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Economic History Exam Questions Johns Hopkins Undergraduate

Johns Hopkins. Exam questions for undergraduate economic history. Broadus Mitchell, 1937-1938

 

Associate Professor Broadus Mitchell taught the standard undergraduate survey course in economic history at Johns Hopkins in 1937-1938. He resigned from Johns Hopkins the following year over the matter of admitting an African American student to the department of political economy (the admission was fought by the Johns Hopkins University administration).

Much more about Mitchell can be found in the 90 page transcript of an oral history interview with him from August 14 and 15, 1977 that can be found in the Southern Oral History Program Collection at the website Documenting the American South at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

It is the regret of my life that at Johns Hopkins University I did not pursue to the bitter end the defense of the proposal to admit a qualified Negro graduate student in the Department of Political Economy. He was Edward S. Lewis, who was the Secretary of the Urban League, of which I had been the first President in Baltimore. He was a graduate, I believe, of the University of Chicago and maybe of the Columbia University School of Social Work; I’ve forgotten. At any rate he was in every way a highly qualified, mature applicant for admission to graduate work. He was a leading black social worker in Maryland, where there’s a large negro population with a much higher incidence of poverty, disease, and so on than the whites. And he had been doing graduate work in economics at the University of Pennsylvania, commuting weekends. He could only get weekends, because he was holding his position as Secretary of the Urban League in Baltimore. And this was unsatisfactory and costly and interrupted and so on, so why shouldn’t he come to Johns Hopkins where we had every facility? … pp. 76-77.

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Course Description
Economic History
1937-1938

12 B. Economic History. Associate Professor Mitchell. Three hours weekly through the year. M., Tu., W., 9.30. Gilman Hall 314.

In the first part of this course a study is made of English economic history, the purpose being to show not only the industrial development of the English people as such but the way in which the economic motive has influence the whole of social life. Particular attention is given to the characteristic forms of economic organization—the manorial system, the guild system, the entrance of capitalism and the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Special reference is made to those features of English economic history which have influenced industrial life in the United States. The second part of the course is a survey of the economic history of our own country. Here the same effort is made, as in the case of England, to show the bearing of economic considerations on political evolution, especially in the direction of the growing importance of the Federal Government.

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Semester Examinations
Economic History
1937-1938

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 12 B

Dr. Mitchell

February 1, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. Contrast life in an English manorial village of the 13th century with agricultural life in the United States today.
  2. What were the main causes and consequences of the enclosures movement?
  3. Contrast the conduct of industry and commerce in the towns of England in the Middle Ages with industrial and commercial life in the United States today.
  4. Trace the transition from the guild system through the domestic system to capitalism.
  5. Describe the Industrial Revolution.
  6. Give a brief account of two of the following movements: labor unionism, the factory acts movement, Chartism, socialism, consumers’ co-operation.
  7. What is meant by the economic interpretation of history?
  8. What is the status of the laissez faire theory in the United States today?
  9. Make an argument that mankind would be better off if the inventors of the 18th century never lived.

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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 12 B

Dr. Mitchell

May 31, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. What was the economic position of the country at the time the Constitution was formed?
  2. Discuss the “American System”
  3. Give an outline of banking from 1791 to the adoption of the Federal Reserve Act.
  4. Contrast economic conditions in North and South on the eve of the Civil War.
  5. Tell what you can of the growth of large-scale business enterprise and its economic and legislative consequences.
  6. Discuss the protective tariff in America.
  7. Identify briefly: Mathew Carey, Friedrich List, Salmon P. Chase, Nicholas Biddle, James B. Duke, Samuel Slator.
  8. Tell what you know of governmental intervention in economic life during the depression which began in 1929.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Image Source:  Broadus Mitchell in his office, ca. 1938. From the Johns Hopkins university graphic and pictorial collection. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

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Exam Questions Johns Hopkins Undergraduate

Johns Hopkins. Exam questions for undergraduate principles of accounting. Cooper, 1937-1938

In the newspaper account of Howard Earl Cooper’s retirement, the Dean of the Johns Hopkins University Evening College, called him “certainly the Mr. Chips” of the cohort retiring in 1969, i.e. a professor who was loved more by his students than he apparently loved doing research. But he was apparently very much loved by his students and we all know just how fickle the reception of our own research can be. One presumes he left with overwhelming fond professional memories.

But we are here to capture the reality of economics education through the years and Cooper’s exam questions from 1937-38 provide us another archival observation.

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Howard Earl Cooper
Chronology of his life and career

1899. October 17. Born in Canon City, Colorado.

Served in an Army intelligence unit in World War I.

1922-26, 1927-28. Registrar, School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance at the University of Denver.

1923. B.C.S. from the University of Denver

1925. S.B. from the University of Denver.

1927. S.M. in banking from Columbia University.

1927-28. Assistant Professor of Accounting at the University of Denver.

1928. Appointed instructor of accounting at Johns Hopkins University.

1932. Ph.D. in Political Economy from Johns Hopkins. Dissertation: The Application of Standard Costs to Factory Overhead Expenses.

1942. Appointed associate professor of accounting.

1946. Appointed professor of accounting.

1951-1969. Associate Dean of McCoy College (earlier called the Hopkins Evening College and later called the School of Continuing Studies) of Johns Hopkins University.

1985. October 9. Died in Baltimore, Maryland.

Sources:

  • Annual Report of the President for 1931-32, p. 246. Johns Hopkins University Circular (September 1932).
  • Retirement announced in The Baltimore Sun, May 24, 1969, p. 10.
  • Obituary in The Baltimore Sun, November 3, 1985, p. 38.

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Howard E. Cooper Jr. Memorial Scholarship

Mary Cooper Evans established this fund in 1985 in honor of Dr. Howard E. Cooper Jr., professor emeritus and former associate dean of McCoy College, who taught at Johns Hopkins from 1928 until his retirement in 1964. This fund supports students majoring in business.

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Course Description
Principles of Accounting
1937-1938

11 B. Principles of Accounting. Dr. Cooper. Three hours weekly, through the year. M., T., F., 2 p.m. Gilman Hall 312.

A study is made of financial statements as the goals of accounting endeavor, of the analysis and recording of business facts in the accounting books and records, and of the methods of opening and closing the books for a single proprietorship, partnership and corporation as well as the use of controlling accounts, and consignment accounts. Many practical problems are assigned to give facility in the handling of accounting records and a ready appreciation of their significance.

Prerequisite: Political Economy 1 C.

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Semester Examinations
Principles of Accounting
1937-1938

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 11 B

Dr. Cooper

February 2, 1938

Please write your answers to these questions legibly and in ink.

  1. (a) What is the purpose of classifying the items in a Balance Sheet?
    (b) What is the purpose of classifying the items in a Profit and Loss Statement?
    (10 points)
  2. (a) What is a trial balance?
    (b) What function does a trial balance serve?
    (10 points)
  3. Set up a schedule of debit and credit showing what kinds of items are to be debited and credited.
    (10 points)
  4. (a) What is the purpose of subdividing the journal?
    (b) What is the purpose of subdividing the ledger?
    (10 points)
  5. (a) What is a controlling account?
    (b) How would you account for the withdrawal of stock in trade by the proprietor in a set of books which had a sales and purchase journal and general journal and a subsidiary accounts receivable ledger?
    (10 points)
  6. From the following information prepare a worksheet.
Advertising $ 6,000 Miscellaneous Selling Expense $ 1,700
Accounts Payable 20,000 Notes Payable 25,000
Accounts Receivable 28,000 Motes Receivable 12,000
Bonds (Investments) 2,000 Purchases 128,000
Buildings 24,000 Purchase Discounts 2,400
Cash 14,000 Reserve for Bad Debts 700
Delivery Equipment 1,900 Returned Pur. and Allowances 4,000
Freight In 1,000 Returned Sales and Allow. 1,600
Furniture and Fixtures 5,800 L. A. Roberts, Capital 68,940
General Expense 5,600 L. A, Roberts, Per. (debit) 8,000
General Salaries 4,000 Sales 178,350
Insurance Expense 1,200 Salesmen’s Salaries 11,000
Interest Expense 1,000 Sales Discounts 680
Land 12,000 Store Equipment 3,000
Merchandise Inventory 24,000 Taxes 2,910
Depreciation on Buildings 5%.
Depreciation on Del. Equip. $720.
Depreciation on Furniture and Fixtures $800.
Depreciation on Store Equipment $400.
Bad Debts $1,760.
Prepaid Advertising $2,000.
Prepaid Insurance $200.
Accrued General Salaries $100.
Interest Accrued on Notes Payable $700.
Accrued Salesmen’s Salaries $350.
Accrued Taxes $300.
Deferred Income-Liability for Gift Certificates $750.
Accrued Interest on Bonds $60.
Accrued Interest on Notes Receivable $300.
Final Inventory $21,000

(50 points)

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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 11 B

June 2, 1938
1 p.m.

Please use ink and write clearly.

  1. Pic and Pat are partners with capital accounts of $15,000 and $20,000 respectively. Business has not been good. Their assets are converted into $30,000 cash. There are liabilities of $8,000. Set up T accounts and show how the business should be dissolved.
  2. Bergen and McCarthy were engaged in a partnership with capital investments of $10,000 and $20,000 respectively. They decide to admit Lamour into the partnership for a one third interest for an investment of $20,000 in the partnership. Set up T accounts illustrating the admission of the new partner.
  3. Benny and Allen are partners with investments of $10,000 and $25,000 respectively. Their profit and loss sharing ratio is 2 and 3 respectively. Benny is to be allowed a salary of $3,000. Allen receives no salary. Each are to be allowed interest of 6% on their investments. The profits for the year are $4,500. How should they be distributed.
  4. The Baker Corporation is organized under the laws of the State of Maryland with an authorized Capital stock of 10,000 shares with a per value of $100 each. On April 1, 1938 the stock was sold at 90. On April 15, 10% of the stock was donated back to the company and on the 20th was resold for 80. Journalize the above data.
  5. On January 1, 1937 the Vallee Corporation issues $500,000 worth of 5% bonds at 95. Coupons payable on June 30 and December 31. These bonds have ten years to run. Show journal entries for:
    (a) Issuing the bonds
    (b) Payment of interest on June 30 and December 31.
    (c) Ammortizing the discount as of December 31 on a straight line basis.
  6. Set up a cost of goods sold section of a profit and loss statement of a manufacturing company supported by a schedule of the cost to manufacture using your own figures.
  7. What are the advantages and disadvantages in the use of a voucher system?
  8. How would you calculate an open to buy estimate? Illustrate.
  9. Illustrate two methods of accounting for consignments out.
  10. Illustrate the accounting for neglected purchase discounts.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Image Source: Portrait of Howard Earl Cooper in the 1940 Johns Hopkins’ yearbook Hullabaloo, p. 9. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Exam Questions Finance Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins. Final examinations for Corporation Finance and Investments. Evans, 1937-1938

 

Associate Professor George Heberton Evans, Jr. taught the undergraduate course in corporation finance and investments at Johns Hopkins in the 1937-1938 academic year. Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has already posted some background information about him: Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, 1925. 

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 Course Description

6 B. Corporation Finance and Investments. Associate Professor Evans. Three hours weekly, through the year. Th., F., S., 10.30. Gilman Hall 314.

In the first part of this course the theory and practice of corporation finance will be considered with particular reference to the problems presented in the United States. The more important topics taken up include: advantages and disadvantages of corporate organization; classification and examination of the characteristics of stocks and bonds; the choice of different types of securities to be issued; methods by which these securities are floated; the methods and forms of syndicate underwriting; policy with reference to dividends and surplus; refunding of debt and provisions for amortization; receivership and reorganization.

The second part of the course will be devoted to the study of investments. The more important topics covered include: an analysis of the essentials of a good investment; an historical study of the rate of interest and of periodic fluctuations in the rate; definition of the essential legal characteristics of the various debt instruments and especially of the mortgage; historical and analytical description of the more important forms of investment, such as Government, State and municipal bonds, securities of private corporations, and real estate mortgages; theories of valuation and amortization.

Prerequisites: Political Economy 1 C, 2 C and 11 B.

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Course Examinations

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 6 B

Dr. Evans

February 4, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. Discuss the risks peculiar to the ownership of holding company securities.
  2. Discuss the trust as a method for effecting combination.
  3. What is the law of balanced return and how is it employed in corporation finance?
  4. What factors determine how much of a corporation’s earnings should be distributed to the stockholders?
  5. List the factors which are to be considered when drawing up a financial plan. Comment at some length upon two of the factors which you have listed.
  6. What is meant by trading on the equity? What principles may be set forth concerning trading on the equity?
  7. What is the chief advantage of the corporate form of enterprise?
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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 6 B

Dr. Evans

May 31, 1938
1 p.m.

  1. What advantages arise out of timing bond investments? Answer in terms of the concepts employed in the course.
  2. When can an investor afford to overlook the possibility that a loan will not be paid at maturity? Discuss fully.
  3. What has been the relationship between the changes in the prices of goods and capital? How do you explain the relationship?
  4. When are the market forecasts of the probabilities with respect to the payment of principal and interest of bonds more likely to be consistent with the results?
  5. Discuss the investment trust or company as an investment mechanism.
  6. What seems to you to be the prospect with respect to the rate of interest? Give the bases for your opinion.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Image Source: Johns Hopkins University, Sheridan Libraries, Graphic and Pictorial Collection. George Heberton Evans at approximately 40 years old. The portrait was colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

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Exam Questions Johns Hopkins Money and Banking

Johns Hopkins. Final exams for undergraduate money and banking. Weyforth, 1937-1938

 

Brief biographical information William Oswald Weyforth can be found in the earlier post that has includes the 1930-31 exam questions in money and banking.

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Course Description
for Money and Banking
1937-1938

3 B. Money and Banking. Associate Professor Weyforth. Three hours weekly through the year. M., Tu., W., 9.30. Gilman Hall 311.

In this course an analysis of the functions of money, credit and banking in our modern economic life will be made. There will be a description of various types of monetary systems, of the forms of credit and of banking and financial institutions. Particular attention will be given to the relationship between money, bank credit and prices; to the effects of price fluctuations upon individuals and upon general business conditions; to the problems of stabilizing prices and controlling business fluctuations by means of a deliberately directed monetary and credit policy. The Federal Reserve System will be studied with special emphasis upon its problem of credit control. Some time will also be devoted to the relationship between the money market and the stock market, to the problem of brokers’ loans, and to financial operations involved in our international trade.

Prerequisite: Political Economy 1 C.

Source: The Johns Hopkins University Circular (1937).

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Semester Examinations for Money and Banking
1937-1938

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 3 B
(Money & Banking)

February 1, 1938

  1. What are the essential features of a gold standard? Distinguish between a gold specie and a gold bullion standard. Is the United States on a gold standard at the present time? Give the reasons for your answer.
  2. What is bimetallism? What were the forces responsible for the demand for bimetallism after 1873. Criticize the recent silver policy of the United States government.
  3. Distinguish the international “balance of trade” and the “balance of payments” of any country. What are the more important types of transactions that enter into the balance of payments? Explain the forces through which equilibrium in the international balance of payments of a country is maintained under an international gold standard.
  4. When two countries are both on a gold standard why do market rates of exchange between the two currencies remain close to the mint par of exchange? Explain fully the circumstances under which bankers will undertake shipments of gold.
  5. Explain the relation between the quantity of money and the general level of prices. Will an increase in the quantity of money always result in an increase in the general level of prices? Explain fully.
  6. Explain the type of financing under which large government expenditures might lead to inflation. How might such expenditures be financed without bringing inflation?
  7. Explain the relationship between the purchasing power and the exchange rates of two currencies. Is the equilibrium rate between two paper currencies necessarily the purchasing power parity? Explain.
  8. Distinguish between a bill of exchange and a promissory note. Explain the significance of negotiability.
  9. Show how demand deposits in banks serve as money. Explain how banks create deposits. How is the power of banks limited in this respect? Explain the difference between the power of the banking system as a whole and that of a single bank that is one among a number in the system.
  10. What is meant when it is said that the pound sterling was overvalued when England returned to the gold standard in 1925; and that the franc was undervalued when France returned to gold in 1928? What are the economic effects of a country’s overvaluation or undervaluation of its gold currency?

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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 3 B

Dr. Weyforth

May 31, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. What factors have been responsible for the decline of commercial loans in the United States since the end of the world war? What is the nature of the problem that this development has presented to commercial banks?
  2. In what way has speculation in securities been financed by commercial banks? Explain fully. What specific powers have been conferred upon the Federal Reserve Board by the Banking Act of 1933, and by the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 so as to give the Board greater control over speculation in securities?
  3. What factors have been responsible for the large excess reserves of member banks during the depression? Why have these excess reserves not led to a commensurate expansion of loans and investments?
  4. What justification is there for saying that we have a managed currency in the United States at the present time?
  5. What methods may be employed by the Federal reserve system at the present time for the purpose of credit control? Distinguish between quantitative control and qualitative control.
  6. In determining its policy of credit control what consideration should be given by the Federal Reserve officials to the following factors: (a) the state of the gold (gold certificate) reserves of the Federal reserve banks; (b) the general level of commodity prices; (c) the movement of security prices; (d) the volume of employment?
  7. What are the limits of the effectiveness of easy credit conditions as a means of stimulating business activity during a depression? How effective do you believe that government spending may be for this purpose? Explain fully.
  8. State the arguments pro and con for branch banking in the United States.
  9. What is meant by sterilized gold in the United States Treasury? What was the mechanism by means of which this sterilization was accomplished.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Image Source: William Oswald Weyforth (ca. 50 years of age). Johns Hopkins University graphic and pictorial collection, Sheridan Libraries. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

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Exam Questions Johns Hopkins Statistics

Johns Hopkins. Semester exams for statistics. Robert G. Deupree, 1937-1938

 

Following a brief chronology of the life and career of the Johns Hopkins political economy Ph.D. alumnus (1937) and lecturer on statistics in the department of political economy in 1937-38, Robert Gaston Deupree, this post contains the exam questions from his year-long undergraduate course in statistics.

Fun Fact.  His son, Robert Gaston Deupree, Jr. (b. 5 August 1946)  is a distinguished astrophysicist.

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Robert Gaston Deupree

1914. January 12. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana to Clarence Cecil and Edith (Gaston) Deupree. Father’s occupation “Banker” according to birth certificate.

1930. Graduated from Shortridge High School (Indianapolis).

1934. A.B. from Franklin College (Indiana).

1935. Employed in the Washington office of the National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors.

1935. September 7. Married college sweetheart, Mildred Avery of Martinsville, Indiana in Washington, D.C.

1937. Ph.D. awarded by Johns Hopkins University. Dissertation: The wholesale marketing of fruits and vegetables in Baltimore (Johns Hopkins Studies in History and Political Science, Ser. LVII, No. 2).

1940. Employed by Baylor University (Waco-McLennan Texas) according to Selective Service Registration Card. Address in Silver Spring, Maryland.According to 1942 AEA list of members, associate professor.

1942. According to AEA list of members. Office of Price Administration, Chemical Branch.

1947. Joined the faculty of the University of Tennessee. Professor of statistics.

1963. Died November 12 after a brief illness at age 49 in Knoxville, Tennessee. At the time of his death he was the head of the University of Tennessee’s Department of General Business, College of Business Administration.

Sources:

  • “Franklin Graduates Wed,” The Indianapolis Star (14 September 1935, p. 5).
  • American Economic Association. 1942 List of Members.
  • “R.G. Deupree, Doctor, Dies,” The Indianapolis Star (14 November 1963, p. 33).
  • State of Tennessee, Department of Public Health. Certificate of Death for Robert Gaston Deupree, Sr.

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Course Description
Statistics, 1937-1938

2 C. Statistics. Mr. Deupree. Three hours weekly through the year. M., Tu., W., 10.30. Gilman Hall 314.

The first half of the course will include a brief history of statistics as a science, a discussion of the collection and presentation of statistical data, and a study of some simple tools of analysis.

During the second half-year various index numbers, such as those measuring the changes in wholesale prices, retail prices, cost of living, wages and production will be studied. Special attention will be given to the business cycle and the various statistical aids that have been developed for forecasting business conditions.

In order that the student may more clearly understand statistical methods, practical exercises are assigned to supplement the class-room discussions. This work will enable the student to become familiar with the principal sources of statistical information concerning economic and business problems.

Prerequisite: Mathematics 1 C or 2 C.

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End of semester examinations
Statistics, 1937-1938

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 2 C

Dr. Deupree

January 31, 1938

  1. Why should students of the social sciences possess a knowledge of statistical method?
  2. Name four men who contributed to the early development of Statistics and explain briefly how each contributed?
  3. Outline the manner in which you would set about collecting data regarding the retail prices of coffee in Baltimore as of a particular day, for example, February 1, 1938.
  4. (a) From the following information construct two decks of a ratio chart:

Log

 1=0
Log

1.25= .096910

Log

 1.75 = .243038
Log

2 = .301030

Log

3 = .477121

(b) Construct the supplementary scales to be used with this ratio chart. Explain how they are used.
(c) Plot on the chart:

1900

 2.5
1905

4

1910

 9
1915

45
  1. (a) What are crude ratios? Why do they need to be refined?
    (b) From the following figures calculate the crude labor turnover rate of each factory. Then using Factory A as standard, refine the labor turnover rate of Factory B for the 2 factors, color and age.

No. of workers

No. leaving employment
Factory A
Total

1,000

100
White 20-40

400

40
White 40+

300

9
Black 20-40

200

40
Black 40+

100

11
Factory B
Total

2,000

150
White 20-40

1,000

60
White 40+

700

42
Black 20-40

200

38
Black 40+

100

10

What do your results indicate?

  1. Define an average. With very simple illustrations show how the arithmetic mean, median, and mode conform to your definition.

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THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 2 C

Dr. Deupree

May 30, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. Make a detailed outline for a chapter on Index Numbers for a statistics textbook.
  2. Compare the process of analyzing a static series with that of analyzing a time series.
  3. Define and indicate briefly the statistical uses of:
    1. Non-linear correlation
    2. Coefficient of skewness
    3. Deciles and Percentiles
    4. Symmetrical distribution
    5. Standard error of estimate
    6. Average deviation
    7. Probable error
    8. Net regression coefficients
    9. Multiple correlation
    10. Partial correlation
  4. Correlate the following data by simple linear correlation:

X

 Y

2

 1
2

2

3

 3
4

4
4

5

a. Construct a scatter diagram.
b. Find the predicting equation;
c. Calculate “r”.
d. Interpret your results.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Image Source: Franklin College 1933 Yearbook portrait of Robert G. Deupree, colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Exam Questions Johns Hopkins Principles Undergraduate

Johns Hopkins. Exams for the five sections of principles of economics, 1937-1938

 

This post is the first of transcribed mid-year and end-year course examinations in political economy at Johns Hopkins University for the academic year 1937-1938. Principles of economics was taught in five sections: three for the College of Arts and Sciences, one for the School of Business Economics and one for the School of Engineering.

Related earlier material from Johns Hopkins:

Exams 1921-22;  Exams 1923-24; Exams 1932-33. 

A report of activities of the department of political economy for 1935-1936 has also been transcribed and posted earlier.

Blog News

Today’s post is the first content getting a toot at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror’s new outpost at Mastodon.

Twitter and Facebook outposts will continue announcing new content as well as occasional retweets, toots, shared-links and other such social stuff. Different strokes and all that jazz, but so far no requests for music or dance videos.

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Course Description

1 C. Elements of Economics. Three hours weekly through the year. Section 1: Dr. Bullock, Th., F., S., 8.30. Maryland Hall 110. Section 2: Associate Professor Mitchell, M., Tu., W., 8.30. Maryland Hall 110. Section 3: Associate Professor Weyforth, M. Tu., W., 11.30. Gilman Hall 314. Section 4: Dr. Cooper, M., Tu., W., 10.30. Gilman Hall 311. Section 5: Mr. Deupree, M., Tu., W., 8.30. Gilman Hall 314.

Note: Students in the School of Engineering will be assigned to Section 1; students in the School of Business Economics to Section 3; and students in the College of Arts and Sciences to Sections 2, 4, and 5.

This course teaches the elements of the science, aiming to show the principles upon which economic society is organized and operated. Particular attention is given to the theory of value and the theory of distribution together with their application to leading economic problems. Such subjects as Money and Banking, Rent, Wages, Interest, Profits, Industrial Combinations, International Trade, are treated in the course. It is part of the purpose of the course to indicate the application of scientific principles to current economic problems.

Required of all students before graduation.

Source: The Johns Hopkins University Circular (1937). Vol. LVI, No. 486 (April, p. 61).

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Elements of Economics
Mid-year and End-year Examinations
1937-1938

Elements of Economics. Section 1
Dr. Roy J. Bullock

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Bullock

Wednesday
February 2, 1938, 9 a.m.

I.

Define or identify:

1. Property
2. Utility
3. Laissez-faire
4. Intensive margin of cultivation
5. Cumulative preferred stock
6. Time preference
7. Craft gild
8. Marginal revenue
9. Vertical combination
10. Demand

II.

What would be the difference between monopoly and competitive price under the following conditions:

    1. Elastic demand and increasing costs
    2. Elastic demand and rapidly decreasing costs
    3. Inelastic demand and increasing costs
    4. Inelastic demand and decreasing costs?

Illustrate each with a diagram.

III.

President Roosevelt has proposed a revision of the Federal Anti-Trust Laws. What reasons are there for being dissatisfied with our existing anti-trust laws? Are there any reasons for changing the objectives that have guided our anti-trust policy in the past? In what respects is the trust problem a price problem? Discuss.

IV.

Assume the following data with regard to a grain farm for the years 1930 and 1936:

1930 1936
Number of bushels produced 5,000 7,000
Total expenses of production $4,500 $8,000
Price of grain per bushel $.90 $1.30
Rate of return expected on farm investments 5% 4%
    1. What was the economic rent of this farm in 1930? in 1936? As a tenant what rent could you have afforded to pay in each year?
    2. Does the rent paid by the former have any effect on the price of grain at the primary market? Explain.
    3. As a buyer of land how much would you have been willing to pay for this farm in 1930? in 1936? Why?
    4. If grain alcohol became a commercial success as a substitute for gasoline, what would be the probable effect on the economic rent of this farm?

V.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the individual proprietorship, the corporation and the partnership from the point of view of the organizer of a business. Why has the corporation gained in relative importance during recent years?

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Bullock

Friday, June 3, 1938 – 9 a.m.

I

Explain briefly the meaning or significance of:

1. Legal tender
2. Favorable balance of trade
3. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
4. American Federation of Labor
5. Fiat money
6. Stoppage at the source
7. Elastic currency
8. Committee for Industrial Organization
9. Taxation according to benefit
10. Workmen’s compensation law.

II

(a) Explain clearly how commercial banks are able to make loans greatly in excess of their cash resources.

(b) Explain the difference between the equation of exchange and the quantity theory of money.

III

A popular slogan of recent years has been, “More business in government, less government in business.” Developments have been in the opposite direction to that advocated. Have these developments been the result of party politics or are they in accord with underlying economic tendencies? Evaluate the slogan in the light of current conditions.

IV

Appraise national legislation to stablish a minimum weekly wage and a maximum number of hours work per week with regard to its probable effect on laborers income and on the business cycle.

V

(a) “The restoration of the pound sterling to its pre-war value was equivalent to the imposition of a heavy tax upon the British exporting industries.” Explain. Did the increase in the value of the pound make it easier or more difficult for other countries on the gold standard to sell in the British market? Explain.

(b) Explain and illustrate the difference between a tariff schedule designed as a revenue measure and a schedule aimed primarily at protection.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Elements of Economics. Section 2
Associate Professor Broadus Mitchell

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
Political Economy 1 C

[Monday, Jan. 31, 1938. 9 a.m. Dr. Mitchell]

  1. What is the general theory of the competitive economic system?
  2. (a) Show how prices are determined under conditions of competition.
    (b) What are some of the forces which, in fact, interfere with this perfect operation of competition?
  3. On what economic theory do inflationists rely? Explain this theory briefly.
  4. State and explain the marginal utility theory of value.
  5. Identify briefly: the Physiocrats, Colbert, Kirkcaldy, James Watt, P. S. DuPont, Salmon P. Chase, R. B. Taney, Friedrich Engels, holding company, consumer‘s surplus, elastic demand.
  6. (a) Discuss the chief means used in this country to cope with the problem of unemployment.
    (b) What is meant by “technological unemployment”?
  7. Explain the changes made in the Federal Reserve System as a result of the depression of 1929.

 

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Mitchell

May 30, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. (a) Give the purposes, structure, and method of operation of the Federal Reserve System.
    (b) Why, in your opinion, did it fail to prevent the depression of 1929 and the subsequent closing of the banks of the country?
  2. (a) Explain the differential or Ricardian theory of rent.
    (b) What were the influences responsible for Henry George’s book, Progress and Poverty?
    (c) What is the Socialist’s criticism of the single tax proposal?
  3. State and discuss the Wage Fund Theory and the Exploitation theory of wages.
  4. (a) How do pure profits arise?
    (b) What developments in American economic life appear to make our old reliance upon the profit motive inappropriate now?
  5. In what sense is it true that the cost known as interest would be present even in a collectivist economy?
  6. What forces are responsible for the present increased demand for industrial unionism as against craft unionism in the United States?
  7. Contrast the teachings of Robert Owen with those of Karl Marx.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Elements of Economics. Section 3
Assoc. Professor William O. Weyforth

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Weyforth

February 3, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. What is meant by the doctrine of “laissez faire”? That were the conditions under which the doctrine was developed? Explain the arguments in favor of the doctrine, and the factors responsible for a departure from the doctrine in recent years.
  2. What are the essential features of the corporation as a form of business organization? How do you account for the rise of the corporate form of business organization in recent years? Distinguish the following: common stock, preferred stock, bonds.
  3. What are the “factors of production” and the “agents of production”? What is meant by the “best combination of the agents of production” as applied to any business enterprise. Distinguish between the average total unit cost of production and the marginal cost of production. Illustrate by diagram.
  4. Explain what is meant by an individual demand schedule for any commodity. Show the relationship between such a demand schedule and the theory of marginal utility. Upon what principles does a consumer tend to divide his expenditures among different commodities? How is the total demand schedule in any market for a certain commodity related to the individual demand schedules?
  5. Show how the market price is determined by supply and demand under conditions of competition. Show how an increase in supply, demand remaining constant, will lead to a decline in price. Would the decline in price be greater where the demand is elastic or inelastic? Explain the problem by the use of diagrams.
  6. In what way is the monopolist able to control price? What is the theory of monopoly price? Explain the statement that the monopolist will tend to fix the price at the point where the marginal revenue curve intersects the marginal cost curve.
  7. What is meant by monopolistic competition? State some of the circumstances under which it tends to appear. Explain the difference in the shape of the demand curve for the product of an individual producer under conditions of pure competition and those of monopolistic competition.
  8. Explain the distinction between industries of constant cost, increasing cost, and decreasing cost. What are the factors primarily responsible for these differences, that is, under what circumstances are we likely to have each type of industry? How can we have an industry of increasing cost and at the same time constant or falling prices for the product of that industry over a period of years.
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Weyforth

June 2, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. In the regulation of public utilities, what are the important economic problems involved in the determination of a fair price to be charged for the services rendered?
  2. Show how bank deposits subject to check serve as a medium of exchange. Explain how the volume of such deposits may be affected by the loan and investment policies of banks.
  3. What are business cycles? Explain the theory that fluctuations in general business activity are due primarily to fluctuations in the volume of investment. What are the possibilities of public spending as a means of remedying business depression?
  4. Explain the theory that under conditions of competition the rate of wages in any occupation tends to correspond to the marginal productivity of labor in that occupation. According to this theory how do you explain the relatively higher wages paid to skilled workers as compared with unskilled workers?
  5. Explain how, other things being equal, the growth of population will affect the rent of land. How is this explanation related to Henry George’s proposal. for a single tax on land?
  6. Show how interest rates are determined by the supply of and the demand for loanable funds. What are the sources of the supply of and demand for loanable funds? How may banking policy affect interest rates? What are the limits of banking policy in this respect?
  7. What are the factors that give rise to profits? What functions do profits perform in an economic system of free enterprise?
  8. What are the characteristic features of capitalism? What do you mean by socialism? by communism? What is “utopian” socialism? “scientific socialism”?
  9. Explain the law of comparative cost as applied to international trade.

    *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Elements of Economics. Section 4
Dr. Howard E. Cooper

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UMIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

[Dr. Cooper]

January 31, 1938
9 a.m.

Please write your answers to these questions legibly and in ink.

  1. “The Production of wealth may take the form of the creation of form utility, of place utility, or of time utility.”
    Explain and give examples of each.
  2. What would be the effect on our industrial system of too much saving, of too little saving?
  3. “The division of labor promotes production by economizing labor, increasing its efficiency, and making more effective use of capital.” This is all helpful from the point of view of capital. How about the laborer?
  4. What is the concept of marginal utility?
  5. What are some examples of elastic demand?
    What are some examples of elastic supply?
  6. Distinguish between increasing costs and decreasing costs.
  7. What is the meaning of imperfect competition?
  8. What are some of the limitations on monopoly price?
  9. Suppose the quantity of money held by everyone were to be doubled. Would we be twice as wealthy? Explain.
  10. Discuss briefly some of the factors which influence the rate of interest.
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
IN
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Cooper

Monday [May] 30, 1938
9 A.M.

Please use ink and write clearly.

  1. In what ways does the Federal Reserve System seek to control credit?
  2. (a) What is the significance of the double budget made use of by President Roosevelt?
    (b) Trace briefly the National Debt of the United States?
  3. (a) What is meant by combining business risks to prevent their harmful effects? Illustrate.
    (b) What is meant by passing risks to the shoulders of others more able or willing to bear them? Illustrate.
  4. Define the following:
    (a) a pool
    (b) a trust
    (c) a holding company
    (d) a consolidation
    (e) a merger.
  5. The newspapers frequently carry statements to the effect that local patriotism requires that you patronize local merchants and industries in order to keep money at home. Criticize.
  6. What factors lead to fluctuations in foreign exchange?
  7. Would you advocate an early return to the gold standard? Give reasons for and against.
  8. Discuss briefly the factors affecting the supply and demand for labor.
  9. Distinguish between the craft or trade union, and the industrial union. Which do you think will be the union of the future? Why?
  10. Marx held that the tendency toward concentration, and the increasing numbers and misery of the laboring class would lead us into Socialism. Taking into consideration the long time period, is it possible that he was right?

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Elements of Economics. Section 5
Dr. Robert G. Deupree

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Deupree

February 1, 1938
1 p.m.

  1. Define: wealth, utility, income, capital, functional distribution.
  2. Contrast: the manorial system, guild system, and domestic system.
  3. Distinguish between the following forms of the business unit: Individual proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership, and corporation.
  4. Discuss the economic effects of division of labor.
  5. Explain the marginal utility concept.
    How does it relate to price?
    Explain marginal cost of production.
    How does it relate to price?
  6. Distinguish between production under conditions of increasing, decreasing, and constant costs, giving examples of each.
  7. A monopolist finds the following cost and demand schedules prevailing in the market for his commodity:
Quantity Cost per unit Selling price per unit
1,000,000 1.00 1.00
750,000 1.07 1.10
500,000 1.36 1.40
250,000 1.49 1.50

What would be the monopoly price in this market? Why? Are there any limitations upon the monopolists’ power to fix price? Explain.

  1. Show how economic rent arises on urban lands. Does the law of diminishing returns apply to urban lands? If so, in what manner? Explain what is meant by the extensive and intensive margins of cultivation in agriculture and their relation to economic rent.
  2. What is the time preference theory of interest?
    How would the rate of time preference be affected by:
  1. a steady growth of the national income?
  2. extravagance in consumption?
  3. old age pensions paid by the government?
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY 1 C

Dr. Deupree

June 1, 1938
9 a.m.

  1. Identify or define:
    1. Karl Marx
    2. Thomas Malthus
    3. Gresham’s law
    4. Knights of Labor
    5. Rochdale system
    6. Law of large numbers
    7. Hedging
    8. Processing taxes
    9. Gold export point
    10. Mint par of exchange.
  2. a. Discuss money.
    b. Define a commercial bank and discuss its functions.
    c. Define a central bank and discuss its functions.
  3. Summarize the major provisions of and evaluate any two of the following:
    a. Banking Act of 1935
    b. Social Security Act
    c. Trade Agreements Act
    d. National Labor Relations Act
    e. National Industrial Recovery Act
    f. Clayton Anti-trust Act
  4. a. Sketch the basis of the conflict between the American Federation of Labor and the Committee for Industrial Organization. Discuss the relative merits of the arguments.
    b. How would you account for the wages paid a particular group of workers — for example, carpenters in Baltimore?
  5. a. What are the basic Socialist proposals?
    b. Distinguish: Socialism, Communism, Fascism.
  6. How would you meet the unemployment problem in the United States? Give reasons for each step you propose.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Curricular Materials. Series 6. Box 2. Folder “Department of Political Economy — Exams, 1936-1940”.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Syllabus

Harvard. Law and Economics. Syllabus and Exams. Wyman, 1901-1902

 

In addition to a course in accounting that was introduced into the undergraduate curriculum at Harvard for students expecting to go on into business, the following course taught by a young Law School lecturer, Bruce Wyman (b. 15 June 1875; d. 21 June 1926) was offered to provide future businessmen an overview of commercial and trade law. Students expecting to go to study law were explicitly not encouraged to take the course.

The post begins with the long personal report Wyman wrote about his life and career for the 25th anniversary of his Harvard Class of 1896. A long description, enrollment figures, syllabus, and final exam questions for his 1901-1902 course “Principles of Law in their Application to Industrial Problems” provide the sort of content that Economics in the Rear-view Mirror is proudest of.

We encountered Bruce Wyman in an earlier post. Harvard President Lowell complained about Wyman’s course in the economics department having too soft a grade distribution (making it a “snap” course). Also we discover the somewhat scandalous circumstances that led to Wyman’s forced resignation of his Harvard Law professorship in December 1913.

______________________________

Bruce Wyman
1921 report to Class of 1896

BORN at Boston, Mass., June 15, 1876. Son of Ferdinand A., Harriet A. (Bruce) Wyman.

PREPARED AT Chauncy Hall School, Boston, Mass.

YEARS IN COLLEGE: 1893-96. DEGREES: A.B.; A.M. 1897; LL.B. 1900.

MARRIED: Mary Ethel Andrews, June 30, 1902, Cambridge, Mass. CHILDREN: Andrews, Oct. 3, 1905; Rosemary, Dec. 8, 1908.

OCCUPATION: Counselor at Law and Professor of Law.

ADDRESS: (business) 617-619 Old South Bldg., Boston, Mass.; (home) 15 Winnetaska Road, Waban, Mass.

WHILE the blank for my Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report has been on my desk for months, in my file of matters requiring attention immediately, but always buried by other demands more pressing, I have from time to time asked other members of the class what they regarded as most characteristic of the Twenty-fifth year, and we all agreed that it was the busiest year. We were all of us still endeavoring to do everything to which we had become devoted successively during these years, notwithstanding all the accumulation of our interests; but we realized that in this year we were reaching the climax of what is possible in view of what some one has called the central tragedy of existence, that there are only three hundred and sixty-five days to the year. And hereafter, we appreciated that we must soon be withdrawing from one activity after another as we grew older; just at present, therefore, I seem to be driven by what I must do next, although I look forward to the time when I may begin to choose what I will prefer to do.

Among all the things of interest to me in the years that I was a student at Harvard, getting my A.B. (Summa Cum), A.M. (Final Honors) and LL. B. (Cum Laude), I had thought in that youthful pursuit of scholastic honors that it would be impossible for me to be busier ever again in my life. But when in 1900 upon final graduation I was admitted to the Massachusetts bar and was appointed a lecturer at the Harvard Law School, I found, as we were taught in psychology, that there are powers of man in reserve which may be drawn upon far beyond apparent capacity. Ever since that year I have been engaged both in the practice of law as an art and the teaching of it as a science, endeavoring at times to approximate the impossibility of devoting all of my time to both. The proportions in this have varied — in the first ten years being principally a professor and incidentally a consultant, and now actively a practitioner and incidentally a lecturer. But, fortunately, in either case I have found the vocation more interesting than the avocation.

In these twenty years of teaching, principally at the Harvard Law School and the Law School of University of Chicago, incidentally in the Department of Economics of Harvard College and the School of Engineering of Harvard University, and especially in the Blackstone Institute of Chicago and the Portia Law School of Boston, I have taught the subjects of private business corporation and public service companies, combinations in restraint of trade, administrative law of regulating commissions, contracts and sales, suretyship and mortgage, wills and deeds, conflict of laws and constitutional law. And in all of this I have had the incalculable advantage of discussing these subjects as they have developed in this country with thousands of students.

During this time I have written much on the subjects of the law with which I have identified myself, largely concerning legal control of economic activity, particularly with regard to public utilities and business combinations. Altogether my writings cover some ten thousand pages, in preparation for which I have examined for citation over a hundred thousand decisions. Certain of my treatises of these subjects have come to be regarded as standard, being repeatedly cited by courts and commissions and in briefs and in arguments. The Railroad Rate Regulation in its second edition is used by traffic officials and regulating bodies throughout the country; and the Public Service Companies in its third edition is used in the class room in some twenty five law schools in the United States. Such authority as these books have attained I believe is due quite as much to my experience in practice as to my work in libraries.

My practice has been unusually interesting. I have been at times counsel for most of the New England railway lines and for many of the coastwise navigation companies in a great variety of cases involving important matters of policy; and I have occasionally acted for Western railways and terminals. Recently, I have been more actively engaged as counsel for other public utilities, particularly gas and electric companies in New England and the Central States, and especially concerned with hydro-electric constructions and fuel gas developments. I am at present associated with the management of certain of these and with banking houses that control groups of utilities. And general corporation practice is almost as varied as American affairs; so in the course of years I find myself for a time being in almost every kind of business. For instance, among the papers on my desk at this writing are organizations for a commercial finance company, a national trading syndicate, a chemical works, a textile plant, a chain of hotels and a pulp wood domain.

From the field in which I have specialized I have been called upon for civic services at various times. For a Governor of our Commonwealth, I drafted a Public Service Commission Bill for which I spoke throughout the State. For the National Civic Federation, I acted as counsel for a Committee on Public Utilities in getting together a volume including all of the Commission Laws under analytical headings. For the Directors of the Port of Boston, I have made a report on switching rights looking toward unified terminals. And I later drafted a plan upon which a conference of the Governors of New England upon railroad consolidation was based. I am a member of the Newton Republican City Committee, and I have attended conventions as a delegate.

The stethoscope kept me out of the war; but as a legal adviser to our Draft Board, I saw to it that every lad who belonged there went in. By the chances of practice I am often called upon by national associations and commercial bodies to represent the community in bringing about adjustments with utilities. And I can seldom resist an invitation, sufficiently urged, to speak before associations and conferences, clubs and unions, trade banquets and college commencements. I have taken my part in the drives of recent years, and I have served on boards of charities. For the thesis I am here defending, describing myself without modesty as exemplification, is that it is only by living strenuously that one may enjoy many lives within the span allotted to one.

There is not much left for me to add to all this unblushing autobiography, except those things more personal which round out a life as full as mine. My family becomes increasingly interesting to me, with my son at sixteen just completing his preparation for college and my daughter at twelve just beginning hers. It has been a matter of congratulation to me that I can still scan Virgil and extract cube root, so that I have not yet reached the age where I will be looked down upon by them. A few years ago, after much searching, we bought a long colonial farm house out in Waban on the river, which my wife and I, without architects or decorators, rebuilt and furnished consistently with its style (as you may see from the photographs of it in the files of House Beautiful), into a home to which we hope the children will ever return for the anniversaries of the years to come. The country clubs of the neighborhood provide us with all our outdoor and indoor sports.

My practice in organizing and reorganizing corporations and passing upon their bond issues and financial adjustments gives me the opportunity at times to travel about the United States and to foreign countries and keeps me in touch with lawyers in the large cities and the affairs of the world. With the five thousand Harvard men that I have known in the twenty years that I was at the university as undergraduate and graduate, instructor and professor, I hardly ever go upon a train or steamboat or stop at a hotel or club in these journeyings and conferences, where I do not happen upon some one I have known at college, so that I have come to realize as most of us do the acquaintance one makes in college is the best of all one gains thereby.

Source: Harvard College Class of 1896. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report (1921), pp. 658-662.

Publications of Bruce Wyman

Books:

Cases on public service companies, public carriers, public works and other public utilities.(With J. H. Beale.) Cambridge, Harv. Law Review Publ. Assoc., 1902: — 2d ed., Ibid ., 1909: — 3d ed. , Ibid ., 1920.

Cases on restraint of trade. Cambridge, Harv. Law Review Publ. Assoc., 1902-04 . 5 pt. [Part 1 (second edition); Part 2; Part 3; Part 4; Part 5]

The principles of the administrative law governing the relations of public officers. St. Paul, Keefe-Davidson, 1903.

A selection of cases on mortgages. Cambridge, Harv. Law Review Publ. Assoc., 1903: — 2d ed., Ibid ., 1903: – revised ed., 1906.

The law of railroad rate regulation. (With J. H. Beale.) Boston, W.J. Nagel, 1906: — 2d ed., New York, Bake , Voorhis, 1915.

Control of the market; a solution of the trust problem. New York, Moffat, Yard, 1911.

The special law governing public service corporations. New York, Baker, Voorhis, 1911. 2 vol. [Volume I; Volume II]

Cases on engineering contracts, a selection from Cases on the Law of Contracts, ed. by Samuel Williston. Boston, Little, Brown, 1904.

Articles:

Equity. Cyclopædia of Government and Law, 1913.

Unfair competition. Annals of American Academy, 1913.

Monopolies. Cyclopædia of Law and Procedure, 1914.

Public service companies. Modern American Law, 1915.

Together with some twenty-five magazine articles on law, economics, government and politics in the Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, Columbia Law Review, Green Bag, Railway Age Gazette and Boston Transcript, 1901-1921. 

Source: Harvard College Class of 1896. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report (1921), p. 714.

______________________________

Course Description
ECONOMICS 21
1901-1902

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Principles of Law in their Application to Industrial Problems. Three times a week. Mr. Wyman.

Course 21 considers certain rules of the law governing the conduct of modern trade and the organization of modern industry. The course is designed especially for students who mean to enter business life, and who wish to secure some contact with the law and some understanding of its methods, such as will be of service in a business career. As it deals with the course of adjudication and legislation on questions of special importance in the economic development of modern times, it will also be of advantage to those who wish to equip themselves for the intelligent discussion of questions having both legal and economic aspects.

In the one part of the course will be considered the law governing certain combinations of capital and of labor. It will be seen what contracts in restraint of trade are considered in violation of the common law, and what it has been attempted to prevent by statutes. It will also appear what action by such combinations is held to be a tort at common law, and what it has been proposed to make so by legislation. It will further be discussed what combinations to control the market are crimes by common law and by statute. The limits to be placed upon competition in trade and the demarcation to be drawn between fraudulent and permitted dealing will be the final subject in this part of the course. The object will be at once to give the students training in the methods of legal reasoning, and to inform them regarding the main principles involved.

In the other part of the course will be considered the general question raised by the association of men for the carrying on of business. This will require a study of the main principles involved in the various forms of the corporation. The stress will be laid upon the conception of the association as an entity, and the liabilities and capacities of the officers and stockholders. It will be considered how far the industrial organism may be affected by judicial decision and by legislation; what tendencies are manifested by the courts; and what policies appear on the part of the legislatures. The object will be to equip the student for better understanding of questions he will meet in a business career, and of the public problems presented by the growth of this form of organization.

The conduct of the course will be by the reading and discussion of selected cases from the law reports and of the text of typical statutes and bills.

Course 21 is open to Seniors and Graduates who have taken Economics 1. Those who propose to study law as a profession are not advised to take it.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Official Register of Harvard University 1901-1902. Box 1. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of History and Political Science (June 21, 1901), University Publications, New Series, No. 16, pp. 47-48.

______________________________

Course Enrollment
1901-1902
ECONOMICS 21

Economics 21. Mr. Wyman. — Principles of Law in their Application to Industrial Problems.

Total 33: 24 Seniors, 6 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 1 Other.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1901-1902, p. 78.

______________________________

Syllabus
ECONOMICS 21
CASES ON COMMERCIAL LAW

FIRST TOPIC. — COMPETITION

I. To What Extent Competition Is Allowed

(A) Free Competition

Schoolmasters Case, Y. B. 11 H. 4, 47. A.679
Pudsey Gas Co. v. Bradford, L. R. 15 Eq. 167.

(B) Unfree Competition

Hix v. Gardner, 2 Bulstrode, 115.
B. & L. R. R. v. S. & L. R. R., 2 Gray, 1.

II. By What Methods Competition Is Allowed

(A) Fair Competition

Snowden v. Noah, Hopkins Ch. 347.
Parson v. Gillipsee, 1898, A. C. 239.
Choynski v. Cohen, 39 Cal. 501.
Tallerman v. Dowsing Co., 1900, 1 Ch. 1.
Ayer v. Rushton, 7 Daly, 9.
Johnson v. Hitchcock, 15 Johns. 185. A. 634
White v. Mellen, 1895, A. C. 154.
Ajello v. Worsley, 1898, 1 Ch. 274.
Young v. Hickens, 6 Q. B. 606.
Walsh v. Dwight, 40 App. Div. 513.
Manufacturers Co. v. Longley, 20 R. 1. 87.

(B) Unfair Competition

  1. By inducing persons dealing with another to commit a breach of legal duty to him.

Hart v. Aldridge, Cowp. 54. A. 584.
Boston Glass Manuf. v. Binney, 4 Pick. 425.
Lumley v. Gye, 2 E. & B. 216. A. 600.
Bowen v. Hall, L. R. 6 Q. B. D. 333. A. 613.
Laly v. Cantwell, 30 Mo. App. 524.
Ashley v. Dixon, 48 N. Y. 430.
Chambers v. Baldwin, 91 Ky. 121.
Heaton Co. v. Dick, 55 Fed. 23.
N. C. & L. R. R. v. McConnell, 82 Fed. 65.

  1. By influencing persons dealing another who owe no legal duty to him.

a. By fraud.

Blofield v. Payne, 4 B. & A. 410. A. 635.
Coates v. Holbrook, 2 Sandf. Ch. 586.
Materne v. Horwitz, 18 Jones & Sp. 41.
Sawyer Co. v. Hubbard, 32 Fed. 388.
Morgan v. Wendover, 43 Fed. 420.
Wamsutta Mills v. Fox, 49 Fed. 141.
Cook v. Ross, 73 Fed. 203.
Van Camp v. Cruikshank, 90 Fed. 814.
Lawrence Co. v. Tenn Co., 138 U. S. 537.
Johnson v. Ewing, 7 A. C. 219.
Stone v. Carlan, 13 Law Reporter, 360. A. 630.
Boulnois v. Peake, 13 Ch. D. 513 N.
Birmingham Co. v. Powell, 1897, A. C. 710.
National Co. v. Baker, 95 Fed. 135.
Croft v. Day, 7 Beav. 84.
Baker Co. v. Saunders, 80 Fed. 889.
Singer Co. 2. June Co., 163 U. S. 88.
Brewery Co. v. Brewery Co., 1898, 1 Ch. 539.
Canal Co. v. Clark, 13 Wall. 11.
Wotherspoon v. Currie, L. R. 5 H. L. 508.
Waltham Co. v. U. S. Co., 173 Mass. 85.
Reddaway v. Banham, 1896, A. C. 199.
Ratcliffe v. Evans, 1892, 2 Q. B. 524. A. 642.
Rice v. Manley, 67 N. Y. 82. A. 663.
Hughes v. McDonough, 43 N. J. 459. A. 666.

b. By disparagement.

(1) Of person.

Harmon v. Delaney, 2 Str. 898.
Secor v. Harris, 18 Barb. 425. A. 406.
Davy v. Davy, 50 N. Y. S. 161.
Harmon v. Falle, L. R. 4 A. C. 247. A. 640.
Morassee v. Brochu, 151 Mass. 567. A. 652.
Australian Co. v. Bennett, 1894, A. C. 284.
Paris v. Levy, 9 C. B. (n.s.) 342.
Boynton v. Shaw Co., 146 Mass. 221.
Bradstreet Co. v. Gill, 72 Tex. 496.

(2) Of goods.

American Co. v. Gates, 85 Fed. 729.
Jenner v. A’beckett, L. R. 7 Q. B. D. 11.
Malachy v. Soper, 3 Bing. N. C. 371. A. 677.
Young v. Macrae, 3 B. & S. 634.
Western Co. v. Lawes Co., L. R. 9 Exch. 218. A. 623.
Hubbuck v. Wilkinson, 1899, 1 Q. B. 86.
Lubricating Co. v. Oil Co., 42 Hun. 153.
Hatchard v. Mege, L. R. 18 Q. B. D. 771. A. 625.
Lewin v. Welsbach Co., 81 Fed. 904.

c. By coercion.

(1) With force.

Garret v. Taylor, Cr. Jac. 567. A. 675.
Keeble v. Hickeringill, 11 East, 574 n. A. 678.
Tarleton v. McCauley, Peake, 205. A. 678.
Higgins v. O’Donnell, Ir. R. 4 C. L. 91.
Walker v. Cronin, 107 Mass. 555. A. 694.

(2) Without force.

Royalston Bank v. Suffolk Bank, 27 Vt. 505.
Fallon v. Schilling, 29 Kans. 292. A. 729.
Heywood v. Tillson, 75 Me. 225. A. 707.
Crawford v. Wick, 18 Oh. St. 190.
Graham v. St. R. R., 47 La. Ann. 214.
Robinson v. Texas Land Assoc., 40 S. W. 843.
Dels v. Winfree, 80 Tex. 400. A. 704.
Mogul S. S. Co. v. McGregor, L.R. 23 Q.B.D.598. A. 680.
Allen v. Flood, 1898, A. C. 1.

SECOND TOPIC. — CONTRACT IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE

I. Agreement in Total Restraint of Competition

(A) When unreasonable — principal contract

Claygate v. Batchelor, Owen 143.
Toby v. Major, 43 Sol. J. 778.
Oliver v. Gilmore, 52 Fed. 563.
Ice Co. v. Williams, 28 So. 669.
Perkins v. Lyman, 9 Mass. 521.
Presbury v. Bennet, 18 Mo. 50.
Oakes v. Water Co., 143 N. Y. 430.

(B) When reasonable — ancilliary contract

Mitchell v. Reynolds, 1 P. WMS. 181.
Whitney v. Slayton, 40 ME. 224.
Alger v. Thacher, 19 Pick. 51.
Herreschoff v. Boutineau, 17 R. I. 3.
Lufkin Co. v. Frengeli, 57 Oh. St. 596.
Diamond Co. v. Roeber, 106 N. Y. 473.
Baker v. Hedgecock, L. R. 39 Ch. D. 520.
Mills v. Dunham, 1891, 1 Ch. 301.
Mandeville v. Harmon, 42 N. J. Eq. 185.
Nordenfeldt v. Maxim Co., 1894, A. C. 535.
Rogers v. Drury, 57 L. J. Ch. 504.

II. Agreement in Partial Restraint of Competition

(A) When unreasonable — suppression of competition

King v. Maynard, Cro. Car. 231.
Raymond v. Leavitt, 46 Mich. 447.
Young v. Timmins, 1 Cromp. & Jer. 331.
Acheson v. Mallon, 43 N. Y. 147.
Jones v. North, L. R. 19 Eq. 426.
Ch. R. R. v. W. R. R., 61 Fed. 993.
Anderson v. Jett, 89 Ky. 375.
L. R. R. v. St. L. R. R., 63 Fed. 775.
Sandford v. R. R., 24 Pa. 378.
Cravens v. Rodgers, 101 Mo. 247.
State v. Portland Co., 153 Ind. 483.
Thompson 2. Harvey, 1 Show. 2.
Pacific Co. v. Adler, 90 Cal. 110.
Richards v. Desk Co., 87 Wis. 503.
Texas Co. v. Adoue, 83 Tex. 650.
Brigham v. Brands, 119 Mich. 255.

(B) When reasonable — regulation of competition

Freemantle v. Throwsters, 1 Lev. 229.
Stovell v. McCutcheon, 54 S. W. 969.
Crystal Co. v. Brewing Assn., 8 Tex. Civ. 1.
Jones v. Lees, 1 H. & N. 189.
Bowling v. Taylor, 40 Fed. 104.
Heaton Co. v. Specialty Co., 77 Fed. 298.
Wickens v. Evans, 3 Younge & Jerv. 318.
Fowle v. Parke, 131 U. S. 88.
National Co. v. Union Co. 45 Minn. 272.
Collins v. Locke, L. R. 4 A. C. 674.
Gloucester Co. v. Russia Co., 154 Mass. 92.
Clarke v. Frank, 17 Mo. App. 602.
Long v. Towle, 42 Mo. 545.
Walsh v. Dwight, 40 N. Y. App. D. 513.
Catt v. Towle, L. R. 4 Ch. App. 654.
Van Mater v. Babcock, 23 Barb. 633.
Altman v. Royal Acquarium, L. R. 3 Ch. D. 228.
Printing Co. v. Sampson, L. R. 19 Eq. 462.
N. Y. Co. v. Brown, 61 N. J. 536.
Keith v. Optical Co., 48 Ark. 138.
Hounk v. Wright, 77 Miss. 476.
Welch v. Windmill Co., 89 Tex. 653.

THIRD TOPIC. — COMBINATION

I. Combination of Labor

(A) To what extent combination is forbidden

1. When unreasonable restraint

R. v. Journeymen Tailors, 8 Mod. 10.
P. v. Fisher, 14 Wend. 9.
C. v. Carlisle, Brightly 36.
R. v. Bykerdyke, 1 M. & Rob. 179.
R. v. Hewitt, 5 Cox C. C. 162.
Curran v. Gallen, 152 N.Y. 33.
Knights of Labor v. Laborers’ Union, 60 N.Y. Sup. 388.
Lucke v. Assembly, 77 Md. 396.
Plant v. Woods, 176 Mass. 492.

2. When unfair competition

Gunmakers v. Fell, Willes, 384.
R. v. Hibbert, 13 Cox C. C. 82.
R. v. Parnell, 14 Cox C. C. 508.
Dominion S. S. Co. v. McKenna, 30 Fed. 48.
Sherry v. Perkins, 147 Mass. 212.
Crump v. C. 84 Va. 927.
Delz v. Winfree, 80 Tex. 400.
Temperton v. Russell, 1893, 1 Q. B. 715.
U. S. v. Elliot, 62 Fed. 801.
Elder v. Whitesides, 72 Fed. 724.
Murdock v. Walker, 152 Pa. 595.
Vegelahn v. Guntner, 167 Mass. 92.
Doremus v. Hennessey, 176 Ill. 608.
Glass Mfgrs. v. Bottle Blowers, 59 N. J. Eq. 49.
Quinn v. Leatham, 1901, A. C. 495.

(B) To what extent combination is permitted

1. When reasonable restraint

Freemantle v. Silk Throwsters, 1 Lev. 229.
C. v. Hunt, 4 Met. 111.
Snow v. Wheeler, 113 Mass. 179.
Righy v. Connol, L. R. 14 Ch. D. 482.
Meyer v. Stone Cutters, 47 N. J. Eq. 519.
Clemmit v. Watson, 14 Ind. App. 38.

2. When fair competition

Kirkham v. Shawcross, 6 T. R. 103.
R. v. Shepard, 11 Cox C. C. 375.
Rogers v. Evarts, 17 N.Y. Sup. 264.
Coons v. Chrystie, 53 N. Y. Sup. 668.
Vegelahn v. Gunter, 167 Mass. 92.
Lyons v. Wilkins, 67 L. J. Ch. 383.
Tube Co. v. Allied Mechanics, 7 Oh. N. P. 87.
Krebs v. Rosenstein, 66 N. Y. Sup. 42.
Allen v. Flood, 1898, A. C. 1.

II. Combination of Capital.

(A) To what extent combination is forbidden

1. When unreasonable restraint

Anon. 12 Mod. 248.
Cousins v. Smith, 13 Ves. 542.
Bagging Assn. v. Koch, 14 La Ann. 168.
Arnot v. Coal Co., 68 N. Y. 558.
Salt Co. v. Guthrie, 35 Oh. St. 666.
Moore v. Bennet, 140 Ill. 69.
Umston v. Whitelegg, 63 L. T. 455.
Hester v. Brewing Co. 161 Pa. 480.
U. S. v. Joint Traffic Assn., 171 U. S. 505.
Addystone Pipe Co. v. U. S., 175 U. S. 211.
The Wiswall, 86 Fed. 671.
U. S. v. Fuel Co., 105 Fed. 93.
Cummings v. Bluestone Assn., 164 N. Y. 401.

2. When unfair competition

Davenant v. Hurdis, Moore, 576.
Hilton v. Eckersly, 6 E. & B. 47.
Craft v. McConoughy, 79 Ill. 346.
Mattison v. Railway, 3 Oh. Dec. 526.
Olive v. Van Patten, 7 Tex. Civ. App. 630.
Dueber Co. v. Noyes, 21 N. Y. Sup. 341.
P. V. Duke, 44 N. Y. Sup. 336.
Hartnett v. Plumbers’ Assn., 169 Mass. 229.
Bailey v. Plumbers’ Assn., 103 Tenn. 99.
U. S. v. Coal Dealer’s Assn., 85 Fed. 252.
Ertz v. Produce Exchange, 79 Minn. 149.

(B) To what extent combination is permitted

1. When reasonable restraint

R. v. Harrison, 3 Burr, 1322.
Jones v. Fell, 5 Fla. 510.
Ontario Co. v. Merchants Co., 18 Grant Ch. 540.
Skranka v. Scharringhaussen, 8 Mo. App. 522.
Collins v. Locke, L. R. 7 A. C. 674.
Livestock Assn. v. Levy, 54 N. Y. Supr. Ct. 32.
Mogul S. S. Co. v. McGregor, L. R. 23 Q. B. D. 598.
Good v. Daland, 121 N. Y. 1.
U. S. v. Nelson, 52 Fed. 646.
Herriman v. Menzies. 115 Cal. 16.

2. When fair competition

Kirkham v. Shawcross, 6 T. R. 103.
Orr v. Insurance Co. 12 La Ann. 255.
Bowen v. Matheson, 14 Allen, 499.
Ladd v. Cotton Press, 53 Tex. 172.
Mogul S. S. Co. v. McGregor, L. R. 23 Q. B. D. 598.
McCauley v. Tierney, 19 R. I. 255.
Brewster v. Miller. 101 Ky. 368.
Boots Co. v. Grundy. 82 L. T. 769.

FOURTH TOPIC. — THE CORPORATION

I. The Nature of the Corporation

(A) The idea of the corporation

1. Definition of the corporation

Liverpool Ins. Co. v. Mass., 10 Wall, 566. S. 1.
Thomas v. Dakin, 22 Wend. 9. S. 4.
Gifford v. Livingstone, 2 Denio, 395. S. 20.
Carr v. Inglehart, 30 Oh. 457. S. 875.
Trustees v. Flint, 13 Metc. 539. S. 876.
Moyer v. Slate Co., 71 Pa. 293. S. 883.

2. Distinction between corporation and shareholders

Waring v. Cataba Co., 2 Bay, 109. S. 39.
Foster v. Commissioners, 1894, 1 Q. B. 516. S. 40.
Williamson v. Smoot, 7 Martin, 31. S. 24.
Burton v. Hoffman, 61 Wis. 20. S. 33.
Moore etc. Co. v. Towers etc. Co., 87 Ala. 206. S. 45.
Salomon v. Salomon Co., 1897, A. C. 22. S. 1143.
Montgomery v. Forbes, 148 Mass. 249. S. 94.
P. v. England, 27 Hun. 139. S. 593.
Sandford v. McArthur, 13 B. Mon. 413. S. 600.

(B) The body corporate

1. Organization of the corporation

Franklin Bridge Co. v. Wood, 14 Ga. 80. S. 65.
State v. Dawson, 16 Ind. 40. S. 69.
Newcomb v. Reed, 12 Allen, 362. S. 77.
Finnegan v. Noerenberg, 52 Minn. 239. S. 87.
Rutherford v. Hill, 22 Ore. 218. S. 109.
Slocum v. Warren, 10 R. I. 116. S. 134.
Bank v. Silk Co., 3 Metc. 287. S. 138.

2. Funds of the corporation

Russell v. Temple, 3 Dane Abr. 108. S. 23.
White v. Salisbury, 33 Mo. 150. S. 1069.
C. v. Crompton, 137 Pa. 138. S. 1073.
Music v. Corey, 129 Mass. 435. S. 1120.
Bank v. Paper Co., 19 R. I. 139. S. 221.
Curries Case, 3 De G., J. & S. 367. S. 817.
Coit v. Gold Amalgamating Co., 119 U. S. 343. S. 839.
Malting Co. v. Brewing Co., Minn. S. 831.
Handley v. Stutz. 139 U. S. 417. S. 844.
Harger v. McCullogh, 2 Denio, 119. S. 839.
Taft v. H. P. & F. R. Co., 8 R. I. 310. S. 347.
C. v. Smith, 10 Allen, 449. S. 190.
Parsons v. Hayes, 11 Abb. N. C. 419. S. 314.

II. The Powers of the Corporation

(A) The capacity of the corporation

1. Rights of the corporation

Downing v. Mt. Washington Rd., 40 N. H. 230. S. 148.
Stockton Bank v. Staples, 98 Cal. 189. S. 179.
Aurora Society v. Paddock, 80 Ill. 264. S. 189.
Bradbury v. Canoe Club, 153 Mass. 77. S. 196.
Norris v. Staps, Hobart 211. S. 209.
Bank v. Paterson, 7 Cranch, 299. S. 213.
Greenwood v. Freight Co., 105 U. S. 13. S. 720.
Sinking Fund Case, 99 U. S. 100. S. 777.
Eagle Co. v. Ohio, 153 U. S. 446. S. 704.

2. Rights of the majority

Dudley v. High School, 9 Bush, 576. S. 224.
Ashton v. Burbank, 2 Dill, 435. S. 229.
H. & H. H. R. R. v. Croswell, 5 Hill, 383. S. 230.
Treadwell v. Salesbury Co., 7 Gray, 293. S. 243.
Taylor v. Earle, 8 Hun. 1. S. 246.
Peabody v. Flint, 6 Allen, 52. S. 263.
Menier v. Telegraph Works, L. R. 9 Ch. App. 350. S. 287.
Foss v. Harbottle, 2 Hare, 401. S. 267.

(B) The incapacity of the corporation

1. Ultra vires

Monument Bank v. Globe Works, 101 Mass. 57. S. 451.
Long v. Georgia Co., 91 Ala. 519. S. 457.
St. L. R. R. v. T. H. R. R., 145 U. S. 393. S. 503.
Marble Co. v. Harvey, 92 Tenn. 116. S. 511.
Washburn Co. v. Bartlett, 3 N. Dak. 138. S. 515.
Davis v. O. C. R. R., 431 Mass. 258. S. 564.
Bates v. Beach Co., 109 Cal. 160. S. 941.

2. Effect of ultra vires

S. v. Oberlin Assn., 35 Oh. St. 258. S. 375.
Wheeler v. Pullman Co., 143 Ill. 379.
Morville v. Tract Society, 123 Mass. 129. S. 588.
Packet Co. v. Shaw, 37 Wis. 655. S. 590.
McCutcheon v. Capsule Co., 37 U. S. App. 586. S. 422.

FIFTH TOPIC. — THE CONSOLIDATION

I. Without Incorporation

(A) Trust agreement

Shepaug Voting Trust Cases, 60 Conn. 553. S. 1032.
Mobile etc. R. R. v. Nicholas, 98 Ala. 92. S. 1043.
Gould v. Head, 38 Fed. 886.
P. v. Sugar Refining Co., 121 N. Y. 582. S. 943.
State v. Distilling Co., 29 Neb. 700.
State v. Standard Oil Co., 49 Oh. St. 137.
Distilling Co. v. Importing Co., 86 Wis. 352.

(B) Partnership agreement

Whittenton Mills v. Upton, 10 Gray 582. S. 935.
Tram Co. v. Bancroft, 16 Tex. C. App. 170.
Mallory v. Oil Works, 86 Tenn. 598.
Lowry v. Tile Assn., 98 Fed. 817.
Addystone Pipe Co. v. U. S., 175 U. S. 211.
Stockton v. Central R. R., 50 N. J. Eq. 53.
U.S. v. Joint Traffic Assn., 171 U. S. 505.

II. With Incorporation

(A) Holding corporation

Pauley v. Coronado Beach Co., 56 Fed. 428.
Milbank v. N. Y. etc. R. R., 64 How. Pr. 20. S. 963.
De La Vigne Co. v. German Institution, 175 U.S. 40.
P. v. Gas Trust, 130 Ill. 268. S. 952.
National Harrow Co. v. Hench, 76 Fed. 667.

(B) Operating corporation

Shade Roller Co. v. Cushman, 143 Mass. 353.
Oakdale Co. v. Garst, 18 R. I. 484.
Richardson v. Buhl, 77 Mich. 632.
McCutcheon v. Capsule Co., 37 U. S. App. 586.
Trenton Potteries v. Oliphant, 58 N. J. Eq. 507.
Distilling Co. v. P., 156 Ill. 448.
Louisville & Nashville R. R. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S. 677.
Keokuk etc. R. R. Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S. 301.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics 1895-2003, Box 1, Folder “Economics 1901-1902”.

______________________________

Mid-year Examination
ECONOMICS 21
1901-1902

Answer seven questions.

  1. The A Railroad Company had by express provision of its charter the exclusive right of transporting persons and property from X to Z by railroad. Later the B Street Railway Company built a line from X to Y; the C Street Railway Company built a line from Y to Z; and the B and C Companies under an agreement began to run through street cars from X to Z. Can the A Company have an injunction against the B and C Companies for this competition?
  2. A and B were rival manufacturers of infant foods. B inserted this advertisement: The A food is less nutritious and less healthful than the B food; therefore, all persons are advised not to buy the A food, but to insist on getting the B food. A thereupon sued B, alleging that an expert examination would prove the A food better than the B food; and that by means of the circulation of these misstatements by B his trade had been ruined. Should A recover damages against B?
  3. A sold button fastening machines to shoe manufacturers. Each manufacturer agreed with A that all staples to be used in the machines should be bought of A. B began the sale of staples to these manufacturers although he knew of the contract between these manufacturers and A. Can A have an injunction against B for such competition?
  4. B, a large manufacturer of saleratus, made a contract with certain jobbers that they should not sell the saleratus of A below a certain price and not more than a certain amount of the saleratus of A in any event. Can A sue B for the damage to his business as consequence to this agreement?
  5. Certain steamship companies formed themselves into the B Steamship Conference. It was agreed amongst the members of the conference that if any rival line entered into competition with them they would cut the rates one-half, also they would raise the rates to double for any shippers who shipped by the new line. Later A entered into competition with a new line against the B Conference; the B Conference put the proposed rates in force; and A was thereby ruined. Can A sue the B Conference?
  6. A and B and C were all that were engaged in the ice business in X. B sold A his ice-houses, teams, etc., and B agreed with A that he would not engage in the ice business in X for five years. C also sold A his ice-houses, teams, etc., and made the same agreement with A. Are these agreements valid?
  7. A, a manufacturer of pianos, enters into a contract with a jobber, B, that B shall have exclusive right to sell the pianos at wholesale in Massachusetts. B enters into a contract with a retailer C, that C shall sell the pianos in Boston at not less than a certain price. Are these contracts valid?
  8. The B Union struck on the A Railroad because the A Railroad took cars from another railroad where the men had gone out for higher wages. The B Union posted men at the yards to persuade new men not to take their places. Can the A Railroad have an injunction?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Mid-Year Examination Papers, 1852-1943. Box 6, Bound volume, Mid-year Examination Papers, 1901-02. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (January 1902).

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Year-end Examination
ECONOMICS 21
1901-1902

Answer seven questions.

  1. By a contract between a fuel company and an association composed of ten concerns engaged in producing coal and coke in a certain district, the company was to handle for a term of years the entire output of the mines of the association intended for the western market. The amount to be furnished by each member of the association was to be fixed by its executive committee; the fuel company was to fix a uniform price from time to time at which it should sell the products turned over. The net profits of the fuel company less its commission were to be turned back to the members of the association pro rata. Is this agreement enforceable?
  2. A retail lumber association agrees not to buy lumber of any wholesale lumber dealer who sells direct to customers. A certain wholesale dealer began to sell to customers direct in car load lots only. Thereupon the executive committee of the lumber association sent notices to all members, warning them not to buy any lumber of this wholesale dealer upon penalty of a fine to be paid in accordance with the by-laws. May the wholesale dealer sue the members of the association for damages caused thereby to his business?
  3. An act of legislature provided: “That X, Y, and Z, proprietors of the Charles River Marshes, are hereby constituted a corporation under the name of the Marsh Company, with authority to assess and collect from each member ten per cent. upon the valuation of his land, to be expended in making and maintaining a street across the same.” X and Y, after giving Z notice of the proposed meeting, meet, organize the corporation, and vote an assessment upon all the members for the amount specified in the charter. Suit against Z to collect the assessment. What decision?
  4. A merchant conveys all the property of his business to a corporation organized by himself and his two brothers, with one share subscribed by each of the three. By vote of them as directors, the merchant takes in payment for the property the debenture bonds of the company at proper valuation. Later the whole capital stock of the corporation is subscribed by outside parties at par. Still later the corporation incurs large debts to bankers. After all this the corporation goes into bankruptcy, with small assets. What is the right to these assets of the merchant? of the bankers? of the stockholders?
  5. In a certain banking corporation with various branches the conduct of the business was as follows: The manager of each branch made to the general manager of the corporation a weekly statement; from these statements the general manager made up a monthly summary for the Board of Directors to examine. The general manager left the weekly statements on the file in the directors’ room. Later the bank failed; it appeared that the general manager had been a rascal from first to last; and that his summaries had been false all the time. Now, the receiver of the banking corporation sues the directors for losses due to their neglect in office. What decision?
  6. The A railroad was chartered to run from X to Y; the stock was all subscribed and the road was built. Later a consolidation was proposed with the B railroad which ran from Y to Z. An act was passed by the Legislature of the State in which both railroads A and B lie, which allowed a new corporation, the C railroad, to be formed to take over both the A and B railroad, and which directed the exchange of the capital stock of each of the railroads A and B share for share for the stock of the new corporation C. The act provided that it should take effect when accepted by a majority of each corporation. A majority is found in each corporation for the scheme; but a minority object in each. Can the scheme be carried out?
  7. On account of a sudden great demand for coal, the A railroad company, running through a coal-mining region, was unable to supply enough cars to carry all the coal offered by the mine owners. A bought and opened a new coal-mine, and presented to the company coal for shipment; the company declined to receive the coal until its old customers were supplied with cars. Can A legally object?
  8. A corporation is formed in California to construct a large storage basin, and conduct the water therefrom by means of a canal to the valley for the purpose of irrigation. The company has given to it the right of eminent domain. When its works are constructed the company publishes the following schedule: “Any consumer must pay to the company $10 per acre in advance every ten years and $1.50 in advance per acre each year. Twenty-five per cent. deduction will be allowed to consumers having 100 acres or over. [”] It is proved that if all consumers, paid $2.50 per acre each year the company would make about 9% on its capital stock. Q, a farmer, applies for water. His farm is, 50 acres in extent. What objections may he bring forward against this schedule?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 6, Bound volume, Examination Papers, 1902-03. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (June 1902).

Image Source:  Harvard Seal detail from the Harvard Law School Yearbook 1949 cover.

Categories
Chicago Economists Money and Banking

Chicago. Ph.D. Thesis Committees in Monetary Economics. Patinkin’s Research, 1968

The first boxes of archival material that I examined as my research project on the evolution of graduate economics training was beginning to take shape came from Don Patinkin’s papers back when Duke’s Economists’ Papers Archive still bore the modest descriptor of “Economists’ Papers Project”.

This post transcribes some of the research material collected by Patinkin in his survey of Chicago style monetary economics. Fun Fact: his research assistant while on leave at M.I.T. was the graduate student Stanley Fischer, from whom incidentally I was to take my first graduate macroeconomics course (Patinkin’s book was on the reading list, surprise, surprise).

Doctoral theses advisers were identified for a dozen and a half Chicago theses that drew Don Patinkin’s attention. This is the sort of information that doesn’t normally jump at you in digitised form through a duly diligent internet search, so I thought it worth my time to file this information for now in a blog post. Minor additions have been added in square brackets for the sake of completeness.

______________________________

List of Patinkin’s copy request for Chicago Ph.D. theses

Author

 Article Details of parts photographed

Box No.

1.
Bach, George [Leland]

 Price Level Stabilization: [Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations]

[blank]

[blank]

2.
Bloomfield, Arthur [Irving]

 International Capital Movement and the American Balance of Payments 1929-1940 Title, Contents, Bibliography.
pp. 513-514, 578-579.

T-304

3.
Bronfenbrenner, Martin

 Monetary Theory and General Equilibrium Title, Preface, Bibliography.
Chaps. 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

T-10250

4.
Brooks, Benjamin [Franklin]

 A History of Monetary Theory in the United States Before 1860 Contents, Preface, Bibliography.
Chap. 11.

T-9885

5.
Caplan, Benjamin

 The Wicksellian School—A Critical Study of the Development of Swedish Monetary Theory, 1898-1932 Title, Contents, Preface, Bibliography.

T-7847

6.
Cox, Garfield V.

 Business Forecasting in the United States 1919-1928 Title, Contents, Preface, Bibliography.

T-17-91

7.
Daugherty Marion [Roberts]

 The Currency-Banking Controversy Title, Contents, Bibliography
pp. 41, 54, 130, 133, 246, 316.

T-10282

8.
Harper, [William Canaday] Joel

 Scrip and Other Forms of Local Money Title, Contents, Bibliography.

T-145

9.
Leigh, Arthur Hertel

 Studies in the Theory of Capital and Interest Before 1870 Title, Contents, Bibliography.

T-554

10.
Linville, Francis [Aron]

 Central Bank Co-operation Title, Contents, Bibliography.

T-11508

11.
McEvoy, Raymond H.

 The Effects of Federal Reserve Operations 1929-1936 Title, Contents, Preface Bibliography.

T-7731

12.
McIvor R. Craig

 Monetary Expansion in Canadian War Finance, 1939-1946 Title, Contents, Bibliography.

T-10268

13.
McKean, Roland Neely

 Fluctuations in Our Private Claim-Debt Structure and Monetary Policy Title, Contents, Bibliography.
Chaps. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

T-90

14.
Reeve, Joseph [Edwin]

 Monetary Proposals for Curing the Depression in the United States 1929-1935 [blank]

T-11022

15.
Shaw, Ernest Ray

 The Investment and Secondary Reserve Policy of Commercial Banks Title, Contents, Preface, Bibliography.

T-8322

16.
Snider, Delbert [Arthur]

 Monetary, Exchange, and Trade Problems in Postwar Greece Title, Contents, Bibliography.

T-1031

17.
Tongue, William [Walter]

 Money, Capital, and the Business Cycle Title, Contents, Preface, Bibliography.

T-670

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Economists’ Papers Archive. Don Patinkin Papers, University of Chicago School of Economics Raw Materials, Box 2, Folder “Chicago, general (?). from binder: “U. Chicago Ph.D. Theses”, folder 1 of 2”.

______________________________

The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois 60637

Department of Economics

August 21, 1968

Professor Don E. Patinkin
Economics Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Professor Patinkin:

            I am listing below the information (Committee members) you requested in your letter of July 8, 1968. I am also hoping that you have received your microfilm by now. The Photoduplication department was to have mailed them to you on August 13.

Bach, George [Leland] 1940 S. E. Leland
C. W. Wright
H. C. Simon
Bloomfield, Arthur [Irving] 1942 J. Viner
Lloyd W. Mints
O. Lange
Bronfenbrenner, Martin 1939 Frank Knight, chr.
S. E. Leland
Brooks, Benjamin [Franklin] 1939 Frank Knight, chr.
Lloyd Mints
[Viner also thanked in thesis preface]
Caplan, Benjamin 1942 J. Viner
O. Lange		 L. W. Mints
H. C. Simons
Cox, Garfield [V.] 1929 Lionel D. Edie, chr.
Jacob Viner
Chester W. Wright
Daugherty, Marion [Roberts] (Mrs.) 1941 Jacob Viner, chr.
Garfield Cox
Lloyd Mints
Harper, Joel [William Canady] 1949
[Summer 1948]		 F. Knight
O. Lange
H. Simons		 C. W. Wright
L. Mints
S. Leland
Leigh, Arthur [Hertel] 1946 Frank Knight, chr.
Jacob Viner
Oskar Lange
McEvoy, Raymond [H.] 1950 Lloyd W. Mints, chr.
Earl J. Hamilton
Lloyd A. Metzler
McIvor, Russel [Craig] 1947 Roy Blough, chr.
J. K. Langum
L.W. Mints [in thesis acknowledgement Mints as the doctoral committee chair]
McKean, Roland [Neely] 1948 Lloyd W. Mints, chr.
Lloyd A. Metzler
Earl J. Hamilton
A. Director
Reeve, Joseph [Edwin] 1939 Lloyd W. Mints, chr.
Garfield V. Cox
Jacob Viner
Shaw, Ernest [Ray] 1930 Lionel D. Edie, chr.
Lloyd W. Mints
Stuart P. Meech (Bus. School)
Snider, Delbert [Arthur] 1951 L. Metzler, chr.
R. Blough
Bert Hoselitz
Tongue, William [Walter] 1947 L. W. Mints, chr.
Frank H. Knight
H. Gregg Lewis

            As you can see in some instances the Chairman was not listed, but the examining committee was listed. I wrote to Professor Cox, 660 W. Bonita, Apt. 24 E, Claremont, California 91711, to get the committee members for him and for Professor E. Shaw. Professor Cox also gave me the address of Professor Lloyd W. Mints, 618 E. Myrtle St., Ft. Collins, Colorado, should you have any interest. I hope this is sufficient.

Yours truly,
[signed]
(Mrs.) Hazel Bowdry
Sec. to Professor Telser

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois 60637

Department of Economics

October 23, 1968

Professor Don Patinkin
Department of Economics
The Eliezer Kaplan School of
Economics and Social Sciences
The Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel

Dear Professor Patinkin:

            In answer to your letter of October 4, I have rechecked the files and find the below listed information.

George Bach’s committee members:

L. W. Mints, chr.
S. E. Leland
C. W. Wright
Oskar Lange
F. H. Knight
H. C. Simons
Jacob Viner
Jacob Left
Maynard Krueger

This is the order in which the examining committee is listed.

Martin Bronfenbrenner:

Henry Schultz chr.
J. Viner
L. W. Mints
F. Knight
A. G. Hart
H. C. Simon

Joel Harper:

S. E. Leland, Chr.
H. Simons
L. W. Mints
Mr. Chatters

Benjamin Brooks:

L. Mints, chr.
J. Viner
F. Knight

            I checked Faculty records with Mrs. Mosby, and found a re-appointment for Henry Simons dated June 3, 1930.

            I hope this information is helpful, and I am sorry I cannot give more definite committee members in the case of Bach.

Sincerely yours,
[signed]
(Mrs.) Hayzel Bowdry

P.S. I hope you have received the microfilm by now. It was mailed via airmail yesterday.

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Economists’ Papers Archive. Don Patinkin Papers, University of Chicago School of Economics Raw Materials, Box 2, Folder “Chicago, general (?), Simons, Mints, Knight materials”.

Image Source: Don Patinkin article at Gonçalo L. Fonseca’s History of Economic Thought website. Colorized at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Principles of Accounting. Exam questions. W. M. Cole, 1901-1902

Harvard. Life of accounting professor William Morse Cole, A.M. 1896

____________________________

Course Description
ECONOMICS 181
1901-1902

For upperclass undergraduates and graduates to prepare for a business career

The Principles of Accounting. Half-course (first half-year). Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 3.30. Mr. W. M. Cole.

This course is designed primarily for students who expect to enter a business career, and wish to understand the processes by which the earnings and values of industrial properties are computed. It is not intended to afford practice in book-keeping, but to give students a grasp of principles which shall enable them to comprehend the significance of accounts.

In order that students may become familiar with book-keeping terms and methods, a few exercises will be devoted to a brief study of the common systems of recording simple mercantile transactions. The chief work of the course, however, will be a study of the methods of determining profit, loss, and valuation. This will include an analysis of receipts, disbursements, assets, and liabilities, in various kinds of industry, and a consideration of cost of manufacture; cost of service, depreciation and appreciation of stock and of equipment, interest, sinking funds, dividends, and the like. Published accounts of corporations will be studied, and practice in interpretation will be afforded. Attention will also be given to the functions and methods of auditors.

The instruction will be given by lectures, discussions, reading, and written work.

Course 18 is open to Seniors and Graduates who have taken Economics 1.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Official Register of Harvard University 1901-1902. Box 1. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of History and Political Science (June 21, 1901), University Publications, New Series, No. 16, pp. 46-47.

____________________________

Course Enrollment
ECONOMICS 181
1901-02

Economics 181hf. Mr. W. M. Cole. — The Principles of Accounting.

Total 36: 1 Graduate, 24 Seniors, 5 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 4 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1901-1902, p. 78.

____________________________

Semester Final Examination
ECONOMICS 18
First Half-year 1901-1902

  1. What is the profit and loss account?
    Are charges or credits made direct to this account? If so, under what circumstances?
    How is this account closed?
  2. Formulate journal entries to express each of the following transactions :—
    1. a sale of goods for a note bearing interest;
    2. discounting the above note at a bank;
    3. annulling a personal account as uncollectible;
    4. interest charged, but not paid, on a long-standing account.
  3. What is indicated by each of the following ledger accounts when
    1. the account shows a debit balance, and
    2. the account shows a credit balance: loss and gain, merchandise, rent, commission, purchase ledger, stores?
  4. Illustrate roughly a columnar cash book and a columnar journal. Comment on the columnar system.
  5. Which of the following should be charged to capital account and which to revenue account: The purchase of a patent right; legal fees for organizing a corporation; the purchase of a lease; repairs of machinery; replacement of machinery; the purchase of additional machinery; the loss by fire of uninsured property?
    Explain in each case why you decide as you do.
  6. You contemplate purchasing an interest in a business that has run five years, and agree to pay one third the valuation of its net assets. The following statement is given you by the partners:—

Dr.
Buildings, machinery, etc., at cost $50,000
Expended for repairs and renewals $8,000
Patent rights purchased $14,000
Balance of sales ledger $26,000
Inventory, as per stores and stock books $19,000
$117,000

Cr.
Bills payable $48,000
Balance of purchase ledger $47,000
Partners’ capital $22,000
$117,000
    1. Assuming that this statement gives all that you need to know, how much must you pay for your interest in the business?
    2. Does this statement give all necessary information about the assets? If not, what is lacking?

7.  The chief items on the balance sheet of a firm may be summarized as follows :—

Assets.
Cash, stock, and accts. receivable $48,000
Buildings and machinery $37,000
$85,000
Liabilities.
Notes and accts. payable $33,000
Capital of the partners $62,000
$95,000

Is the firm solvent or insolvent? Why do you think so?

  1. The books of a firm have been kept by the ordinary methods and all transactions prior to the close of business on December 31 have been carried through the books. You are asked to determine profit or loss for the year just closed. Describe carefully the steps that you would take.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Mid-Year Examination Papers, 1852-1943. Box 6, Bound volume, Mid-year Examination Papers, 1901-02. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (January 1902). Also included in Harvard University Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 6, Bound volume, Examination Papers, 1902-03. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (June 1902).

Image Source: Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Vol. XIX, No. 16, p. 308. Portrait of William Morse Cole colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Exam questions for European countries’ resources and economies. Ripley and Meyer, 1901-02

This post adds to the expanding collection of Harvard economics examinations. European economic geography was the subject of a year-long course co-taught in 1901-1902 by William Zebina Ripley and Hugo Richard Meyer.

_____________________________

Last minute staff replacements for 1901-1902

It will be recalled that the Harvard economics department was faced with enormous staffing problems for the 1901-1902 academic year. Frank Taussig was on sick-leave and Edward Cummings and William Ashley had left the department for other pastures.

In an earlier post we saw that Charles W. Mixter substituted for William Ashley in a history of economic thought course.

Thomas Nixon Carver had to fill-in for Frank Taussig for the advanced theory course.  He also took over Taussig’s methods course.

Thomas Nixon Carver and Frederick Bush were needed to cover the “Socialism and Communism” course previously taught by Edward Cummings.

In this post Economics in the Rear-view Mirror adds the transcriptions of exams for a course on European resources and organization that had been previously taught by William Ashley but was taught by William Z. Ripley and Hugo R. Meyer in 1901-1902.

Examinations for Professor William J. Ashley’s course in 1900-01  posted earlier.

Biographical information for Professor William Z. Ripley also posted earlier.

Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has also posted some life and career information for Hugo Richard Meyer.

_____________________________

ECONOMICS 17
Course Description
1901-1902

For Undergraduates and Graduates

[Economics] 17. The Economic Organization and Resources of European Countries. Tu., Th., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Sat., at 12. Professor Ashley.

This course will begin with a survey of the physical geography and of the distribution of population and wealth in Europe as a whole, in order to explain (1) the relative position at present of agriculture in its various forms on the one side and mining and manufacture on the other, and (2) the presence in their several localities of the chief industries. The great countries — Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy — will then be taken in order; and a statement will be made (1) of their natural resources, and (2) of the manner in which these are utilized. Under the latter head will be considered such topics as the following: the investment of capital, the forms of business organization, the means of transportation, the relations between private enterprise and governmental stimulus and control, and the character and supply of labor. Returning, then, to Europe as a whole, attention will be directed to the points at which the interests of the several countries appear to conflict, and to the attempts to remove or mitigate the antagonism by international agreements — as, for instance, in the matters of customs tariffs, bounties, and labor legislation. Finally, a survey will be made of the main lines of transportation for commodities between one country and another and between Europe and the rest of the world, and of the economic effects of recent changes in this regard.

Course 17 is open to those who have passed satisfactorily either in History 1 or in Economics 1.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Official Register of Harvard University 1901-1902. Box 1. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of History and Political Science (June 21, 1901), University Publications, New Series, No. 16, p. 39.

_____________________________

Enrollment
1901-02
ECONOMICS 17

Economics 17. Professor Ripley and Mr. Meyer. — The Economic Organization and Resources of European Countries.

Total 24: 2 Graduates, 13 Seniors, 6 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 1 Other.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1901-1902, p. 77.

_____________________________

ECONOMICS 17
Mid-year Examination
1901-1902

  1. English farming and German farming from 1879 to 1900: a study of the respective effects of the policy of free-trade in grains and meats and the policy of protection to agriculture.
    Alternative:—
    The arguments for and against the small farm and the peasant farm. Take your facts from the history of England; Belgium or France; and Germany.
  2. The German customs duties on grains and meats, and Germany’s position in the “struggle for the export markets.”
    Alternative:—
    Give an account, descriptive and critical, of the beet-sugar policy of the countries of continental Europe from 1870 to 1900
  3. What facts and what kinds of statistics were used in the discussion of the failure of the Prussian (German) State Railways to contribute materially to the industrial development effected in Germany in the years 1880 to 1900?
  4. What kinds of statistics were used in discussing the mineral resources of England, Germany, France, and the United States?
  5. The birth-rate in France in the last twenty-five years.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Mid-Year Examination Papers, 1852-1943. Box 6, Bound volume, Mid-year Examination Papers, 1901-02. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (January 1902).

_____________________________

ECONOMICS 17
Year-end Examination
1901-1902

  1. State four economic reasons for the imperial federation movement in Great Britain.
  2. Analyze the principal characteristics of British foreign trade, comparing it with Germany.
  3. When and why did Germany change from a free trade to a protectionist country, and what had Prince Bismarck to do with the movement?
  4. How do the Agrarian demands in the present tariff discussion in Germany compare with those of a generation ago?
  5. Outline the present status of France, in respect of population, industry, and foreign trade.
  6. What are some of the international industrial combinations?
  7. What are the main features of the E. J. Smith type of industrial combinations in Great Britain?
  8. Compare Germany and Austro-Hungary in respect of the industrial combination movement.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 6, Bound volume, Examination Papers, 1902-03. Sub-volume Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College (June 1902).

Image Source: Political Map of Europe, ca. 1890 in Wikimedia Commons.