Month: September 2020

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Year-end exam on Practical Economic Questions. Laughlin, 1884

 

 

The 1883-84 academic year at Harvard marked a notable expansion in economics course offerings. That year the third course (on practical economic questions) was taught by J. Laurence Laughlin. According to the brief description included in the annual report of the Harvard College President, it appears that the first semester was devoted to “the general question of Bimetallism”. Unfortunately, I haven’t yet found the mid-year final examination for the first semester. However, I have found a copy of the end-of-year final exam covering government policy regarding sea transportation and paper currency. Those questions have been transcribed and are included below.

_____________________

Course Enrollment

Political Economy 3. Prof. Laughlin. Discussion of Practical Economic Questions. — Theses and lectures on the general question of Bimetallism, on its history, and on the production of gold and silver. — Lectures on the Navigation Laws and American shipping, and on the relative advantages of government issues and national bank notes.

Total 7: 1 Graduate, 6 Seniors.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1883-1884, p. 71

_____________________

POLITICAL ECONOMY 3.
[Year-end Examination. June 1884]

  1. Discuss the effects of the English Navigation Acts of 1651 on English and Dutch shipping.
  2. Explain the following terms: enumerated articles, Pacte colonial, droit de tonnage, surtaxe de pavillon, surtaxe d’entrepôt.
  3. Describe the causes which led to the American Navigation Laws. State some of the existing anomalies in their provisions.
  4. To what do you ascribe the decline of our merchant marine? What is our position in regard to wooden sailing vessels since 1869?
  5. Discuss the argument that so long as foreigners carry our goods, this country is paying them a tribute for freight which is an utter loss to us.
  6. In looking at the history of the issues of paper money by the two United States Banks and the State Banks, which have furnished the safest currency? Why?
  7. Describe the workings of the New York Banking Act of 1838, and its results. Of what was this legislation the natural outcome?
  8. In the provisions of the National Banking Act of 1864, what are the exact provisions as to immediate, and ultimate redemption of notes? Is convertibility secured?
  9. Explain the operations by which the national banks can now contract their issues. Does this furnish an “elastic currency” since the passage of the Free Banking Law?
  10. Discuss the main disadvantages of a government paper money. By what interpretation of the Constitution has the recent decision of the Supreme Court declared the post-bellum issues constitutional?
  11. What are the merits of the Potter Bill now pending in the present Congress?

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 2. Bound Volume: Examination Papers 1883-1886. Papers set for Final Examinations in Rhetoric, Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Roman Law, Fine Arts, and Music in Harvard College (June, 1884), pp. 9-10.

Image Source: Portrait (1885-88) of James Lawrence Laughlin. Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Transfer from the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts.

Categories
Chicago Economists

Chicago. Paul Douglas pleads for a staff position for Arnold Tolles, 1928

 

Newman Arnold Tolles (1903-1973) has already been included in our series “Meet an economics Ph.D. alumnus/a” as a 1932 Chicago Ph.D. From my research in the University of Chicago archives, I came across the following letter of recommendation written by Paul Douglas on Tolles’ behalf that I now add to the collection of artifacts.

Fun Fact: Virginius Frank Coe mentioned in the memo by Douglas below later attained infamy as “a United States government official who was identified by Soviet defectors Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers as being an underground member of the Communist Party and as belonging to the Soviet spy group known as the Silvermaster ring.” [See: Wikipedia, “Virginius Frank Coe”]

________________________

The University of Chicago
The School of Commerce and Administration

May 14, 1928

Memorandum to: L.C. Marshall
From: Paul H. Douglas

Subject: TOLLES

I have gathered that you are not certain whether Tolles should be retained, and I am writing to express my very deep hope that we may keep him on our staff. I certainly feel that Tolles is one of the most promising youngsters in the country. He and Virginius Coe have been the two best undergraduates whom I have ever had. Tolles has benefited enormously by his work at Harvard and London. He was, as you know, the best man in his class at Harvard and made a very real impression on Taussig and Allyn Young. He also did good work at London from all that I can learn. He has been doing most interesting research work with me this year, testing the question as to whether the system of unemployment insurance in England so maintains wage rates as to throw such a heavy burden on industry that it cannot recover. The question is the basic one as to whether unemployment insurance does not in itself increase unemployment. This has involved in [sic] a series of very interesting detailed studies. We are planning a joint reply to Pigou in the autumn and in preparation of this, Tolles has computed for it an index of production for Great Britain, based on the British census of production for 1907-1923. He has used Fisher’s ideal formula and has made some very interesting contributions to statistics as well as to the detailed subject itself. I look to see Tolles’ articles when they appear next year make a real stir and I think in four or five years he will be recognized as one of the solid men in his field. He is just the sort of man I should like to see retained on the staff, and I hope very much that it may be possible to do so. Some time if you like I should like to talk fairly intimately on the possibility of making a place for him.

[signed]
P H Douglas

Source:  University of Chicago Archives. Department of Economics Records. Box 6, Folder 6.

Image Source:  Senior picture of Newman Arnold Tolles from University of Chicago, Cap and Gown 1924, p. 139.

Categories
Columbia Faculty Regulations Salaries

Columbia. Definition of Sub-professorial Ranks, 1966

 

Since universities and their departments are formal organizations with hierarchical structures, from time to time Economics in the Rear-view Mirror digs out and preserves information useful in understanding employment histories of individual academic economists. Today’s post is concerned with the pre- or sub-professorial appointment ranks and comes from a Columbia University document found in the economic department records at the Columbia University archives.

____________________

Revised April 28, 1966

Office of the Secretary
208 Low Memorial Library

DEFINITION OF RANKS:

Lecturer A Lecturer is an officer of mature experience, holding the doctorate or having equivalent special preparation, who is appointed annually to give part- or full-time instruction, and who does not qualify for the title of Adjunct Professor (see 1965 Faculty Handbook, Pages 28-30).

A Lecturer’s salary is generally determined with reference to that of an Assistant Professor and for the academic year 1966-67 should be based on a minimum of $1,250 for a three- or four-point semester course. Prorated variations shall be made for courses of other point values only when there is a substantial difference in the number of teaching hours involved.
Associate An Associate is an officer of mature experience, not a candidate for a higher degree, who is appointed annually because of special competence in a given field to give part- or full-time service and who does not qualify for the title of Lecturer. An Associate may have full responsibility for a course or courses or he may conduct under the supervision of a regular member of the faculty, drill or recitation sections related to courses offered by that member of the faculty.

An Associate’s salary is generally determined with reference to that of an Instructor and for the academic year 1966-67, the salary of an Associate who has full responsibility for a course or courses should be based on a minimum of $1,000 for a three-point semester course. Prorated variations shall be made for course of different point values only when there is a substantial difference in the number of teaching hours involved. The salary of an Associate who, under the supervision of a regular member of the faculty, conducts drill or recitation sections related to courses offered by that member of the faculty, shall be computed for a normal week of 16 hours at the rate of $7.50 per hour.

Note: Associates and Lecturers are not entitled to fringe benefits, including tuition exemption, except by special arrangement recorded in the Office of the Director of Personnel and subject to the rules governing Presidential appointments.

Note: The title of Associate or Lecturer requires a Presidential Appointment.

Preceptor A Preceptor is a full-time candidate for the Ph.D. degree who has completed the course work and preferably the oral examinations for that degree and who is appointed annually, for not more than 3 years (or, in exceptional situations, 12 consecutive courses, not more than two of which shall be given in any one semester), to teach, under the supervision of a regular member of the faculty, one or more courses not to exceed six points a term. Appointment to this rank shall normally be limited to students of outstanding teaching potential. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree who have had suitable teaching experience are eligible for appointment to a Preceptorship before completing the residence requirement.

A Preceptor’s stipend is at the rate of $2,000 per semester. Appointments for less than the full assignment of two courses per semester carry a prorated stipend but do not reduce the tuition exemption benefits of 15 points per term or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties.
Teaching
Assistant (I)		 A Teaching Assistant (I) is a full-time candidate for a higher degree who is given an appointment for one or two terms to conduct a section or an elementary or intermediate course under the supervision of a regular member of the faculty. Normally a person in this category, if reappointed for further service, should qualify on the basis of teaching experience as a Preceptor. Although normally for use in the Language Departments, this rank may be used in special cases in other departments.

The compensation for Teaching Assistant I is at the rate of $900 per course per semester. Two-point conversation courses shall be paid at the rate of $600 a course. Tuition exemption is granted up to 15 points a term (or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties) for a teaching load of 2 courses and is prorated for a lesser assignment.
Teaching
Assistant (II)		 A Teaching Assistant (II) is a full-time candidate for a higher degree, preferably having completed one year’s residence for that degree, who is appointed for one or more terms, not to exceed four consecutive years, and who is not in charge of a course or courses but who conducts drill or recitation sections related to courses offered by a regular member of the faculty. Although normally for use in the Language Departments, this rank may be used in special cases in other departments.

The compensation for Teaching Assistant II is at the rate of $1,000 per semester for service of 8 or more class hours per week. Tuition exemption is granted up to 15 points per term (or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties), both stipend and exemption to be prorated for a lesser assignment.

Note: Assistants who work only in the Language Laboratory will be paid an appropriate hourly rate determined by the Director of the Laboratory.

Teaching
Assistant (S)		 A Teaching Assistant (S) is a full-time candidate for a higher degree in one of the sciences who is appointed annually, for not more than four consecutive years, to conduct recitation, discussion, laboratory or other sections related to courses offered by a regular member of the faculty. Normally for use in the Science Departments, this rank may be used in special cases in other departments.

The compensation for a Teaching Assistant (S) is at the discretion of the department but should range between $2,000 and $2,400 per year. It is prorated on the basis that a full assignment amounts to 15 hours of service per week. Appointments for less than the full assignment do not reduce the tuition exemption benefits of 15 points per term or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties.
Graduate
Research
Assistant		 A Graduate Research Assistant is a student who is engaged in research while registered in the University as a candidate for a higher degree. The research must be under the supervision and guidance of a member of the academic staff and must be of a kind which will satisfy academic requirements in connection with the particular degree for which the student is a candidate. In addition, equivalent research must be required of all candidates for the same degree as a condition to receiving the degree.

The compensation for a Graduate Research Assistant is generally at the rate of $250 per month for 20 hours of service a week. Tuition exemption is granted up to 15 points per term or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties.

Caution: Consult the memorandum entitled Secretary’s Appointment for Graduate Research Assistants (revised January 17, 1966) from the Office of the Secretary.

Departmental
Research
Assistant
(I or II)		 A Departmental Research Assistant (I or II) is a full-time candidate for a higher degree who is appointed for one or more terms not to exceed four consecutive years, to assist the Department or one of its regular members in research and other academic work.

The stipend of a Departmental Research Assistant I is at the rate of $375 a term for 10 hours of service a week. Tuition exemption is granted up to 15 points a term, or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties, —both stipend and tuition exemption to be prorated for a lesser assignment.

The stipend of a Departmental Research Assistant II is at the rate of $550 a term for 10 hours of service a week. No tuition exemption is granted for this rank.
Reader A Reader is a full-time candidate for a higher degree who is appointed for one or more terms, not to exceed four consecutive years, to read and grade papers, take attendance, proctor examinations, and perform other similar functions as may be required by the departmental supervisor of assistants.

A Reader’s stipend ranges from $100 to $300 a term, depending on the estimated number of hours of service. A Reader is entitled to tuition exemption up to 6 points a term or the equivalent if the appointee is a student in Graduate Faculties.

Please refer all questions concerning this Memorandum to:

Mr. John C. Graham
Assistant to the Secretary
213 Low Memorial Library
Extension 2570

 

Source: Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. Columbia University Department of Economics Collection, Carl Shoup Materials, Box 10, Folder “Columbia University. General”.

Image Source: Low Memorial Library, Columbia University from the Tichnor Brothers Collection, New York Postcards, at the Boston Public Library, Print Department.

Categories
Health

Bibliography from Vaughan’s Influenza, An Epidemiologic Study, 1921

During this COVID-19 pandemic historical attention has turned to the influenza pandemic of 1918-20. In an earlier post we met the epidemiologist Edgar Sydenstricker who did graduate work in economics at the University of Chicago but never completed a PhD in economics. I stumbled across the following epidemiological monograph published in 1921 that provides an extensive review of the influenza literature as of early 1921, incidentally including items by Sydenstricker. While this monograph was written for a public health audience and not for economists, I am reasonably sure an economic historian or two unknown to me might find it convenient to have this bibliography from Warren T. Vaughan’s influenza book.

Warren Taylor Vaughan, M.S., M.D. (1893-1944). Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study [in] The American Journal of Hygiene. Monograph Series No. 1 (July, 1921.) Copy at hathitrust.org.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Fun Fact #1: in 1935 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was a patient of Warren T. Vaughan.

Kennedy was a student at Princeton for all of two months, but he was ill the entire time. Went back to Boston where doctors sought a second opinion from a Richmond (Virginia) specialist, Dr. Warren T. Vaughan. Apparently given a medical examination at Vaughan’s clinic in December.

Source: Nigel Hamilton, JFK Reckless Youth (1992), p. 147.

 

Fun Fact #2: according to the Vaughan family tree

Warren Taylor Vaughan was a second cousin, six times removed of George Washington.

Source:  http://www.vaughan.org/tree/gwash.html

____________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Abbott, Samuel W.

1890. The influenza epidemic of 1889-90. 21st Annual Report of State Board of Health of Mass. Pub. Doc. No. 34, 307-384.

1892. Twenty-third Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Mass., 745.

1893. Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Mass., 33.

1894. Twenty -fifth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Mass., 41.

Abrahams, Hallows, Eyre and French.

1917. Purulent bronchitis; its influenzal and pneumococcal bacteriology. Lancet, II, 377.

Abt, Isaac, A.

1919. Influenza in a newly born infant. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 980.

Achard, C., Leblanc, A. And Lavedan.

1919. Influenza in infants. Reviewed in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 370.

Amberson, J. B., Jr. and Peters, A., Jr.

1919. Epidemic influenza among tuberculous patients at the Loomis Sanatorium. Am. Rev. Tuberculosis, III, 359.

1920. Influenza and tuberculosis. Ibid., IV, 71.

Amelung, W.

1919. Influenza in relation to pulmonary tuberculosis. Münch. Med. Woch., LXVI, 1321.

American Public Health Association.

1919. Section on vital statistics; committee on statistical study of the influenza epidemic. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXX, 22.

Armstrong, D. B.

1919. Influenza: Is it a hazard to be healthy? Certain tentative considerations. Ibid., 65.

1919. Influenza observations in Framingham, Mass. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, IX, 960.

Apert and Flipo.

1920. Influence du sex aux différents ages sur la gravité de la grippe. Bull. et Mém. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 321.

Atiles, F. del Valle.

1919. Influenza in Porto Rico. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 688.

Barthélemy.

1920. La pandemie grippale de 1918-1919 à Bizerte. Rev. d’Hygiene et de Police Sanit., XLII, 41.

Benjafield, J. D.

1919. Notes on the influenza epidemic in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 167.

Berghoff, R. S.

1919. Influenza as a factor in reactivation of quiescent and healed pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tuberculosis, III, 370.

Blasco, A. N.

1919. Influence of the influenza epidemic on pulmonary tuberculosis. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 79.

Brewer, I. W.

1918. Report of epidemic of “Spanish Influenza” which occurred at Camp A. A. Humphreys, Va., during September and October, 1918. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 87.

Brownlee, John.

1919. The next epidemic of influenza. Lancet, II, 856.

1920. Public Health Administration in epidemics of measles. Brit. Med. Jour., I, 534.

Cadbury, W. W.

1920. Influenza pandemic as it affected Canton, China. Med. Rec, XCVII, 391 and China Med. Jour., XXXIV, 1.

Cadham, F. T.

1919. The use of a vaccine in the recent epidemic of influenza. Lancet, I, 885.

Carnwath, T.

1918-1919. Influenza — Extracts from the Annual Report of the Medical Department of the Local Government Board, 1918-19.

1918. Lessons of the Influenza Epidemic of 1918. Jour. State Med., XXVII, 142.

Chauffard.

1920. L’immuni é acquise au cours des épidémies recentes de grippe. Bull. Acad. de Med., LXXXIII, 394.

Chicago Dept. of Health.

1919. A report on the epidemic of influenza in Chicago occurring during the fall of 1918. Reprinted from the octennial report 1911-1918. Dept. of Health, CL, 80, Chicago.

Coakley, C. G.

1908. Throat and sinus complications of grip. N. Y. State Jour, of Med., VIII, 192.

Colalé, N.

1919. Quinine in prophylaxis of influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 969.

Constable, Evelyn A.

1919. Influenza and diphtheria. Lancet, I, 563.

Crookshank, F. G.

1919. Epidemic encephalo-myelitis and influenza. Lancet, I, 79.

Cumming, J. G.

1919. A brief review of indirect contact transmission and a preliminary report of corroborative laboratory research. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, IX, 414.

Davis, W. H.

1919. The influenza epidemic as shown in the weekly health index. Am. Jour. Pub. Health. Ibid., 50.

Debré, Robert and Jacquet, Paul.

1920. Grippe et Tuberculose. L’anergie grippale et la tuberculose de l’adulte. Paris Medical, 24.

Dench, Edward B.

1918. The aural complications of grip. N. Y. State Jour. of Med., VIII, 193.

Dewar, Michael.

1905. Influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 131.

Dickinson, W. H.

1919. Influenza and chronic lung disease. Lancet, I, 314.

Dopter, F.

1920. Sur rimmunité acquise par une première atteinte de grippe. Bull. Acad. de Med., LXXXIII, 415.

Dörbech, F.

1919. Die Influenzapandemie des Jahres 1918. Deutsche Med. Woch., XLV, 716-743.

Dublin, L. I.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 89.

1920. The mortality of bituminous coal miners from influenza-pneumonia. Oct. to Dec, 1918. Jour. Indust. Hygiene, I, 483.

Dudley, S. F.

1919. The epidemic of grippe as it was observed at Scapa Flow. Jour. Roy. Nav. Med. Service, V, 359.

Dunlop, J. C.

1919. Notes on the influenza mortality in Scotland during the period July, 1918, to March, 1919. Edinb. Med. Jour., XXII, 403, and XXIII, 46.

Dunn, R. A. and Gordan, M. H.

1905. An epidemic simulating influenza, II, 425.

Eichhorst, H.

1920. Character of present epidemic influenza. Schweiz. Med. Woch., L, 281.

Epidemic of Influenza.

1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 399.

Erlendsson, V.

1919. Influenza in Iceland. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1880.

Escomel, E.

1919. Influenza in Rio de Janeiro. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., Ibid., 903.

Evans, W. A. and Hechard, M. O.

1918. The 1890 epidemic of influenza in Chicago and its influence on mortality, 1890 to 1893, inclusive. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, VIII, 845.

Filtzos, T. C.

1919. “Epidemic Influenza in Greece.” Public Health Reports. Mar. 14.

Finkler, Ditmar.

1898. “Influenza” in 20th Century Practice of Medicine, XV, 1-249. Wm. Wood & Co.

Fishberg, M.

1919. Influenza and tuberculosis. Am. Rev. of Tuberculosis, III, 532.

Fletcher, Wm.

1919. Meningococcus bronchopneumonia in influenza. Lancet, I, 104.

Forbes, Roy G. and Snyder, Helen A.

1918. Study of the leucocytes in an epidemic of influenza. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., Ill, 758.

Fränkel and Dublin.

1919. Influenza mortality among wage earners and their families. A preliminary statement of results. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, IX, 731.

Frey, W.

1918. Studien zur Epidemiologie der Influenza 1918. Wien. klin. Woch., XXXI, 1370.

Frost, W. H.

1919. The epidemiology of influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 313.

1919. The epidemiology of influenza. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 1823.

1920. Statistics of influenza morbidity with special reference to certain factors in case incidence and case fatality. Public Health Reports, XXXV, 584.

Frost, W. H. and Sydenstricker, E.

1919. Influenza in Maryland. Preliminary statistics of certain localities. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 491.

1919. Epidemic influenza in foreign countries. Public Health Reports. Ibid., 1361.

Garvie, A.

1919. The spread of influenza in an industrial area. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 519.

Gibbon, John G.

1919. Acquired immunity in influenza. Lancet, I, 583.

Greenwood, M.

1918. The epidemiology of influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 563.

1919. On the theory of epidemic constitutions. Brit. Med. Jour., Sept. 27.

Guilfoy, W. H.

1918. Statistics of the epidemic of influenza in New York City. Bull. Dep. Health, N. Y. City, N.S. XIII, 265.

Hall, H. C.

1920. Immunity to influenza. Ugeskrift for Laeger, Copenhagen. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIV, 1202.

Hall, M. W.

1920. Epidemiology of influenza. Mil. Surgeon, XLVI, 564, and Ky. Med. Jour., XVIII, 108.

Hamilton, J. H. and Leonard, A. H.

1919. Acquired immunity to influenza as indicated by a recurrent epidemic in an institution. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 854.

Hammond, Rolland and Shore.

1917. Purulent bronchitis. Lancet, II, 41.

Hawes, J. B.

1919. Experience of Massachusetts State Sanatoria for Tuberculosis, during the recent influenza epidemic. Bost. Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXX, 35.

Hirsch, A.

1861-86 Histor.-geograph. Pathologie, Stuttgart.

Hsieh, E. T.

1918. The recent epidemic of influenza in Peking. Nat. Med. Jour. China, Shanghai, XXII, 129.

Hunziker, H.

1919. Epidemiologie der Grippe. Cor. Bl. f. Schweiz. Aertze. Basel, XLIX, 551.

Hurley, J. R.

1919. Influenza with special reference to the pandemic of 1918. Med. Rec., N.Y., XCVI, 651.

Ilvento, A.

1919. Il decorso epidemiologico e clinico dell’ influenza. Ann. d’Ig. Roma. XXIX, 132.

Indians.

1919. Influenza among American Indians. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 1008.

Influenza(?) in China.

1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 608.

Influenza in India.

1919. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 2300.

Influenza in Japan.

1920. China Med. Jour., XXXIV, 217.

Jeaneret, Minkine.

1918. Remarques concernant la grippe épidémique, son étiologie et son épidémiologie. Rev. Med. de la Suisse Rom., Genève, XXXVIII, 634.

Joltrain, E. and Baufle, P.

1919. Epidemic of influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 527.

Jones, C. Hampson.

1908. The grip in Baltimore. N.Y. State Jour. of Med., VIII, 191.

Jordan, E. O.

1918-19. Notes on the epidemiology of influenza. Proc. Inst. Med. (Chicago), Il, 135.

Jordan, E. O. and Sharp, W. B.

1920. Immunity in influenza. Jour. Infect. Dis., XXVI, 463.

Jordan, E. O., Reed, D. B. and Fink, E. B.

1919. Influenza in three Chicago groups. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 1528.

Jundell, I.

1912. Influenzal meningitis and pneumonia. Hygiea, Stockholm, LXXIV.

Kellogg, Wilfred H.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 891.

Kahn, A.

1920. Cause, prevention and cure of influenza and allied diseases. Med. Rec., XCVII, 481.

Kopf, E. W.

1919. A statistical study of the influenza epidemic. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 593.

Lamb, Frederick H.

1918. Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis at Camp Cody. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 387.

Lamb, F. H. and Bramin, E. B.

1919 The epidemic respiratory infection at Camp Cody, N. M. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1057.

Lancet.

1919. Lessons of the influenza epidemic. Leading Article. Lancet, I, 72.

1920. Influenza and encephalitis lethargica in Switzerland. Lancet, I, 888.

1920. Influenza in Zürich. Lancet, I, 838.

1920. Influenza in Paris. Lancet, I, 1133.

Leichtenstern, O.

1896. Influenza und dengue. Nothnagel’s spezielle Pathologie und Therapie. 1896. [English translation, 1905]

Lee, S. T.

1919. Some of the different aspects between influenza-pneumonia and pneumonic plague. N.Y. Med. Jour., CX, 401.

Lewis, D. M.

1919. Epidemiology of influenza. Bost. Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXXI, 540.

Lichty, J. A.

1908. Grip — The epidemic in Pittsburgh. N. Y. State Jour, of Med., VIII, 191.

Longcope, W. T.

1919. Survey of the epidemic of influenza in the American Expeditionary Forces. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 189.

Howard, D. C. and Love, A. G.

1920. Influenza in the U. S. Army. Mil. Surg., XLVI, 522.

Lynch, Chas., and Gumming, Jas. G.

1920. The epidemiology of influenza-pneumonia. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., V, 364.

McAfee, Loy.

1919. Epidemic influenza in the medical and surgical history of the Civil War. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 445.

McCallum, Wm. G.

1918. Pathology of the pneumonia in the United States army camps during the winter of 1917-1918. Monograph. Rock. Inst. Med. Res.

McCoy, G. W.

1919. Status of prophylactic vaccination against influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 401.

McCoy, G. W., Murray, V. B. and Teeter, A. L.

1918. The failure of a bacterial vaccine as a prophylactic against influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXI, 1997.

McDonald, J. H.

1920. Influenza. Indian Med. Gaz., LV, No. 6.

McKendrick, A. G. and Morison, J.

1919. Determination of incubation periods from maritime statistics, with particular reference to incubation period of influenza. Indian Jour. Med. Res., VII, 364.

McLaughlin, A. J.

1920. Epidemiology and etiology of influenza. Bost. Med. and Sur. Jour. CLXXXII.

McNalty.

1920. Influenza. Nelson’s System of Medicine, 1920.

MacRae, Duncan M.

1919. Influenza and chronic lung disease. Lancet, I, 281.

Macklin.

1920. Influenza amongst the Lapps. Brit. Med. Jour., I, 465.

Maillard, G. and Brune.

1919. Influenza and epilepsy. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1038.

Malone, R. H. and McKendrick, A. G.

1919. Evidence regarding the immunity conferred by an attack of influenza, with a study of three local epidemics. Indian Jour. Med. Res., VII, 373.

Mason, A. L.

1890. Bost. Med. and Surg. Jour., Feb. 13, 1890.

Mathers, Geo.

1917. Etiology of the epidemic acute respiratory infections commonly called influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXVIII, 678.

Mayer, C. P.

1913. Pulmonary influenza. Semana Medica, XX.

Medical Supplement to the Review of the Foreign Press.

1918-1919. July, 1918 to April, 1919, inclusive.

Merklen, P.

1918. Influenza in Bretagne. Bull. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, Oct. 11, 1918, 924.

Minaker, A. J. and Irvine, R. S.

1919. Prophylactic use of mixed vaccine against pandemic influenza and its complications. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 847.

Moody, A. M. and Capps, J. A.

1916. Notes on the grip epidemic in Chicago. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXVI, 1696.

Mortality 1889-1918.

1919. A comparison of the mortality rate by weeks during the influenza epidemic of 1889-90 and during the primary stage of the influenza epidemic of 1918, in twelve cities in the United States. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 157.

Murphy, T. J.

1919. Postinfluenzal tuberculosis. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXXI, 266.

Netter, A.

1918. L’épidémie d’influenza de 1918. Paris Médical, Nov. 16, 1918, 382.

Newsholme, A.

1920. Influenza. A discussion. Longmans, Green & Co., CII, 80.

1907. Influenza from a public health standpoint. Practitioner, 118.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 890.

1919. Influenza from a public health standpoint. Practitioner, CII, 6.

Niemann and Foth.

1919. Deutsche Med. Woch., XLV, 471.

Office International d’Hygiène Publique.

1918. X, also Jan. and Feb., 1920, XII.

Opie, Freeman, Blake, Small and Rivers.

1919. Pneumonia at Camp Funston. Report to Surgeon General. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 108.

1919. Pneumonia following influenza at Camp Pike, Ark. Ibid., 556.

Orticoni, A., Barbié and Angé.

1919. Pathogenesis of influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 69.

Ovazza, V. E.

1919. Prophylaxis of influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1335.

Parkes, Edmund A.

1876. “Influenza” in Reynolds’ System of Medicine. I, 28.

Parsons, H. Franklin.

1893. Local Government Board Reports. C-6387 (1891) and C-7051 (1893).

1893. A further report on the influenza epidemics of 1889-90, 1891 and 1891-92. Local Government edition. London, 1893.

Parsons, H. C.

1919. Official report on the influenza epidemic 1918. Canad. Med. Ass. Jour., Toronto, IX, 351.

Pearl, Raymond.

1919. On certain general statistical aspects in the 1918 epidemic in American cities. Public Health Reports, Aug. 8, 1919.

Peck, J. H.

1920. Relation of influenza to tuberculosis. Iowa State Med. Soc. Jour., X, 42.

Péhu, M. and Ledoux, E.

1918. Revue documentaire sur I’épidémie actuelle de grippe en France. Ann. de Méd., V, 579.

Pneumonic Plague.

1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 146.

Pollard, R.

1920. Control of influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., I, 258.

Pruvost, E.

1919. Considérations inspirées par la récente épidémie de grippe sur la pathogénie de cette maladie et sur celle de la tuberculose. Bull. et Mém. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 3 s., XLIII, 783.

Raffelt, F.

1920. Influenza Epidemie, 1918. Wien. klin. Woch., XXXIII, April 15.

Rénon, L. and Mignot, R.

1920. La grippe de 1920 a l’hôpital Necker. Bull, et Mém. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 509.

Prevention Bureau.

1918. Report of the Shansi Plague. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 559.

Roussy, B.

1919. Nature et modes d’action de I’agent pathogène infectieux de la grippe ou influenza. Rev. d’hyg., XLI, 104.

Rose, F. G.

1919. The influenza epidemic in British Guiana. Lancet, I, 421.

Rosenau, M. J.

1919. Experiments to determine the mode of spread of influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 311.

Rosenow, E. C.

1919. Prophylactic inoculation against respiratory infections. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 31.

Roys, Chas. K.

1918. Report on epidemic of pneumonic plague in Tsinauflu, 1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 346.

Ruhräh, J.

1919. Some of the aspects of epidemic influenza in children. Med. Clin. North Am., II, 1597.

Russell, W.

1919. Some aspects of the influenza epidemic. Lancet, I, 690.

Robertson, Jno. D., and Koehler, Gottfried.

1918. Preliminary report on the influenza epidemic in Chicago. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, VIII, 849.

Rondopoulos, P. J.

1919. Influenza in Greece. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1947.

Sahli, H.

1919. Influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., Ibid., 687.

Sanz, E. F.

1919. Jacksonian epilepsy following influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 73.

Schofield, F. W. and Cynn, H. C.

1919. Pandemic influenza in Korea. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 981.

Scoccia, V.

1919. Does influenza confer immunity? Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass. Ibid., 529.

Selter, H.

1918. Zur Aetiologie der Influenza. Deutsch. Med. Woch., XLIV, 932.

Sherman, C. L.

1913. Common infections that are often erroneously diagnosed as grip. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXI, 1567.

Siciliano, L.

1919. Qualche osservazione sull’epidemiologia dell’influenza. Riv. crit. di Clin. Med. Firenze, XX, 97.

Silvestri, I.

1919. Quinine, malaria and influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 304.

Small, W. D. D.

1920. Clinical features, etiology and treatment of influenza. Edinb. Med. Jour., XXV, 15.

Smith, Theobold.

1904. Some problems in the life history of pathogenic microorganisms. Am. Med., 711.

Soldan, C. E.

1919. Influenza in Lima. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 970.

Soper, George A.

1919. The influenza pneumonia pandemic in the American Army camps during September and October, 1918. Science, N.S., XLVIII, 451.

1919. The efficiency of existing measures for the prevention of disease. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 1405.

1919. What is influenza? Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXXI, 635.

1919. Influenza in horses and in man. N.Y. Med. Jour., CIX, 270.

Spear, B. E.

1920. The periodicity of influenza. Lancet, I, 889.

Spooner, L. H., Scott, J. M. and Heath, E. H.

1919. A bacteriologic study of the influenza epidemic at Camp Devens, Mass. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 155.

Stallybrass, C. O.

1920. The periodicity of influenza. Lancet, CXCVIII, 372.

Stanley, Arthur.

1918. Notes on pneumonic plague in China. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 207.

Stanley, L. L.

1919. Influenza at San Quentin Prison, California. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 996.

Stivelman, B.

1919. Effects of influenza on pulmonary tuberculosis. New York Med. Jour., LX, 20.

Sturrock:

1905. Notes on an epidemic of influenza, occurring in the Midlothian and Peebles Asylums. Brit. Med. Jour.

Sydenstricker, Edgar.

1920. Difficulties in computing civil death rates for 1918 with especial reference to epidemic influenza. Public Health Reports, XXXV, 330.

1918. Preliminary statistics of the influenza epidemic. Public Health Reports, XXXIII, 2305.

Teissier, J.

1920. La grippe parallele des deux grandes pandémies de 1889 et de 1918. Paris Méd., XXXV, 69.

Telling, W. H. M. and Hann, R. G.

1913. Influenza with repeated rigors. Practitioner, 764.

de los Terreros, C. S.

1919. Influenza in children. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med Ass., LXXII, 764.

Topley, W. W. C.

1919. The spread of bacterial infection. Lancet, II, 1, 45, 91.

Ustvedt, Y.

1919. Influenza in Norway. Abstr. In Jour. Am Med. Ass., LXXII, 1115.

Vaughan, Henry F.

1920. Influenza in Detroit. Weekly health reports, Commissioner of Health, Detroit.

Vaughan, V. C.

1918. An explosive epidemic of influenzal disease at Fort Oglethorpe. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., III, 560.

1918. The influenza in Germany, Ibid., IV, 83.

1918. Notes on influenza. Ibid., 145.

1918. Influenza and pneumonia at Brest, France. Ibid., 223.

1918. Influenza at Camp Custer. Ibid., 225.

1918. Influenza and pneumonia at Camp Grant. Ibid., 306.

1918. Notes on influenza. Ibid., 309.

1918. Encephalitis lethargica. Ibid., 381.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 890.

Vaughan, V. C. and Palmer, Geo. T.

1919. Communicable diseases in the United States Army during the summer and autumn of 1918. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 586.

1918. Communicable diseases in the National Guard and National Army of the United States during the six months from Sept. 29, 1917, to March 29, 1918. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., Ill, 635.

Vaughan, W. T. and Schnabel, T. G.

1919. Pneumonia and empyema at Camp Sevier. Arch. Int. Med., XXII, 441.

Vaughan, W. T.

1918. Clinical manifestations of empyema. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 123.

Vico, G.

1919. Quinine and influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1648.

Wadsworth, A. B.

1919. Results of preventive vaccination with suspensions of the influenza bacillus. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 368.

Wahl, H. R., White, B. and Lyall, H. W.

1919. Some experiments in the transmission of influenza. Jour. Inf. Dis., XXV, 419.

Walb.

1913. Pneumococcus influenza. Deutsch. Med. Woch., XXXIX.

Wallace, Geo. L.

1919. Report of the influenza epidemic and experience in the use of influenza vaccine “B” at the Wrentham State School. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXX, 447.

Watson, Thomas.

1872. Principles and Practice of Physic. II, 71.

Watson, Percy T.

1919. The epidemic in Shansi; pneumonic plague or influenza? China Med. Jour., XXXIII, 169.

Webster, J. O.

1871. Report of an epidemic of influenza. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., N.S., VII, 377.

Winslow, C. E. A. and Rogers, J. F.

1920. Statistics of the 1918 epidemic of influenza in Connecticut. Jour. Infect. Dis., XXVI.

Wollstein, M. and Goldbloom, A.

1919. Epidemic influenza in infants. Am. Jour. Dis. of Children, XVII, 165.

Woodward, Wm. C.

1918. Influenza in Boston. Monthly Bull. of the Health Dept. of the City of Boston, VII, 179-186, 205-208, and VIII, 10.

Wooley, Paul G.

1918. The epidemic of influenza at Camp Devens, Mass. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 330.

1919. An epidemiologic fragment. Med. Quart., Ottawa, I, 325.

Zinsser, H., Brooks, H., et al.

1920. Manifestations of influenza during the earlier periods of its appearance in France. Med. Rec., XCVII, 459.

Zinsser, Hans.

Influenza. Oxford Medical Papers (to be published).

 

A most comprehensive bibliography of the literature covering the epidemiology of influenza up until 1896 is to be found in Leichtenstern’s original monograph.

 

Source: Warren T. Vaughan, Influenza: an epidemiologic study, The American Journal of Hygiene. Monograph Series No. 1 (July, 1921), pp. 245-256.

 

Categories
Economics Programs Economists Harvard Radical

Harvard. Leontief and Galbraith report on conflict within department, 1972

In December 1972 the conflict about opening the Harvard economics faculty to include “broader and necessarily ‘softer’ questions of social structure, social functions and social reform” exploded beyond the confines of the economics department. This post provides two letters/memos sent to Harvard’s President Derek C. Bok written by Wassily Leontief and John Kenneth Galbraith, respectively, that supported curriculum reform involving the continued appointments of young radical economists. It would appear from Leontief’s account that a relatively silent majority of the younger mathematical economists in the department was able to block the recommendation of their more senior colleagues to expand course offerings to meet the demand of students for courses outside the confines of “orthodox technical economics”…a revolution that devoured its own parents.

_____________________

Background tip:

Talk presented by Tom Weisskopf “The Origins and Evolution of Radical Political Economics” (September 25, 2012).

_____________________

Photocopy Leontief to Harvard President Derek C. Bok

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Wassily Leontief
Professor of Economics

309 Littauer
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
(617) 495-2118

December 21, 1972

Mr. Derek Bok
President
Harvard University
Massachusetts Hall 1

Dear Derek:

I am writing in response to your request for my views on the conflict that for some time has been straining the relationships within the Executive Committee of our Department on the one hand and Executive Committee and the graduate student body on the other. It developed along rather familiar lines and finally broke into the open.

The controversy, as I see it, centers on the question whether the Department of Economics should widen the range of its intellectual concerns and of its teaching responsibilities beyond the narrowly delineated field of orthodox technical economics by inclusion of broader and necessarily “softer” questions of social structure, social functions and social reform: questions raised for example in the old Marxist and the new radical economics.

While a minority in the Executive Committee favors a move in this direction, arguing that it would reflect the natural growth and extension of our discipline, the majority opposes it on the grounds that this would amount to politicalization of the field and lowering of intellectual standards. Somewhat paradoxically, the minority favoring a change comprises mostly senior members of the Department while the core of the majority group consists of the younger mathematical economists. Needless to say, the students are on the side of the minority. While the minority did most of the talking, the majority was content with voting.

Last spring a mixed faculty-student committee appointed by the Chairman proposed a modest curriculum reform that would reflect the interest in the new subjects. After a stiff fight, the report was first accepted, then watered down, and finally scuttled.

The division within the Department was clearly reflected in a series of votes on new appointments. Three years ago, the junior staff contained four radical economists: Herb Gintis, Tom Weisskopf, Art MacEwan and Sam Bowles. All were let go. Gintis is now lecturer in the Department of Education, Tom Weisskopf was avidly acquired by the Department of Economics of the University of Michigan, Sam Bowles failed a week ago to receive a permanent appointment, and Art MacEwan was denied this week a second three-year appointment. The slate is clear except for Steve Marglin, who was elevated to full professorship before his interests had shifted into the field of institutional analysis and criticism.

Adverse votes are invariably based on lack of intellectual distinction and creditable contributions to knowledge by the candidate; this notwithstanding the fact that several permanent slots were filled in the past by scholars of admittedly indifferent stature on the ground that a vacancy had to be filled in some narrowly defined specialized field.

Reluctantly the minority on the Executive Committee came to the conclusion that its advice and counsel will be disregarded in the future as it was in the past; that crucial decisions will be made on the basis of an often silent, but invariably effective majority vote. The rising tension finally led to acrimonious exchanges at the last meeting of the Executive Committee.

The obvious frustration of the graduate students finds its expression in sharp verbiage used by the radical minority and sullen indifference and cynicism among the rest. I hardly need to add that the students are quite aware of the division within the Executive Committee.

This is where we stand now. At best one could observe that as a whole the senior teaching staff of the Economics Department is much less effective than one could have expected it to be considering the distinction of its individual members. At worst, the continuation of the conflict might result in resignations and damage all around.

After you called me up, Jim Duesenberry asked several members of the Department to serve on a committee that would review the intellectual problems involved and try to find some way out. The proposed composition of the committee (Arrow, Bergson, Dorfman, Galbraith and me) assures that its report will give full weight to the minority point of view.

I myself feel that nothing short of a clear-cut reversal in the present trend can prevent further deterioration of the situation. Needless to say, I will do all I can to bring about a constructive and peaceable solution of the difficult problems we are facing. Some counsel and some help from you and John [probably economist John T. Dunlop who was serving as Dean] most likely will be needed. Let me add that some of my colleagues who up to now held an opposing point of view have offered their full cooperation.

I have dictated this letter but had no time to proofread it since Estelle and I are leaving for London two hours from now. In case of need, please do not hesitate to call me. My secretary, Mary Conley, will know all the time where I can be reached.

With best wishes from Estelle and me to Sissele and you.

Sincerely,
[signed]
Wassily Leontief

WL:mc

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Carbon copy Galbraith to Harvard President Derek C. Bok

December 22, 1972

President Derek C. Bok
Massachusetts Hall

Dear Derek:

This I hope will diminish the concern you may have had following my telephone call of the other evening. My personal anger, as usual, has been difficult to sustain although I surely intend to stay with this problem until things are put right. I’ve met with the young radicals and I think they are persuaded that Toronto is not a good forum and that neither Arrow nor I is the man they most want to embarrass. John has operated with usual skill and panache. He accepts the idea of a commission to consider and act before things get worse, and I am drafting up the terms of reference for discussion with Jim Duesenberry. I’ve gone over the rough outlines with Wassily. With considerable approval, I’ve raised the question of conflict of interest with external corporate enterprises. I enclose a document on that subject.

In any case, a Merry Christmas.

Yours faithfully,

John Kenneth Galbraith

JKG:kv

Enclosure

 

Source: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. John Kenneth Galbraith Personal Papers. Series 5. Harvard University File, 1949-1990. Box 526. Folder “Harvard Dept. of Economics, Discussion of appointments, outside interests and reorganization, 1972-1973 (1 of 2)”.

Image Source: Wassily Leontief from Harvard Class Album 1957.

Categories
Economists Exam Questions Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins. Career of economics Ph.D. alumnus (plus doctoral exams), George H. Evans, 1925

 

This post began as a straightforward transcription of the final Ph.D. examinations of George Heberton Evans, Jr. who was to stay on at Johns Hopkins, becoming professor of political economy, then long serving chairman of the department (1942-1960), and finally serving as Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (1959-1966).  But as I was typing the questions below, I had the feeling that I had seen these questions before and began to fear that maybe I was senselessly duplicating a previous post at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. 

It turns out that the Johns Hopkins Department of Political Economy engaged in a fairly vigorous recycling of final Ph.D. examination questions over the years. I remember wondering what sense there was in having written final doctoral examinations in May for a degree to be awarded in June, literally weeks away. This practice of posing virtually identical examination questions would seem to indicate that the department did not regard the examinations as much more that an academic formality.

Cf. the very high correspondence of questions with those of the 1933 examinations. Incidentally the economic theory questions below are completely identical to those of the May 19, 1927 exam and in the applied economics questions below six of the questions are the same as the May 21, 1927 exam.

_______________________

Vital dates, George Heberton Evans, Jr.

Born January 20, 1900 and died October 12, 1979 in Baltimore, Maryland.

_______________________

Awarded the Ph.D. at the 1925 Commencement
of Johns Hopkins University

George Heberton Evans, Jr., of Maryland, A.B. Johns Hopkins University 1920. Political Economy, Political Science, Psychology

Dissertation Title: Apartment Rents in Baltimore, January 1917 Through October 1923.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Conferring of Degrees at the Close of the Forty-Ninth Academic Year (June 9, 1925), p. 8.

_______________________

AEA 1969 Biographical Listing

Evans, George Heberton, Jr., academic; b. Baltimore, Md., 1900; A.B., Johns Hopkins U., 1920, Ph.D., 1925. DOC DIS. Apartment Rents in Baltimore January 1917 through October 1923, 1925. FIELDS 1bc, 7a, 6b. PUB. Business Incorporations in the United States, 1800-1943, 1948; Principles of Investment, 1940; British Corporation Finance, 1775-1850: A Study of Preference Shares, 1936. RES. History of American Business Corporations, 1800-1950. Prof. political economy, Johns Hopkin U. since 1942, dean, Faculty of Philosophy, 1959-66. ADDRESS Political Economy Dept., Johns Hopkins U., Gilman Hall 411, Charles and 34th Sts., Baltimore, MD 21218.

Source: American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 6. 1969 Handbook of the American Economic Association (January, 1970), p. 127.

_______________________

G.H. EVANS, JR.
May 21, 1925

EXAMINATION IN POLITICAL ECONOMY AS A PRINCIPAL SUBJECT
(Principles of Political Economy)

  1. What is the relation of Political Economy to economic history in scope and method of investigation?
  2. What important economic doctrines had been clearly formulated prior to the year 1600? [sic, in several other exams with nearly identical content “1800” so probably “1800” is correct]
  3. Discuss the personal contacts and doctrinal contrasts of Quesnay and Adam Smith.
  4. Contrast the theories of distribution formulated by (a) Adam Smith, (b) David Ricardo, (c) Alfred Marshall.
  5. What has been the development of the principle of population since the time of Malthus?
  6. Discuss the origin and development of the wage fund theory.
  7. What have been the most important contributions of the Austrian economists?
  8. What scientific theory of wages have your own studies of wage conditions tended to confirm?
  9. What assignable limit is there to the size of the modern industrial unit?
  10. What would be the theoretical effects of a horizontal increase of ten per cent in general wages upon the several classes of society?

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

G.H. EVANS, JR.
May 22, 1925

EXAMINATION IN POLITICAL ECONOMY AS A PRINCIPAL SUBJECT
(Applied Economics)

  1. What principles should govern the governmental commission in the fixture of railway rates?
  2. Outline the history of (a) metallic and (b) paper money in the United States since the adoption of the federal constitution.
  3. Discuss the history, the defects and the incidence of the General Property Tax.
  4. State and criticize the Quantity Theory of Money.
  5. On what grounds can the sale of protected manufactures in foreign markets at less than domestic prices be justified?
  6. Discuss modern industrial combinations in the light of an assignable limit to the growth in the size of the modern industrial unit.
  7. Trace the progress of the U.S. Tariff since the Civil War.
  8. State the theory of large numbers and explain the relation of the theory to the logic of chance.
  9. Compare the administrative organization of the Bank of France and the Reichsbank.
  10. What is the relation of labor legislation to economic organization? What are the natural limits of labor legislation?

Source: Johns Hopkins University. Eisenhower Library, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives, Department of Political Economy. Series 6. Box 3/1, “Graduate Exams 1903-1932.”

Image Source: Johns Hopkins University, Sheridan Libraries, Graphic and Pictorial Collection. George Heberton Evans at approximately 40 years old.

 

Categories
M.I.T. Regulations Teaching Undergraduate

M.I.T. Dean’s request for writing requirements for elective subjects in economics department, 1953

 

The following exchange between the M.I.T. Dean of Humanities and Social Studies (John E. Burchard) and the representative of the chairperson of the Economics Department (Charles A. Myers covering for Ralph E. Freeman) gives us a short list of undergraduate courses that would have regularly had non-economics B.S. students attending to satisfy their distributional requirements in 1953. Dean Burchard’s informational request seems to be a fishing expedition with the hope of landing any evidence that some instructor in some course was helping to improve M.I.T. undergraduate writing skills. It is also interesting to see that sociology, psychology, and political science were all subjects  administered by the economics department.

____________________________

Dean Reminding Economics Department about Information Request

May 6, 1953

Memorandum to Professor [Charles Andrew] Myers:

I asked Ralph [Evans Freeman] a while ago to get me some information but have not heard from him and imagine it got left and wonder if you could undertake this survey for me in the near future and give me an answer.

The problem is that those of us who were worried about the English style of our students at M.I.T. are pretty certain that we will never get a good overall performance on the mere basis of instruction in the first two years where writing is required and read and criticized. The burden of continuously upholding the standard obviously is going to rest with the professional departments and I have no doubt there are great inconsistencies in this throughout the Institute, and I also have no doubt most of them are pretty remiss in this obligation.

Before starting any campaign on this question, however, it is obvious that I need to know whether the house of my own School is in point of fact in order, or if not how far it is out of order.

I accordingly asked Professor [Howard Russell] Bartlett and Professor [Ralph] Freeman to get me an indication of the amount of writing required in the various subjects which might be elected by students in the School. In the History Department this was obviously limited to non-professional subjects and for the moment I am more interested in the general electives in the Department of Economics than I am in what policing you do of your own majors. It would be more helpful to know about both.

What Professor Bartlett did was write me a general answer which told me how many papers were required each semester, the approximate length, and how many written examinations. I wonder if it would be possible for you to dig out the same information for the various appropriate subjects in the Department of Economics and report to me fairly soon. I would like to be thinking about this problem during the summer.

Sincerely yours,
[unsigned]
John E. Burchard
Dean of Humanities and Social Studies

Jeb/h

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Economics Department’s First Response to Dean’s Request for Information

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Industrial Relations Section
Department of Economics and Social Science
Cambridge, Massachusetts

May 11, 1953

Memorandum to Dean John E. Burchard

Dear John:

This is in answer to your memorandum of May 6th. I guess this is something Ralph was unable to compete before he left and I thought I should get done promptly since I will be leaving tomorrow for the annual research meeting of the Committee on Labor Market Research of the Social Science Research Council in Minneapolis. George Shultz is one of the invited guests.

Perhaps the best way to answer your question is to list what the various people in charge of the various undergraduate subjects reported:

14.01 [Economic Principles I] ([Robert Lyle] Bishop) — 3 or 4 written hour examinations, mostly of the essay type
14.02 [Economic Principles II] ([Edgar Carey] Brown) — 4 written hour examinations, no term papers
14.03 [Prices and Production] ([Robert Lyle] Bishop) — 2 to 3 hour examinations; no term papers
14.09 [Economic Problems Seminar] ([Paul Anthony] Samuelson) — no written exams, but 2 written papers, one long and one short, plus oral presentation of the content of the paper prior to the submission of the written paper
14.51 [International Relations] ([Norman Judson] Padelford) — 8 written quizzes of 35 to 40 minutes in length; no term paper, except that sometimes there are written projects.
14.61 [Industrial Relations] (Doug [Douglass Vincent] Brown and [John Royston] Coleman) — 3 hour examinations and 3 written case reports
14.63 [Labor Relations] ([George Pratt] Shultz) — 3 written hour examinations and one term paper
14.64 [Labor Economics and Public Policy] ([George Benedict] Baldwin) — 3 hour examinations and one written term paper
14.70 [Introductory Psychology] ([George Armitage] Miller) — 2 or 3 written hour examinations, partly objective in character; no term paper
14.72 [Union-Management Relations] ([Joseph Norbert] Scanlon) — 2 hour examinations and a special paper on a particular case
14.73 [Organization and Communications in Groups] ([Alex] Bavelas and [Herbert Allen] Shepard) — 2 objective-type examinations and one written essay-type examination
14.75 [Experimental Psychology] ([Joseph Carl Robnett] Licklider) — no examinations, but a written paper on the experiment, suitable for publication — this latter test is never quite met but students are expected to write with that end in view
14.77 [Psychology of Communication] ([George Armitage] Miller) — 3 objective-type examinations
14.91 and 14.92 [The American Political System;
Comparative Political and Economic Systems]		 ([Jesse Harris] Proctor and [Roy] Olton) — 3 written hour exams, no term paper in the first term — 3 written hour exams plus a written term paper in the second term
15.30 [Personnel Administration] ([Paul] Pigors) — 4 written cases, one term paper and one hour examination

 

I think this pretty well covers the principal courses which are taken by undergraduate students in other departments. I think my own experience in teaching such undergraduate courses as 14.61 and 14.63 is similar to that of most of the staff, in that I have called attention to students of misspelled words, poor grammar, and generally poor organization and expression of written answers and papers. I really doubt if we can do much more or should do much more. It would be quite a task to go over each written examination with each student in detail, or even to do this after they have submitted a term paper. From time to time I have done this with some theses but not as a general rule, since the student is warned in advance that his grade will depend not only on content, but on expression.

I hope this gives you the information you need.

Sincerely
[signed] Charlie
Charles A. Myers

m:g

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Follow-up Request by Dean

May 12, 1953

Memorandum to Professor Myers

Dear Charlie:

Your memorandum of yesterday answers my question about the writing in part.

I guess I agree, though I wish I didn’t have to, that people in the department cannot be expected to act as writing critics for students who are still defective in their English. Though I wish more people required papers and fewer examinations, this is obviously a matter of individual teachers’ methods.

The remaining question which I think is not answered is I believe a critical one, namely, does poor writing really result in a lower grade, and if it does is that single comment written on to the paper when it is returned with the grade to the student?

I hate to trouble you further but wonder if you would be able to explore this with the same group of people.

Sincerely yours,
[unsigned]
John E. Burchard
Dean of Humanities and Social Studies

Jeb/h

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Economics Department’s Response to Follow-up Request by the Dean

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Industrial Relations Section
Department of Economics and Social Science
Cambridge, Massachusetts

June 1, 1953

Memorandum to Dean John E. Burchard

Dear John:

These are some further thoughts on your memo of May 12th, asking me to check again on whether poor writing really results in a lower grade in our courses and whether comments are written on the papers when they are returned with grades to the students.

Nearly everyone with whom I have talked here agrees that poor writing does result in a lower grade, if by “poor writing” is meant poor organization, hasty sentence construction, and confusing or fuzzy thinking as expressed in written words. Poor spelling apparently does not count so much, although Bob Bishop and I specifically do encircle misspelled words on written exams and papers. Comments on poor organization, etc., are specifically written on papers and exams when returned to students, and I know that many of us have stressed to students before writing exams and papers that their grades will depend in part on the way in which their material is organized and presented.

One further experience might be of interest in connection with your comment that you wish more people would require papers and fewer examinations. During the past term Jim Baldwin gave term papers in 14.64 and found that the pressure of senior theses on the students was so great that they did a very poor job on the papers. His grades reflect this, but he is bothered about the apparent conflict between the senior thesis and the term paper requirement in senior Humanities and Social Studies courses. Maybe we ought to place more emphasis on good writing in the senior thesis in the Department and in other Departments.

Sincerely,
[signed] Charlie
Charles A. Myers

CAM:dg

Source: M.I.T., Institute Archives and Special Collections, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Office of the Dean, Records, 1934-1964. Box 3, Folder “103, Economics Department, General, March 1951-1956”.
For [first and middle names of instructors] and [course titles]: Course Catalogue of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1952-53.

Image Source: (Left) John Burchard ; (Right) Charles A. Myers. MIT Museum Legacy Website (People Collection).

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Final examination for Chinese Economic Problems. Lindsay, 1947

 

Michael Francis Morris Lindsay, 2nd Baron Lindsay of Birker, taught “Chinese Economic Problems” (Economics 14a) at Harvard during the Spring term 1947. The short bibliography of course readings has been posted earlier along with details of Lindsay’s interesting life.

Reading list and final exam for the 1955 course taught by Douglas Seymour Paauw have also been transcribed and posted.

This post adds a transcription of the course final examination.

_____________________

1946-47
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 14a

Chinese Economic Problems
[Final Examination, May 1947]

(Answer at least three, preferably four, of the following questions, not more than one from each section.)

(a)

  1. How far has China got the natural resources necessary to develop into an important industrial power?
  2. Discuss the possibilities of economic development in the West and Northwest of China.
  3. Discuss the transportation system of China and give some suggestions as to the most urgently required improvements and the most suitable plans for future development.

(b)

  1. How far can China be taken as an illustration of the Malthusian theory?
  2. Discuss the evidence for the view that the population of China has not increased appreciably during the last century.
  3. To what extent is there a surplus of unemployed labour available in China?

(c)

  1. “There is no want of available land in this country which is more than sufficient for distribution among the population…The question of exploitation and readjustment is therefore, in my opinion, more important than that of distribution.” (Chiang Kai-shek in 1933) Discuss this view of the agrarian problem.
  2. How far can food production be increased in China?
  3. What are the essentials for a programme of rural economic reconstruction?

(d)

  1. What part can co-operatives and handicraft industry play in the future economic development of China?
  2. What are the difficulties that have hindered the development of industry in China?
  3. To what extent is government action necessary to secure industrialization in China?

(e)

  1. Discuss the problem of China’s balance of payments.
  2. What are the main differences between the monetary system of China and those of Western countries?
  3. What are the main problems in getting a satisfactory taxation system in China?

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Final Examinations 1853-2001, Box 14. Papers Printed for Final Examinations [in] History, History of Religions, …, Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. May, 1947.

Image Source:  Michael Lindsay tuning a radio receiver at the Jinchaji base in Hebel province, sometime between 1941 and 1944. China Daily April 8, 2015.

 

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Socialism Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Economy of Russia. Enrollment, Outline, Readings, Final Exam. Leontief, 1949

 

The course outline for Leontief’s The Economy of Russia course taught in the Spring term of 1949 is identical to that of the previous year’s version (only the Dobb book has been updated to a more recent edition). The value-added of this post is found in the course enrollment numbers, links to most readings, and the final exam questions.

Fun fact: Jacob Marschak was an editor of the Bienstock et al. book Management in Russian Industry and Agriculture assigned in Leontief’s course.

______________________

Enrollment

[Economics] 112b (formerly Economics 12b). The Economy of Russia (Sp). Professor Leontief.

Total 44: 19 Graduates, 10 Seniors, 6 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 1 Public Administration, 6 Radcliffe.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1948-49, p. 76.

______________________

Economics 112b
The Economy of Russia
Spring Term, 1949

  1. From the Emancipation to the Revolution
    1.  Agricultural development and reforms
    2.  First stages of industrialization

Reading assignments:

Bowden, Karpovich, and Usher, An Economic History of Europe since 1750, Ch. 29, pp. 598-615.
Hubbard, L. E., The Economics of Soviet Agriculture, Chs. 1-8, pp. 1-63.
Maynard, J., The Russian Peasant, Chs. 1, 2, pp. 13-62.

  1. War and Revolution
    1. War economy up to the October Revolution
    2. Agrarian revolution and the nationalization of industries

Reading assignments:

Maynard, Ch. 6, pp. 63-81.
Baykov, A., The Development of the Soviet Economic System, Chs. 1, 2, 3, pp. 1-48.

  1. War Communism
    1. Industrial collapse
    2. Agricultural contraction

Reading assignments:

Dobb, M. Russian [sic, “Soviet” is used in the later edition] Economic Development since the Revolution, Ch. 5, pp. 97-125.

  1. The New Economic Policy
    1. Private enterprise and the socialized sector
    2. Agricultural recovery
    3. Industrial reconstruction

Reading assignments:

Maynard, Ch. 10, pp. 148-182.
Baykov, Chs. 4-9, pp. 49-152.

  1. The Economics of High Pressure Industrialization
    1. Capital accumulation
    2. Structural change

Reading assignments:

Yugow, A., Russia’s Economic Front for War and Peace, Ch. 2, pp. 30-42, and Ch. 9, pp. 198-219.
Baykov, A., Ch. 10, pp. 153-158.
Dobb, M., Ch. 8, pp. 177-208.

  1. Socialist Agriculture
    1. The process of socialization (collectivization)
    2. The Kolkhoz
    3. The Sovkhoz and machine-tractor station
    4. Development of agricultural output and its allocation

Reading assignments:

Baykov, Ch. 13, pp. 189-311; Ch. 17, pp. 309-334.
Yugow, Ch. 3, pp. 43-81.
Maynard, Ch. 15, pp. 279-309.
Bienstock, Schwarz, and Yugow, Management in Russian Industry and Agriculture, Chs. 10-17, pp. 127-179.

  1. Industrial Expansion
    1. The three Five-Year Plans
    2. Industrial organization
    3. Labor and unions

Reading assignments:

Yugow, Ch. 2, pp. 13-30; Chs. 7 and 8, pp. 149-197.
Bienstock…, Chs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9.
Baykov, Ch. 11, pp. 159-187; Ch. 13, pp. 212-233; Ch. 16, pp. 277-308; and Ch. 18, pp. 335-363.
Bergson, A., The Structure of Soviet Wages, Chs. 1, 2, pp. 3-25; Chs. 11, 12, 13, and 14, pp. 159-210.
Report of the C.I.O. Delegation to the Soviet Union, 1947.
Dobb, M., Ch. 16, pp. 407-453.

  1. Functional Structure of the Economic System
    1. Prices, wages, taxes, and profits
    2. The governmental budget as an instrument of economic policy
    3. Methods of planning
    4. Principles of planning

Reading assignments:

Baykov, Ch. 15, pp. 251-276; Ch. 20, pp. 423-479.
Yugow, Ch. 4, pp. 82-95; Ch. 10, 11, pp. 219-243.
Bienstock…, Ch. 4, pp. 47-57; Ch. 6, pp. 66-90; Introduction, pp. xiii-xxxii.
Lange, Oscar, The Working Principles of Soviet Economy, American-Russian Institute.
Dobb, M., Chs. 13 and 14, pp. 313-348.

  1. War and Post-War
    1. Soviet war economy
    2. The new Five-Year Plan
    3. Soviet economy and world economy

Reading assignments:

Schwartz, Harry, Russia’s Postwar Economy
Gerschenkron, A., Economic Relations with the U.S.S.R.
Yugow, Ch. 5, pp. 96-122.
Dobb, M., Ch. 12, pp. 290-312.

General reading:

Gregory, J., and Shave, D. W., The U.S.S.R., A Geographical Survey, Part I, pp. 1-250.

Reading Period Assignments
May 8-May 27, 1949

Economics 112b: Read both N. Voznesnesky, The Economy of the U.S.S.R. during World War II, Public Affairs Press, 1948, and The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May, 1949, “Soviet Union since World War II,” read all articles on economic subjects contained in this issue.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 4, Folder “Economics 1948-49 (1 of 2)”

______________________

1948-49
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 112b
[Final Examination]

Please Write Legibly

Answer FOUR questions

  1. Describe the organization of Russia’s agriculture on the eve of 1861, outline the economic basis of the Reform, and indicate its principal economic consequences.
  2. Describe the New Economic Policy, discuss the reasons for its adoption and the causes of its liquidation.
  3. Compare the successive Five Year Plans and indicate the principal distinctive features of each one of them.
  4. Describe the structure of the Soviet price system and compare its role in the operation of the planned economy with the role of the competitive price mechanism in a capitalist economy.
  5. Analyze the use of economic incentives in the operation of Soviet industry and agriculture.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Final examinations 1853-2001. Box 16. Papers Printed for Final Examinations [in] History, History of Religions, …, Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. June, 1949.

Image Source: Drawn from the J. F. Horrabin poster “The Workers’ Country Must Be Built by Work”. Frontispiece for Maurice Dobb’s special trade union edition of Russian Economic Development since the Revolution. London: 1928.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Socialism Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Economics of Socialism. Outline, Readings, Final Exam. Schumpeter, 1949

 

This post provides the course outline, reading assignments and final exam for Joseph Schumpeter’s Economics of Socialism from the last time he taught the course (he died January 8, 1950).

______________________

Transcriptions of socialism course materials à la Harvard

Socialism. (Ec 111) taught by O.H. Taylor in 1954-55.

Economics of Socialism (Ec 111) taught by Taylor in 1952-53

Economics of Socialism (Ec 111) taught by Schumpeter, Taylor with lectures by Gerschenkron and Galenson in 1949-50.

Economics of Socialism (Ec 11b) taught by Schumpeter in 1945-46

Economics of Socialism (Ec 11b) taught by Schumpeter in 1943-44

Economics of Socialism (Ec11b) taught by Sweezy in 1939-40

Economics of Socialism (Ec11b) taught by Mason and Sweezy in 1937-38

Programs of Social Reconstruction  (Ec 7c) taught by Mason  in 1933

Economics of Socialism, Anarchism and the Single Tax  (Ec 7b) taught by Carver  in 1920

Socialism and Communism (Ec 14) taught by Carver and Bushnee in 1901-02

Socialism and Communism (Ec 14) taught by Edward Cummings. Exams from 1893-1900.

______________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 111b (formerly Economics 11b). Economics of Socialism (Sp). Professor Schumpeter.

Total 72: 16 Graduates, 20 Seniors, 21 Juniors, 7 Sophomores, 8 Radcliffe.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1948-49, p. 76.

_________________________

Economics 111b
Spring 1949
Outline and Assignments

After an introduction that is to cover briefly the development of pre-Marxist socialist thought (one week), Marxist and neo-Marxist sociology and economics will be discussed (five weeks). Then the modern theory of centralist socialism will be developed (four weeks). Finally, the problems of imperialism, revolution, and transition and the actual situation and prospect of socialist groups will be touched upon (two weeks).

  1. Pre-Marxist Socialist Thought

Assignment: H. W. Laidler, Social-Economic Movements, Parts I and II.

  1. Marxist Sociology and Economics

M. M. Bober, Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History, 2nd edition 1948, Part I, Chapter 6; Part IV.
Karl Marx, Capital (Modern Library Edition), Volume I, Chs. 1, 4, 5, and 6.
P. M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, Chs. II-XII.
M. Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism, Chs. I and IV.

  1. The Modern Theory of Centralist Socialism.

A. P. Lerner, Economics of Control, 1944, Chs. V-XIV.
Meade and Fleming, “Price and Output Policy of State Enterprise,” Economic Journal, 1944.
Abram Bergson, Structure of Soviet Wages, Ch. II:
M. Dobb (as above) Ch. VIII (with Appendix).

  1. Imperialism; the State and the Revolution; Problems of Transition.

M. Dobb (as above) Ch. VII.
Lenin, State and Revolution, 1926.

Suggestions:
Lenin, What is to be Done?
P. M. Sweezy, (as above) Chs. XIII-XIX.

Reading Period: Evolutionary Socialism, 1909.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 4, Folder “Economics 1948-49 (1 of 2)”

_________________________

1948 –49
Harvard University
Economics 111b
[Final Examination]

Answer five out of seven questions. At least two must be chosen from group I.

I

  1. Discuss Marx’s theory of cycles, organizing your answer around the following foci:
    1. falling tendency of the rate of profit
    2. the reserve army of unemployed
    3. capital accumulation and replacement cycles.
  2. What was Bernstein’s point of view about the breakdown of capitalism? What was the significance of the controversy for Marxist economics?
  3. Discuss the economic aspects of the proportions in which factors are combined in a centrally directed economy with reference to marginal substitution, indivisibilities, and pricing.

II

  1. What was the tactical significance of three of the following issues that arose within the 2nd International:
    1. Millerandism
    2. Revisionism
    3. participation in the World War
    4. timing and leadership of revolution (Lenin)
  2. Discuss the dependence, if any, of Marxian economics on Marxian sociology.
  3. Describe the role of the rate of interest in the allocation of resources between present consumption and investment for future production in a socialist economy.
  4. Discuss the rule that prices should equal marginal cost with special reference to intervals of increasing and decreasing costs.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Final examinations 1853-2001. Box 16. Papers Printed for Final Examinations [in] History, History of Religions, …, Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. June, 1949.

Image Source: Harvard Classbook 1947.