutzHL, Ohsol, RichterFE, RichWE, Rufener, Tosdal, TuckerRS, Vanderblue, Whitnack

Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Principles of Economics. Enrollment, Staffing, Readings, 1947-48

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-17

The previous post provided transcriptions of the mid-year and end-year final examinations for Harvard’s principles of economics course for the academic year 1947-48. The second-term examination included over fifty multiple choice questions, which appears to me to be the first use of that examination format in the Harvard economics department. Today’s post gives additional information for the course: the course announcements, staffing, enrollment and reading lists. Should I ever come across the printed Course Syllabus: Economics A, I will try to get at least portions of it transcribed.

_____________________________

Course Announcements

Economics Aa. Principles of Economics

Half-course (fall term). Tu., Th., Sat., at 11. Depending on enrolment, sections will also be arranged at other hours. Radcliffe sections will meet Tu., Th., Sat., at 11 and at such other times as the enrolment may justify.
Professor Burbank, Assistant Professor Bradley, Dr. Papandreou, and other Members of the Department.

Economics Aa may be taken by properly qualified Freshmen with the consent of the instructor.

Economics Ab. Principles of Economics

Half-course (spring term). Tu., Th., Sat., at 11. Depending on enrolment, sections will also be arranged at other hours. At Radcliffe Tu., Th., Sat., at 11 and at such other times as the enrolment may justify.
Professor Burbank, Assistant Professor Bradley, Dr. Papandreou, and other Members of the Department.

Economics Aa is a prerequisite for this course.

Source: Final Announcement of the Courses of Instruction offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences during 1947-48, published in Official Register of Harvard University , Vol. XLIV, No. 25 (September 9, 1947), p. 69.

_____________________________

Course Enrollments and Staffing

[Economics] Aa. Professor Burbank, Assistant Professor Bradley, and Messrs. Brecher, Campbell, M.G. Clark, Duesenberry, Farrell, Fels, Ferguson, Garbarino, Heany, Hunter, Kahn, Meredith, Passer, Powelson, Schelling, Thompson, Ulman.—Principles of Economics (F).

Total 834: 1 Graduate, 52 Seniors, 134 Juniors, 453 Sophomores, 184 Freshmen, 10 Other.

[Economics] Ab. Professor Burbank, Assistant Professor Bradley, and Messrs. Brecher, Campbell, M.G. Clark, P. Clark, Cochrane, Eckley, Farrell, Fels, Ferguson, Garbarino, Heany, Hirchleiger, Hunter, Kahn, McClelland, Margolis, Meredith, Morgan, Passer, Powelson, Reynolds, Thompson, Ulman.—Principles of Economics (Sp).

Total 747: 1 Graduate, 57 Seniors, 209 Juniors, 358 Sophomores, 109 Freshmen, 13 Other.

Source: Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of Departments for 1947-48,p. 89.

_____________________________

Course Readings

ECONOMICS Aa
Fall, 1947

Benham and Lutz	Economics, American Edition (1941)
Bowman and Bach	Economic Analysis and Public Policy (1944)
*Chandler, L. V.	A Preface to Economics (1947)
*Federal Reserve System	Federal Reserve Charts on Bank Credit, Money Rates and Business
Federal Reserve System	Its Purposes and Functions (1939)
Luthringer, Chandler and Cline	Money, Credit, and Finance (1938)
*Staff Members	Syllabus: Economics A

*To be purchased by the students.

PART I.	INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS (1 week)
	A. THE INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
	Chandler, Ch. 1, The Scope of Economics	16
	Chandler, Ch. 2, Production and Exchange; Their Meaning and Structure	21
	Chandler, Ch. 3, Technology and Economics	28
	Chandler, Ch. 4, Business Firms	29
	Chandler, Ch. 5, Some Implications of the Industrial Revolution	14
		103
	B. THE COORDINATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
	Chandler, Ch. 8, The Social Control of Economic Processes	20
	Chandler, Ch. 9, Laissez-Faire and Competition	18
	Chandler, Ch. 10, Competitive Control of Rationing, Price and Production	19
		57
PART II.	THE NATIONAL INCOME, MONEY, AND PRICES
	A. THE NATIONAL INCOME
	Syllabus, The National Economy Ch. 1, National Income	48
		48
	B. MONEY
	Syllabus, The National Economy
	Ch. 2, Nature and Functions of Money	4
	Ch. 3, The Existing Supply of Money in the United States	1
	Ch. 4, The Banking System of the United States	9
	Ch. 5, The Federal Reserve Banks and the Money Supply	4
	Luthringer, Ch. 6, Quantitative Control of Bank Credit
	Fed. Res. System
	Ch. 1, A General Outline of the Federal Reserve System	12
	Ch. 2, The Service Functions of the Federal Reserve Banks	14
	Ch. 7, Federal Reserve Powers and Limitations	11
	Ch. 8, Member Bank Reserves and Related Items	9
		81
	C. MONEY, PRICES AND THE NATIONAL INCOME
	Syllabus, The National Economy Ch. 6, Money, Prices, and the National Income	41
		41
PART III.	MARKET DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE PRICE OF CONSUMER GOODS AND SERVICES (4 weeks)
	A. MARKETS
	Benham, Ch. 2, Markets, omit Appendix A.	21
	B. CONSUMER DEMAND
	Benham, Ch. 3, Demand	16
	Benham, Ch. 4, Price with a Fixed Demand, pp. 71-74	4
	Benham, Ch. 5, Changes in Demand	11
		31
	C. THE BUSINESS FIRM—COST AND REVENUE
	Bowman and Bach, Ch. 4, The Unit of Business Enterprise	15
	Syllabus, Value
	Ch. 1, Problems of the Firm	17
	Ch. 2, Problems of Production, Real Input and Real Output	16
	Ch. 3, Problems of Production: Money Costs and Money Returns	18
		66
	D. THE INDUSTRY—DEMAND AND SUPPLY
	Bowman and Bach
	Ch. 14, Pure Competition and the Law of Supply and Demand	9
	Ch. 15, The Firm and Short-run Market Adjustments, pp. 216-220	4
	Ch. 16, Long-run Price and Output Adjustments	14
		27
	E. MODIFICATIONS OF COMPETITION
	Chandler, Ch. 12, Competition Today	27

PART IV.	PUBLIC CONTROL OF MARKETS (2 weeks)
	Bowman and Bach
	Ch. 26, Foundations of Power	29
	Ch. 27, Some Monopolistic Price Policies	17
	Ch. 28, Public Policy Attacking Restraints of Trade in Business	18
	Ch. 29, Public Utility Regulation	21
	Ch. 56, Agriculture: A Case Study	31
	Chandler, Ch. 13, Laissez-Faire Today	21
		137

ECONOMICS Ab
Spring 1948

Benham and Lutz	Economics, American Edition (1941)
Bowman and Bach	Economic Analysis and Public Policy (1944)
Committee for Economic Development	Taxes and the Budget
*Hoover, C. B.	International Trade an Domestic Employment
*League of Nations	Economic Stability in the Post-War World (1945)
Slichter, S. H.	Basic Criteria Used in Wage Negotiations
Slichter, S. H.	Trade Unions in a Free Society
*Staff Members	Syllabus: Economics A
Twentieth Century Fund	How Collective Bargaining Works
Williamson and Harris	Trends in Collective Bargaining
Witte, Edwin	Labor-Management Relations Under Taft-Hartely Act
*U.S. Dept. of Commerce	The United States in the World Economy

*To be purchased by the students.

PART V.	THE MARKETS FOR FACTOR SERVICES (15 sessions including Part VI)
	A. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING FACTOR COMBINATIONS
	Review Syllabus: VALUE
	Ch. I—Problems of the Firm	16
	Ch. II—Problems of Production	16
	Ch. III—Problems of Production	18
		50
	B. GENERAL THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION
	Syllabus: DISTRIBUTION
	Ch. I—Definitions	3
	Ch. II—General Theory of Distribution	15
	Benham & Lutz
	Ch. 18: Rent	13
	Ch. 17: Interest	31
		62
	C. PERSONAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
	Class Discussion: No assignment
PART VI	LABOR ORGANIZATION AND LABOR MARKET
	Bowman & Bach
	Ch. 30: History and Philosophy of Trade Unionism	16
	Williamson & Harris
	Ch. 1: What is Collective Bargaining	8
	Ch. 2: Bargaining Agencies for the Workers	11
	Ch. 3: Employer Bargaining Agencies	11
	Ch. 4: Union Recognition	14
	Ch. 5: Collective Agreements	11
	Ch. 6: Wages	17
	Slichter
	Sections I and II: Basic Criteria Used in Wage Negotiations	34
	20^th Century Fund
	How Collective Bargaining Works	47
	Slichter
	Trade Unions in a Free Society	31
	Witte
	Labor-Management Relations Under the Taft-Hartley Act	22
		222
PART VII.	INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MARKETS AND FINANCE (7 sessions)
	Benham & Lutz
	Ch. 25: The Theory of International Trade	22
	Ch. 26: Balances of Payments	10
	Ch. 27: Free Exchange Rates	10
	Ch. 28: The Gold Standard	22
	Ch. 29: Exchange Control	8
	Ch. 30: Import Duties and Quotes	9
	The United States in the World Economy
	Summary and Recommendations	26
	Ch. 1: The Setting of the Problem	9
	Hoover
	Ch. 1: The Determination of National Policy and National Trade	17
	Ch. 2: The International Monetary Fund	16
	Ch. 3: The Problem of International Loans and Investments	19
	Ch. 4: The Newer Forms of Trade Barriers	15
	Ch. 5: Our Tariff Policy	15
		198
PART VIII.	PUBLIC FINANCE AND THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM (7 sessions)
	Bowman & Bach
	Ch. 46: Introduction to the Public Economy	11
	Ch. 47: Public Expenditures	13
	Ch. 48: Public Revenues: Taxation	26
	Ch. 49: Taxation (continued)	29
	C.E.D., Taxes and the Budget
	II. Tax Program for Nineteen-Fifty-X	25
	III. Tax Policy for 1948	5
	Bowman & Bach
	Ch. 50: Fiscal Policy and the National Income	18
	Ch. 51: Social Security	16
		143
PART IX.	PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION (7 sessions)
	Section I: The Nature of Depressions
	League of Nations: Economic Stability in the Post-War World
	Ch. 1: The Nature of Depression	16
	Ch. 2: Types of Depression	5
	Bowman & Bach
	Ch. 44: General Business Fluctuations	24
	League of Nations: Economic Stability in the Post-War World
	Ch. 4: The Strategic Role of Investment	26
	Ch. 5: Depressions and Primary Production	11
	Ch. 6 International Spread of Booms and Depressions	23
		125
	Section II: Anti-Depression Policies
	League of Nations: Economic Stability in the Post-War World
	Ch. 7: Regulation of Total Expenditure	9
	Ch. 8: Constituents of national Expenditures	6
	Ch. 9: Private Consumption Expenditure	10
	Ch. 10: Private Investment	17
	Ch. 11: Credit Policy and the Stabilization of Total Expenditure	10
	Ch. 12: Public Expenditure and Fiscal Policy	26
	Ch. 13: Foreign Investment	12
	Ch. 14: Employment and Inflation	14
		104

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1). Box 4, Folder “1947-48, (1 of 2)”.

Image Source: Harold H. Burbank in Harvard Class Album, 1934.

Tags Bradley, Burbank, Duesenberry, Fels, Margolis, Reynolds, Schelling

The Petition

Elizabeth Lane Waterman (1903-1973)

Mary Chandler Coit (1895-1984)

Emily Harriet Huntington (1895-1982)

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay (1901-1989)

Eunice Shipton Coyle (1895-1982)

Miriam Keeler (1897-1998)

Gertrude Brown (1903-1989)

Ruth Guppy (1899-1991)

Anna True Gilchrist (1882-??)

Course Enrollment

[Fall Term, 1949-50]

Economics 161 Business Organization and Control Dr. Galbraith

[Fall Term (cont.), 1949-50]

Economics 161 Business Organization and Control Messrs. Galbraith and Gordon

Final Examination, Fall Term 1949-50

1949-50 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS 161

[Spring Term, 1949-50]

Economics 161 Business Organization and Control Professor Galbraith and Mr. Gordon

Economics 161 [Midterm] Examination April, 1950

Spring Term, Final Examination

1949-50 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS 161

I. (Forty-five minutes)

II. (Ninety minutes)

III. (Forty-five minutes)

From “Roosevelt’s College Days” by James Laurence Laughlin

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

ECONOMICS 141 PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

GENERAL REFERENCE READING

Books:

Articles:

SECOND SEMESTER ECONOMICS 141b: PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

III. International Monetary Equilibrium:

IV. Monetary and Fiscal Policy:

1946-47 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS 141b

PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

I

II

III

Course Enrollment

ECONOMICS 141 PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

Economics 141a — First Semester, 1946-47 (Professor Hansen)

Economics 141b — Second Semester, 1946-47 (Professor Williams)

READING LIST FOR ECONOMICS 141a Principles of Money and Banking 1946-1947

I. Central Banking: Current Problems and Policies.

A. Minimum Reading List:

II. Reports and Articles:

B. Supplementary Reading List:

I. Books

II. Articles

C. General Reference Reading (see below).

II. Theory of Money, Liquidity Preference, Interest and Prices.

A. Minimum Reading List:

I. Books:

II. Articles:

B. Supplementary Reading List:

I. Books:

II. Articles:

C. General Reference Reading (see below).

Mid-Year Final Examination

1946-47 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS 141a

AER Membership Listing, 1970

AER Membership Listing, 1974

Obituary. Washington Post

Gertrude Greenslade, Economist

Gift to the University of Virginia

Professor donates to international studies University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION POLITICAL ECONOMY [Johns Hopkins University]

Gertrude Guyton Schroeder

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947] Three hours

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947] Three hours

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947] Three hours

DIVISION OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. 1913-14

Notice of hour and place will be sent out three days in advance of each examination. The hour will ordinarily be 4 p.m.

Course Announcements

Economics Aa. Principles of Economics

Economics Ab. Principles of Economics

Course Enrollments and Staffing

Course Readings

Elizabeth Lane Waterman
(1903-1973)

Mary Chandler Coit
(1895-1984)

Emily Harriet Huntington
(1895-1982)

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay
(1901-1989)

Eunice Shipton Coyle
(1895-1982)

Miriam Keeler
(1897-1998)

Gertrude Brown
(1903-1989)

Ruth Guppy
(1899-1991)

Anna True Gilchrist
(1882-??)

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Dr. Galbraith

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Messrs. Galbraith and Gordon

1949-50
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 161

Economics 161
Business Organization and Control
Professor Galbraith and Mr. Gordon

Economics 161
[Midterm] Examination
April, 1950

1949-50
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 161

I.
(Forty-five minutes)

II.
(Ninety minutes)

III.
(Forty-five minutes)

From “Roosevelt’s College Days”
by James Laurence Laughlin

ECONOMICS 141
PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

SECOND SEMESTER
ECONOMICS 141b: PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

1946-47
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 141b

ECONOMICS 141
PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING

READING LIST FOR ECONOMICS 141a
Principles of Money and Banking
1946-1947

1946-47
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 141a

Professor donates to international studies
University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
[Johns Hopkins University]

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947]
Three hours

DIVISION OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1913-14

Notice of hour and place will be sent out three days in advance of each examination.
The hour will ordinarily be 4 p.m.

ECONOMICS Aa
Fall, 1947

ECONOMICS Ab
Spring 1948