Author: Irwin Collier

Columbia. Organization of Graduate Education, 1908-10.

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-07

Just want to remind/alert readers that the artifacts that I post here on Economics in the Rear-view Mirror are samples from my project on the development of graduate and undergraduate economics education in the United States from the last quarter of the 19th century up through the middle of the 20th century. Besides the syllabi and exams for particular courses, course offerings and staffing that I offer visitors to these pages, I collect and share information about rules and regulations governing the granting of degrees too.

Today’s posting comes from a Columbia University Bulletin of Information. Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy and Pure Science: Instruction for Candidates for the Degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, 1908-10. Economics found itself within the Faculty of Political Science that was embedded within the regulations of the larger university. As dull as this sort of reading is, say compared to reading 1910 economics (irony!), it was a part of the world within which young economists were methodologically reared and where they were to refine their tastes to distinguish “good” from “bad” economics as well as “interesting” from “uninteresting” economics.

Let me ask visitors who look at these century-old rules to reflect and share what seems to be the same or different from their own educational experiences. Thanks!

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10
ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

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PART I—ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

Departments. The instruction given in Columbia University is conducted by Departments created by the Statutes of the University. Of these Departments there are at present ﬁfty-nine. Every person who gives instruction is a member of some one Department; and the senior ofﬁcer of the highest rank in each Department, who is in active service, is generally its administrative head. For certain administrative purposes the Departments are grouped into Divisions.

Faculties. For legislative purposes, and for the government of the several Schools into which the University is divided, the several Faculties are established by Statute. Each Faculty is composed of the professors and adjunct professors who are assigned to it by the Trustees, and is under the immediate direction of a Dean. The President is the Chairman of each Faculty. A Department or Division may form part of one, two, or more Faculties.

University Council. The University Council is composed of the President, the Deans, and delegates elected by the Faculties. Among other duties, it determines the conditions under which are awarded the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Laws, and Doctor of Philosophy.

The Higher Degrees. For the conduct of the work leading to the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, which are for convenience termed “the higher degrees,” the Trustees have established four Faculties, in charge respectively of the Schools of Political Science (founded 1880), Philosophy (1890), Pure Science (1892), and Fine Arts (1906 — not yet completely organized). These four Faculties correspond to what in many American Universities is called a “graduate department” or “graduate school,” and are responsible for the conduct of advanced instruction not only during the academic year, but in the Summer Session of the University. Their representatives on the University Council form ex-officio a Committee on Higher Degrees, whose functions are indicated by its name. To this Committee the Council has delegated, subject to its own ﬁnal control, the current administration of its regulations.

All requests for action upon matters which under the Statutes and the Regulations of the Council are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Council itself should be addressed to the Secretary of the University Council. Requests for action upon matters falling within the jurisdiction of the several Faculties should be addressed to their respective Deans.

Freedom of Election. It should be noted that the division of the ﬁeld of graduate work among the four Faculties in no wise limits the freedom of the student to make his own combination of studies. Once matriculated as a graduate student he may be registered as a student in two or more Faculties; and in many cases such an arrangement is highly desirable.

The distribution of the work leading to the higher degrees among the Faculties, and the divisional grouping oi the Departments, are here shown:

Faculty of Political Science

Division of History, Economics, and Public Law—Departments: Economics; History; Public Law and Jurisprudence; Social Science.

Faculty of Philosophy

Division of Classical Philology—Departments: Greek; Latin (each including archaeology).

Division of Education—The Faculty of Teachers College (so far as the higher degrees are concerned).

Division of Modern Languages and Literatures—Departments: Comparative Literature; English; Germanic Languages; Romance Languages.

Division of Oriental Languages—Departments: Chinese; Indo-Iranian Languages; Semitic Languages.

Division of Philosophy, Psychology, and Anthropology—Departments: Anthropology; Philosophy; Psychology.

Faculty of Pure Science

Division of Biology—Departments: Anatomy; Bacteriology; Biological Chemistry; Botany; Embryology; Physiology; Zoology.

Division of Chemistry—Departments: Chemistry; P ysiological I Chemistry.

Division of Engineering—Departments: Civil Engineering; Electrical Engineering; Engineering Draughting; Mechanical Engineering.

Division of Geology, Geography, and Mineralogy—Departments: Geology; Geography; Mineralogy.

Division of Mathematical and Physical Science—Departments: Astronomy; Mathematics; Physics.

Division of Mining and Metallurgy—Departments: Metallurgy; Mining.

Faculty of Fine Arts

Division of Fine Arts—Departments: Architecture; Music; Design.

Announcements. Full statements concerning the courses of instruction, laboratories, seminars, etc., are contained in the “Divisional Announcements.” In these are indicated the scope and character of the several courses, the hours of attendance, etc. They may be had on application to the Secretary of the University, to whom, also, all correspondence of a general character should be addressed.

Courses in Professional Schools. Some of the subjects named above are also under the jurisdiction of the Faculties of the professional schools of the University; but of the work that may be offered towards the higher degrees only the four Faculties named here have control, and all students who intend to carry on such work, whether as candidates for higher degrees or not, are required to register under the Faculty or Faculties that have it in charge.

Consultation. Every student is responsible to the Dean of each Faculty under which he is working, for compliance with the Statutes of the University and with the Regulations of the University Council and of the Faculty. To the head of each Department under which he is studying he is responsible for fulﬁlment of all the requirements of that Department with regard to attendance upon courses, private study, and examinations. Entering students must therefore ﬁrst of all consult the Dean of each Faculty and the head of each Department under which they expect to work. It should be fully understood that it is not only the right but also the duty of every student to call upon the Dean and other officers under whom his work is to be carried on for information and guidance whenever he needs them, and that he must keep himself duly and fully informed of all that is expected of him by the Dean and the Departments concerned. The offices of the four Deans, of the Registrar, and of the Bursar are all in East Hall. Information of a general character regarding the University may be had in Room 213, Library Building.

REGISTRATION AND MATRICULATION

Registration. Registration is required when the student ﬁrst connects himself with the University, and thereafter at the beginning of each academic year. Students are admitted at any time during the academic year. To obtain full credit for residence during any half-year, they must register at the beginning of it, except that registration for the ﬁrst half-year (September to January) implies registration for the second (February to June) as well, unless the student withdraws.

Matriculation. Matriculation, i. e., admission to candidacy for degrees, is open only to graduates of colleges and scientiﬁc schools in good standing, or to those who have an equivalent training. . Professional (other than engineering) degrees do not in themselves entitle the holders to matriculation. The question whether the training of a non-graduate shall be deemed equivalent to that indicated by a ﬁrst degree is determined in every case by the Committee on Higher Degrees.

Summer Session. Certain courses given in the Summer Session of the University (see Academic Calendar) may be offered toward the higher degrees, and qualiﬁed students may matriculate as candidates therefor at the opening of the Summer Session.

Non-matriculated Students. Students of mature age who give evidence of earnest purpose and special ﬁtness may register, with permission of the Dean concerned, for any of the courses under the control of these Faculties without matriculating as candidates for a degree. By special ﬁtness, in the case of students not holding a ﬁrst degree, is meant an equipment for the course intended to be taken such as would justify candidacy for a degree if the preliminary requirements could be fully met. Of such ﬁtness the head of each Department under which the applicant wishes to study is the judge, and his approval must be expressed in writing to the Dean of the Faculty. Such students are expected to pursue seriously the work of the course for which they are enrolled, and will be required to pass examinations therein at the discretion of the professor giving the course. They may be excluded from any course which they are following if the instructor in charge be satisﬁed that proper attention is not being given to the work of the course. In general, students who do not hold the ﬁrst degree or its equivalent are recommended to register in one of the Colleges, the men in Columbia College, the women in Barnard College.

Undergraduate Courses. In these Colleges emphasis is placed upon the quality of the student’s work rather than upon the time spent in residence, and this fact, together with the opportunities offered in the Summer Session, makes it possible for a well prepared candidate to complete the requirements for the bachelor’s degree in three and one-half years, three years, or conceivably in a shorter period for students who by anticipating College work are able to enter with advanced standing

Admission of Women. Women who have the ﬁrst degree are admitted on equal terms with men, as candidates for a higher degree or as non-candidates, to all Admission courses offered under these Faculties, unless a speciﬁc statement to the contrary is made in connection with the announcement of a course.

[…]

CHARACTER OF GRADUATE WORK AND CHOICE OF SUBJECTS

Minimum Residence. The minimum period of graduate study which entitles a student to apply for the degree of Master of Arts is one year, for that of Doctor of Philosophy, two years; but these are only minimum periods, and the statements made below in connection with each degree must be carefully noted. No degree may be conferred upon any person who has not been in residence at Columbia University for a full academic year. (See page 15.)

The Essential Qualifications. The work expected of a candidate for one of the higher degrees is different in character from that usually required of undergraduates. Attendance upon courses, the acquisition of knowledge, and the consequent ability to pass examinations, are not the only requirements; and though a very considerable amount of knowledge in the special ﬁeld of work chosen and in others adjacent to it is demanded, it is not upon such attainment that the chief stress is laid. The essentials are the acquisition of the power to do independent scientiﬁc work, and the demonstration of this power by actual performance. For the assistance of the student in his own labors, instruction is given by means of lectures, in which the theoretical side of the subject, its bibliography, and its methods are set forth; and in the seminars or laboratories he is trained in the practical work of investigation, the presentation of results, and the criticism of the work of others.

Major and Minor Subjects. To secure thorough training in some one ﬁeld of research, and yet avoid over-specialization with the inevitable concomitant of deﬁcient general training, the regulations call for the selection of three “subjects” for study and eventual examination. The candidate must pursue these three subjects during the required period of residence, and the amount of work done in each subject must be satisfactory to the professor in charge. The major subject is that in connection with which the candidate for the master’s degree must prepare his essay, the candidate for the doctor’s degree his dissertation. This subject is expected to occupy approximately half of the time spent by the candidate in study for the higher degree. The ﬁrst and second minor subjects, which must stand in some reasonable connection with the major and with each other, should each occupy approximately one- quarter of this time of study. The ﬁrst minor subject will naturally be more closely connected with the major.

Courses. A “subject” must be carefully distinguished from a “course.” A subject is a ﬁeld of knowledge, in which the candidate is expected to work and to be examined; the courses of lectures, the work in laboratories, and the exercises of the seminars, are simply means of acquiring knowledge in certain parts of the ﬁeld and aids to the work of the student himself. The subjects are practically permanent, while the courses offered under each may change from year to year. The number of courses and in general the amount of work to be taken in each subject is determined, for each student, by the professor or professors in charge of that subject.

Course Records. It should be noted that the student is expected to keep his own record of courses attended. In the registration-book which is furnished him for this purpose, he enters at the beginning of each half-year the courses which he proposes to attend. At the beginning and end of each course the professor in charge certiﬁes the student’s attendance by his signature. Before presenting himself for examination for any degree, the student must submit his registration-book to the Dean of the Faculty in which his major subject lies in order that the Dean may satisfy himself that the required minimum number of courses has been attended. Lost registration-books may be replaced if the professors are able from their own records or recollection to certify attendance; but if they are unable to do this, the candidate may lose credit for attendance.

The speciﬁc regulations of the Council concerning subjects are as follows:

Immediately after registration, each student who declares himself a candidate for the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, or either of them, shall designate one principal or major subject and two subordinate or minor subjects. The choice of subjects must in every case be approved by the Dean of the Faculty under which the major subject is taken.

Choice of Subjects. When a candidate designates any subject as his major and ﬁrst minor, as permitted by the Regulations of the Faculties of Philosophy and Pure Science, no subdivision of that general subject may be chosen by him as a second minor, provided, however, that with the recommendation of the Dean and the head of the Department concerned, by a special vote of the Committee on Higher Degrees, to be taken in every such case, a candidate may be allowed to choose all his subjects under one Department.

The subjects from which the candidate’s selection must be made are:

Under the Faculty of Political Science

Group I.—History and political philosophy: (1) Ancient and oriental history; (2) mediaeval history; (3) modern European history from the opening of the 16th century; (4) American history; (5) political philosophy.

Group II.—Public law and comparative jurisprudence: (1) Constitutional law; (2) international law; (3) administrative law; (4) comparative jurisprudence.

Group III.—Economics and social science: (1) Political economy and ﬁnance; (2) sociology and statistics; (3) social economy. In his choice of subjects under this Faculty, the candidate whose major subject lies within its jurisdiction is limited by the following rules;

A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject outside of the group which includes his major subject.

A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject within the group which includes his major subject.

The candidate for the degree of Master of Arts must take, in each subject, courses occupying at least two hours weekly throughout one year. In his major subject he must also attend a Seminar.

The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must take, in his major subject, courses occupying at least four hours weekly during each required year of residence (provided that this number of hours be offered in the subject), and must also attend a Seminar during the period of residence. In each minor subject he must take courses occupying at least two hours weekly during each required year of residence.

Under the Faculty of Philosophy

I. Major Subjects: (1) Philosophy; (2) psychology; (3) anthropology; (4) education; (5) linguistics; (6) comparative literature; (7) classical archaeology and epigraphy; (8) Greek language and literature, and, incidentally, Grecian history; (9) Latin language and literature, and, incidentally, Roman history; and the following, including in each case the study of both the language and literature; (10) English; (11) Germanic; (12) Romance; (13) Sanskrit (with Pālī and Iranian); (14) Semitic; (15) Chinese.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 may be offered each as the equivalent of a major and one minor subject.

II. Minor Subjects: (1) Philosophy; (2) psychology; (3) anthropology; (4) education; ( 5) linguistics; (6) comparative literature; (7) Greek; (8) Greek archaeology; (9) Latin; (10) Roman archaeology; (11) Sanskrit; (12) Iranian; (13) English; (14) Anglo-Saxon; (15) Gothic; (16) Germanic philology; (17) German language and literature; (18) Scandinavian languages and literatures; (19) Romance philology; (20) French language and literature; (21) Spanish language and literature; (22) Italian language and literature; (23) Hebrew; (24) Arabic; (25) Assyrian; (26) Syriac; (27) Ethiopic; (28) Semitic epigraphy; (29) Turkish; (30) Armenian; (31) Chinese; (32) Coptic; (33) Celtic; (34) Comparative Religion.

A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy may, with the consent of the Dean of the Faculty and of the heads of the Departments concerned, select both minor subjects within the same Department, and may divide a minor subject, taking parts of two subjects germane to his major subject.

The choice of subjects made by a candidate must in every case have the approval of the Dean and the head of the Department under which the major subject is taken before being ﬁnally allowed.

Under the Faculty of Pure Science

(1) Anatomy; (2) astronomy; (3) bacteriology; (4) botany; (5) chemistry; (6) civil and sanitary engineering; (7) electrical engineering (8) geodesy; (9) geology; (10) mathematics; (11) mechanical engineering; (12) mechanics and electro-mechanics; (13) metallurgy; (14) mineralogy; (15) mining; (16) palaontology; (17) physics; (18) physiological chemistry; (19) physiology; (20) zoölogy .

With the consent of the Dean, the major and one minor subject may be taken under one Department. Both minor subjects may not be taken under one Department without the consent of the Faculty.

Under the Faculty of Fine Arts

For speciﬁc information see the current Announcement of that Faculty.

Change of Subjects. Minor subjects may not be changed except by permission of the Dean to be given only on the written recommendation of the heads of the Departments from which and to which the change is desired; major subjects may not be changed except by a special vote of the Faculty in each case.

Faculty Jurisdiction. The student entering Columbia University as a candidate for a higher degree should ﬁrst of all decide upon his major-subject. He will be registered under the Faculty which has charge of this subject, and will be primarily under the jurisdiction of its Dean. If he selects a minor subject or attends any course under another Faculty, he will be registered under that Faculty also, and will be subject to the jurisdiction of its Dean so far as such subject or course is concerned. It will be seen that the several Faculties have different regulations regarding the choice and combination of subjects. Regarding the interpretation and effect of these regulations the candidates will obtain all necessary information from the several Deans.

Students in Professional Schools. Students in the professional schools which form part of the University, or are in alliance with it, may, if otherwise qualiﬁed, combine work leading to the higher degrees with their professional studies; and in some subjects courses which count toward the professional degrees or certiﬁcates may be accepted as part of the work required for the higher degrees. In all such cases the professional student must register himself as a candidate for the higher degrees under one of the four non-professional Faculties, and is subject to the jurisdiction of that Faculty as regards examinations and all other matters pertaining to the higher degrees. To complete the requirements the candidate must take his major subject under one of these Faculties, and must conform to all its rules as regards examinations, essay, and dissertation; but he may offer, as the equivalent of the two minor subjects, such of his professional courses as may be approved for that purpose by the Dean of the Faculty under which the major subject is taken and by the Committee on Higher Degrees. He should, before registering consult the Dean of the non-professional Faculty under whose jurisdiction he proposes to work.

Arrangement of Work. Students who devote all their time to work under a non-professional Faculty will usually ﬁnd it advantageous to pursue the study of their major and minor subjects simultaneously. This, however, is not required, and students who are pursuing professional courses of study, or who are engaged in work outside of the University, such as teaching, may ﬁnd it advisable, or even necessary, to take up the major and minor subjects in successive years.

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

The Essay. As regards candidates for the master’s degree, the custom of the University lays proportionately more stress upon the acquisition of knowledge, as evidenced by examinations, and less upon capacity for investigation shown in seminars or laboratories and in literary production, than is the case as regards candidates for the doctor’s degree. At the same time, seminar or laboratory work must be done by the candidate, and it is expected that the master’s essay shall be something more than a restatement of things well known. [If the candidate intends or hopes to continue his work for the doctor’s degree, and if he has already selected the topic of his dissertation, it will be advantageous for him to make the master’s essay a study in the line of his future dissertation, conﬁning it to a narrow part of the ﬁeld and presenting such preliminary results as he has reached. If the essay be read in seminar (as is often the case, and is required in the Faculty of Political Science) the candidate gains the beneﬁt of discussion and criticism by his fellow- students as well as by the professor. In those subjects in which ﬁeld-work is required for a satisfactory essay, the candidate is advised to perform it before entering the University.

The speciﬁc regulations of the University Council concerning the essay are as follows:

Each candidate for the degree of Master of Arts shall present an essay on some topic previously approved by the professor in charge of his major subject. This essay must be presented not later than April 15 of the academic year in which the examination is to take place and must be accompanied by formal application for the degree. Such applications must be made on forms provided for this purpose. to be had of the Registrar. When the essay has been approved, the candidate shall ﬁle with the Registrar of the University a legibly written or typewritten copy of it. This copy is to be written on ﬁrm, strong paper, eleven by eight and a half inches in size, and a space of one and a half inches on the inner margin must be left free from writing. The title page of every such essay shall contain the words: “Submitted in partial fulﬁlment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of ——, Columbia University.”

Period of Residence. The minimum period of study for the master’s degree is one year; and if the candidate in his previous course of study has been adequately prepared for advanced work in the subjects he selects and is able to devote his entire time to university study, he will usually be able to attain the degree within that period. If the student is not adequately prepared, or if he is engaged in outside labor, such as teaching, two or more years may be necessary. The satisfactory completion of work at four consecutive Summer Sessions, or two consecutive Summer Sessions, together with the half year intervening or immediately following, will be accepted in full satisfaction of the requirements for residence and attendance for the degree of Master of Arts.

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy differ from those established for the degree of Master of Arts (which is not necessary for the acquisition of the doctor’s degree) not only as regards the amount of work, but as regards its character. In the minor subjects the difference is chieﬂy quantitative, and double the amount of work in attendance upon courses and in collateral reading will in most cases prepare the candidate for the ﬁnal test. The detailed regulations of each Department under which the candidate expects to study must be ascertained from the head of that Department. As regards the major subject the practice of the University has recently been stated in legislative form by the University Council as follows:

The general examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will not be conﬁned to the courses which the candidate has attended in Columbia University or elsewhere, or even to the ﬁeld covered by such courses. The candidate is expected to show a satisfactory grasp of his major subject as a whole, and a general acquaintance with the broader ﬁeld of knowledge of which this subject forms a part.

Examination. The general examination for the doctor’s degree is oral, and is conducted by the professors in charge of the candidate’s major and minor subjects, in the presence of the Faculty or of so many of its members as are designated or may desire to attend.

Language Requirement. The candidate for the doctor’s degree must show his ability to read French and German. When his major subject lies in the Faculty of Political Science or in the Faculty of Philosophy, ability to read Latin also is usually demanded.

The Dissertation. The candidate for the doctor’s degree must also present an acceptable dissertation embodying the results of his investigation of some The topic bearing closely upon his principal subject of study, and must defend this dissertation before the members of the Faculty or so many of them as may be designated or may desire to attend. The dissertation must be printed and 150 copies deposited with the Registrar of the University before the degree is conferred. In cases where the cost to the candidate is excessive, the number of copies to be deposited may be lessened by special vote of the Committee on Higher Degrees. Further formal requirements, established by the University Council, are as follows:

On the title-page of every such dissertation shall be printed the words: “Submitted in partial fulﬁlment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of ——, Columbia University. ”

Each dissertation shall contain upon its title-page the full name of the author; the full title of the dissertation; the year of imprint, and, if a reprint, the title, volume, and pagination of the publication from which it was reprinted; and there shall be printed and appended to each dissertation a statement of the educational institutions that the author has attended, and a list of the degrees and honors conferred upon him, as well as the titles of his previous publications.

As regards the order of time in which these requirements must be met, and as regards certain other details, the regulations and practice of the several Faculties are somewhat different.

Special Faculty Regulations. In the Faculty of Pure Science, ability to read Latin is not required. In the Faculty of Political Science this requirement may be waived when the professor in charge of the candidate’s major subject certiﬁes that ability to read Latin is not necessary for the prosecution of the candidate’s researches. In the Faculty of Philosophy also the requirement may be waived on such a certiﬁcation from the professor in charge of the major subject, but only when the major subject is psychology, anthropology, or education.

In the Faculty of Philosophy, the ability of the candidate to read French, German, and Latin (if required) must be certiﬁed by the heads of these Departments, and the examinations in these languages must be passed at least one academic year before the candidate may present himself for the oral examination on his subjects. In the Faculties of Political Science and of Pure Science, ability to read the required languages is certiﬁed by the Dean, on the report of such examiners as he may designate. In the Faculty of Political Science, the examination on the required languages may be taken a year in advance of the examination on subjects, and‘ candidates are advised to take it at such earlier time, but they are permitted to take it at the same time with the examination on subjects. In the Faculty of Pure Science, the examination on languages and that on subjects are held at the same time.

In none of the Faculties is a candidate admitted to the ﬁnal examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy except upon recommendation of the professor who has approved the topic selected for his dissertation and of the other professors in charge of his major and minor subjects. In the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, it is also requisite that the dissertation, in its completed state, should have been deﬁnitely approved. In these two Faculties the ﬁnal examination on the major and minor subjects and the defence of the dissertation must take place at the same time, but it is not required that the dissertation shall have been printed before it is defended. In the Faculty of Political Science the candidate may be admitted to examination upon his major and minor subjects before the dissertation is completed, in case the professor under whose direction he is prosecuting his investigations judges that these have been carried to such a point that a satisfactory dissertation will probably be produced. In this Faculty, the candidate is not admitted to the ﬁnal test, the defence of the dissertation, until the dissertation has been submitted in printed form.

Before the candidate is admitted to the ﬁnal oral examination in his subjects, he may be subjected to such other examinations, oral or written, as may be required by the several Departments under which he has taken subjects, and at such times as they may prescribe; and the admission of the candidate to the ﬁnal examination depends on the result of these previous examinations.

Divisional Requirements. The Divisional Announcements contain full statements of the specific requirements of the several Divisions in regard to examinations. In case of doubt the candidate should confer with the heads of the Departments concerned. The candidate who fails to secure full and precise information on all such points neglects his duty at his own risk.

Application for Examination. Applications for the ﬁnal oral examinations must be made on special forms to be procured from the Registrar. They must be ﬁled with the Registrar at least three months before one of the three dates at which diplomas are issued (viz., the ﬁrst week of October and of February respectively, and the annual commencement), in order to secure examination before that date. In the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, in which the completion of the dissertation is required before admission to the examination on subjects, the complete dissertation should be submitted (preferably in typewritten form) to the Dean not later than March 1, and must be so submitted by April 1, if the candidate desires to receive the degree at the following Commencement. In the Faculty of Political Science, candidates who have previously passed the general examination on subjects may submit printed dissertations even later than April 1, if application for admission to the defence of the dissertation has been made on that date; and if copies of the printed dissertation be submitted two weeks before the date set for its defence, and all other conditions have been fulﬁlled, the degree may be conferred at the following Commencement. All applications for the general examination must be handed to the Registrar, for transmission to the Dean of the Faculty in which the candidate’s major subject lies, and must be accompanied by the candidate’s registration- book, properly signed and attested. All fees, including the examination-fee, must be paid and the Bursar’s receipt shown to the Dean before the arrangements are made for the examination.

The Oral Examination. The oral examination in the major and minor subjects is never divided, not even when the candidate has subjects under more than one Faculty. In this case the examination is held under the auspices of the Faculty in which the candidate’s major subject lies, With the co-operation of members of the other Faculty delegated for the purpose. When a dissertation, as not unfrequently happens, touches on matters that fall within the jurisdiction of Departments in more than one Faculty, it is customary for the Dean of the examining Faculty to invite members of the other Faculty or Faculties interested to be present at the time when the dissertation is criticised and defended.

Recommendation and Award. When all these requirements have been successfully met, the candidate is recommended to the University Council, and (if the requisite number of printed copies of the dissertation have been deposited with the Registrar of the University) the Council, acting through the Committee on Higher Degrees, recommends to the President of the University that the degree of Doctor of Philosophy be awarded. Such recommendation may be made at any time during the academic year, but degrees are publicly conferred only at the annual Commencement.

In the endeavor to prepare himself to meet the formal requirements above outlined, the student will ﬁnd the following explanations and suggestions of value:

Suggestions as to Language Requirements. As regards the language requirements, it has been noted that in the Faculty of Political Science the examination may be postponed, and that in the Faculty of Pure Science it is usually postponed, until the time of the examination on the major and minor subjects. It is strongly recommended, however, that the student who is unable to read the required languages with ease should take the earliest opportunity of supplementing this defect in his preparation. In many subjects he cannot use the sources without acquaintance with Latin, and in hardly any subject can he use the necessary modern literature without ability to read French and German. Students whose preparation is defective in any of these languages will ﬁnd reading courses provided in Columbia College or Barnard College, to which they are admitted without additional fee. Courses of this character are also provided for students who ﬁnd other ancient or modern languages necessary for their researches.

The Faculty of Philosophy, as stated above, does not admit students to full candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy until the language examinations have been passed, and this must be done a full academic year before the candidates may come up for the ﬁnal examination, i.e., if the candidate intends to come up in May, by the ﬁrst week of the preceding October, and sooner in proportion if the candidate wishes to take the ﬁnal examinations earlier in the academic year.

As regards the character of the linguistic examinations it should be noted that acquaintance with the required languages is demanded, not, as in undergraduate work, from the point of view of general culture, but strictly from the utilitarian point of view. It is necessary, for example, that the mathematical student should be able to read French and German mathematical literature, and that the student of economics should be able to read the economic literature published in these languages. The student of European history must be able to read chronicles, treatises, and laws written in Latin, and the student of philosophy should be able to read mediaeval philosophical writings in the Latin in which they were written. It is not requisite, however, that any of these students shall be able to pass such examinations in Latin, French, or German as may properly be imposed upon those who are specializing in the ﬁeld of philology or of belles-lettres.

As to Preparation for Examination. As regards preparation for the general examination, candidates are warned against restricting themselves to the minimum of courses prescribed by the Departments in which they are working. It is often advisable, by way of supplement, to take one or more courses of lectures quite outside the ﬁelds covered by the subjects, and possibly under another Faculty. Very extensive private reading is almost always necessary, not only in connection with the courses taken and with the writing of the dissertation, but for general preparation. On all such points the advice of professors must be freely sought.

Choice of Topic for Dissertation. In particular, the choice of a topic for the dissertation should receive the most careful consideration; it should be made neither too early, before the student is well informed upon the general outlines and bearings of his major subject, nor so late as to result in a hurried treatment. Often a topic is suggested by the professor in charge of the subject or by some other instructor; sometimes the student’s own reading or experiments will indicate a suitable one; but in every case the approval of the topic rests with the professor in charge of the major subject.

The dissertation must be founded on the author’s own investigations, and must embody a real contribution to the knowledge of the topic or topics treated in it. No amount of erudition displayed in a dissertation will ensure its acceptance if the condition stated here be not fulﬁlled.

Consultation with Instructors. It may be noted that the most promising topics for investigation are often suggested by a combination of subjects lying under different Departments or even different Faculties. Many of the recognized ﬁelds of science are mere clearings, and pioneer work is needed between them. But even where a topic apparently lies entirely in the ﬁeld of one Faculty or in that of one Division or Department, its investigation often suggests excursions into neighboring territory. In such cases the student should bear in mind that he is entitled to information and counsel, not only from the instructor under whose immediate direction he is prosecuting his researches, nor only from the instructors whose lectures he is attending, but from any instructor in the University; and no serious student will ﬁnd that such an application is taken as intrusive. In the ﬁeld of research, instructors and students are co-laborers.

Professor in Charge of Investigations. The immediate direction of the investigation always pertains to a single professor in the Department in which the candidate’s major subject lies. To this professor the candidate should report from time to time and submit the completed dissertation, preferably in typewritten form, for preliminary judgment. The ﬁnal acceptance of the dissertation occurs only after its formal defence.

Printing of Dissertation. The printing of the dissertation, whether this precedes the defence, as is required by the Faculty of Political Science, or follows the defence, as is permitted by the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, is placed by the rules or custom of the several Faculties under the direction of the Dean or of the professor who has directed the candidate’s investigations. In every case there is some one authority through whose hands the proof- sheets must pass.

Under the rule of the Faculty of Political Science, noticed above, which permits the oral examination on subjects to be separated from the defence of the dissertation, it is possible and not unusual for candidates to complete, after the expiration of their academic residence, a dissertation which they have carried to a satisfactory stage of development during residence. The candidates who avail themselves of this privilege should remember that the rules above stated regarding the submission of the completed dissertation, preferably in typewritten form, and, after its provisional approval, the submission of the proof- sheets, continue to apply; and that disregard of these rules may entail the rejection of the printed dissertation or the reprinting of certain portions thereof. Strictly speaking, independent publication is not prohibited, but it involves unnecessary risk, and often unnecessary expense, to the candidate himself.

Series, Journals, etc. When a dissertation is accepted for publication in a scientiﬁc series or journal, edited at Columbia University or elsewhere, or in the memoirs of a scientiﬁc society, or when it is accepted and printed by a general publisher, the same practice should be followed, i.e., the proof-sheets should be sent to the professor in charge of the candidate’s investigations or to the Dean, as the rule or custom of the different Faculties may require. In all such cases the candidate must secure a sufficient number of reprints for deposit with the University, and these reprints must be furnished with the special title-page and the supplementary vita or outline of the candidate’s scholastic record which are required by the regulations of the University Council.

Size of Dissertation. No deﬁnite rule as to the extent or size of a dissertation can be laid down; a mathematical or chemical dissertation may well embody important results in 20 or 30 pages, while one on a philological or historical topic may well demand 100 or more pages. One of the mistakes most frequently made by students is the selection of too broad a topic. If then the original plan is carried out, the dissertation becomes either too bulky or too sketchy. It is likely in either case to include so much that is well known that any real contributions to knowledge which it contains are obscured. When the student perceives that he has made such a mistake, he should ask himself in what direction he has obtained results which seem new and important, and he should so narrow his plan of treatment as to conﬁne himself to this part of his ﬁeld.

Style of Dissertation. The completed dissertation must be written in a clear and acceptable style. “Fine writing ” is not expected or desired, but a slovenly style of composition, or inaccuracies of expression, will operate to the rejection of a dissertation. Technical terms must, of course, be used, and new technical terms must be coined when they are necessary, i.e., when the facts to be stated or the ideas to be presented cannot be expressed in terms intelligible to the layman without sacriﬁce of accuracy or without awkward circumlocution. The need of using technical terms, like the need of using other than verbal symbols, varies greatly in different sciences. In dealing with subjects which can be made intelligible to the layman, the use of technical terms should be avoided whenever this is possible. Above all, the candidate should eschew the not uncommon practice of giving a false air of profundity to a very simple statement by the use of Greek or Latin compounds when English words are adequate; and he should not fancy that a distinction which is of no importance becomes a contribution to science when expressed in novel technical terms which may not be needed.

Period of Candidacy. Reviewing the matters above set forth, the student will perceive that it is impossible to ﬁx upon any deﬁnite number of years as the normal time within which the degree of Doctor of Philosophy should be attained. The regulations demand a minimum period of two years of graduate study, one of which must be spent at this University, before the candidate may be admitted to the general examinations for the degree. It has been found by experience that only an exceptionally gifted student, who has devoted the later years of his undergraduate course largely to studies in the line of his subsequent graduate work, can properly prepare himself for examination on his major and minor subjects within this period; and even in such cases it has rarely happened that a satisfactory dissertation has been completed and printed before the end of a third year. In the great majority of cases three full years of work in residence at Columbia University or elsewhere have been found necessary; and in many cases where a difficult investigation has been undertaken even the best students have been unable to complete the dissertation within three years.

Credit from elsewhere for Residence. Candidates who have spent one or more years in graduate study in other universities should note that the credit given for such work is credit for time of residence only. The acquisition of the master’s degree, at Columbia University or elsewhere, or other certiﬁcation of courses successfully accomplished and examinations passed, does not exempt the candidate from any part of the examination on his subjects.

As regards the maximum period of candidacy the following regulations have been adopted by the University Council:

No person may continue to be a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1) for more than three years after residence at Columbia University has ceased; or (2) for more than six years from the time of initial registration for a higher degree.

Lapse of Candidacy and Restoration. The Committee on Higher Degrees has power to restore to candidacy persons whose time has elapsed under either of the foregoing rules; but this is done only on presentation of cogent reasons, and only for a limited period. The candidate who overruns either of the above periods will act most wisely and in not petitioning for an extension of time until his Restoration dissertation is so nearly completed that he can safely promise its submission before a deﬁnite date; for if he exceeds the extended period a request for a second extension of time is unlikely to be favorably regarded. It will also be advisable for him to obtain from the professor under whose direction he has been working a statement that his dissertation promises to be satisfactory.

Ph. D Association. All men who have received the degree of doctor of philosophy from Columbia University are eligible to membership in the Association of Doctors of Philosophy of Columbia University. The objects of the association are to bring the holders of the degree of doctor of philosophy together socially, to keep them in touch with the University and with one another, and to promote the best interests of the doctorate, of the University, and of the members of the association. Three meetings are held each year,—two during the winter and one at Commencement time. A room in East Hall has been set aside for the use of the Association.

Source: Columbia University. Bulletin of Information. Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy and Pure Science: Instruction for Candidates for the Degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, 1908-10. pp. 7-23.

Economics Courses at 17 U.S. Colleges and Universities 1890-91

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-06

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE,
AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
[1890-91]

Amherst College
Brown University
Bryn Mawr College
Columbia College
Cornell University
Harvard University
Johns Hopkins University
Indiana University
University of Michigan
University of Nebraska
College of New Jersey (Princeton)
University of Pennsylvania
Smith College
Vassar College
Wellesley College
Williams College
Yale University

AMHERST COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

History.—The first course extends through Junior year. It begins with an introductory outline of ancient history, in which the aim is acquaintance with the contributions of each period and people to general civilization. In the fuller study of mediaeval and modern history which follows the same aim is pursued. The political development of England and the United States receives particular attention. The second course extends through the first and second terms of Senior year. Its theme is the political and constitutional history of the United States. In each course the means of instruction are text-books, lectures, regular and frequent examinations, abstracts and essays upon topics assigned each student.

Political Economy.—The course extends through Senior year. The first term is devoted to theoretical political economy ; the second to the Labor Question, Socialism, and the relations of the state to transportation; the third to Finance, the Principles of Taxation, Public Credit, and Tariffs.

International Law.—This study is one of the electives of the third term of Senior year.

The methods of instruction in political economy and international law are like those in history.
Annual tuition fee, full college course, $110.
No scholarships nor prizes in department above mentioned.

BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(4) Political and Constitutional History of European and American States during recent years. 3 hrs., first half-year, Seniors, Prof. Jameson.
(5) History of International Law during recent years. 3 hrs., second half-year, Seniors, Prof. Jameson.
And four Honor Courses.

POLITICAL ECONOMY

(1) Elementary Course. 3 hrs., first half-year, Seniors, Mr. Fisher.
(2) Advanced Course. 3 hrs., second half-year, Seniors, Mr. Fisher.
And Honor Courses.

Tuition fee, $100.
The University has about one hundred scholarships, details concerning which can be learned from the Registrar.

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, BRYN MAWR, PA. (For Women.)

Programme for 1891 includes:

POLITICAL SCIENCE:
MINOR COURSE.

First Semester.—Political Economy.
Second Semester.—Political Institutions.

MAJOR COURSE.

First Semester.—Advanced Political Economy, Administration.
Second Semester.—International Law, and in alternate years Political Theories.

GRADUATE COURSE INCLUDES:

Modern Theories of Sociology. Franklin H. Giddings, Associate in Political Science.

Tuition irrespective of number courses attended, $100 a year.
Five fellowships are awarded annually, none, however, in foregoing studies. They entitle the holder to free tuition, a furnished room in the college buildings, and $350 yearly.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY.

University Faculty of Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(1) Mediaeval History. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Dunning.
(2) Modern History to 1815. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Goodnow.
(3) Modern History since 1815. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(4) Political and Constitutional History of Europe. 4 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Burgess.
(5) Political and Constitutional History of England to 1688. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Osgood.
(6) Political and Constitutional History of England since 1688. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Osgood.
(7) Political and Constitutional History of the United States. 4 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Burgess.
(8) History of New York State. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Mr. Whitridge.
(9) History of the Relations Between England and Ireland, 1 hour through the year, Prof. Dunning.
(10) Historical and Political Geography. 1 hour through the year, Prof. Goonnow
(11) Seminarium in European History. 2 hours through the year, Prof. Osgood.
(12) Seminarium in American History. 2 hours through the year. Prof. Burgess.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(1) Elements of Political Economy. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Osgood.
(2) Historical and Practical Political Economy. 3 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(3) History of Economic Theories. 2 hours through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(4) Socialism and Communism. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(5) Science of Finance. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(6) Financial History of the United States. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(7) Tariff History of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Prof. Seligman.
(8) State and Local Taxation. 1 hour per week through the year, Dr. Spahr.
(9) Statistics, Methods, and Results. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(10) Railroad Problems. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(11) Ethnology. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(12) Seminarium in Political Economy. 2 hours per week through the year, Profs. R. M. Smith and Seligman.
(13) Seminarium in Finance. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(14) Seminarium in Social Science and Statistics. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

(1) Comparative Constitutional Law of Europe and the United States. 3 hours per week. Prof. Burgess.
(2) Comparative Constitutional Law of the Commonwealths of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Dr. Bernheim.
(3) Administrative Organization and the Civil Service of Europe and the United States. 3 hours per week, 1st session, Prof. Goodnow.
(4) Administrative Action: Police Power, Education, Public Charity, Transportation, etc. 3 hours a week, 2d session. Prof. Goodnow.
(5) Local Government. 2 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Goodnow.
(6) Municipal Government. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Goodnow.
(7) Law of Taxation. 1 hour through the year, Prof. Goodnow.
(8) City and State Politics. 1 hour per week through the year, Dr. Bernheim.
(9) Seminarium in Constitutional Law. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Burgess.
(10) Seminarium in Administrative Law. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Goodnow.

DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

(1) General History of Diplomacy. 2 hours per week, 1st session, Pi of. Burgess.
(2) Diplomatic History of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Dr. Bancroft.
(3) Principles of International Law. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Prof. Burgess.
(4) Seminarium in International Law. 2 hours per week through the year. Prof. Burgess and Dr. Bancroft.

LEGAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE.

(1) History of European Law to Justinian. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(2) History of European Law from Justinian to the present day. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(3) Comparative Jurisprudence. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(4) International Private Law. 1 hour per week through the year. Prof. Munroe Smith.
(5) Seminarium in Comparative Legislation. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Munroe Smith.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

(1) History of Political Theories, Ancient and Mediaeval. 3 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Dunning.
(2) History of Modern Political Theories. 3 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Dunning.
(3) Seminarium in Political Theories of the 19th Century. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Dunning.

Some of the foregoing courses are given only in alternate years. During 1891-92 several new courses will be offered in History and in Sociology.

The course of study covers three years. The degree of A. B. or Ph.B. is conferred at the end of the first year, A.M. at the end of the second, and Ph.D. at the end of the third.
Tuition fee $150 a year, reducible on application to $100. Tuition fee for special courses, $10 for each one-hour course. Twenty-four University Fellowships of $500 each with free tuition, designed to foster original research, are awarded to advanced students in the University. A proportionate number are allotted to the Faculty of Political Science. Four additional fellowships of $250 each, with free tuition, are awarded annually to advanced students of Political Science. Three prize lectureships of $500 each for three years are awarded to graduates in Political Science.

For further information address the Registrar.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(4) Political and Social History of Europe During the Middle Ages. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(5) Political and Social History of Europe from the Renaissance to the French Revolution. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(6) Political and Social History of England from the Saxon Invasion to the Close of the Napoleonic Wars. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(7) Political, Social, and Constitutional History of Europe from Beginning of French Revolution of 1789 to the Franco-German War of 1870. 1 hr. thrice a week. Several lectures in this course from ex-Pres. White and Pres. Adams.
(12) American Constitutional History and American Constitutional Law. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Tyler.
(13) American Historical Seminary for Seniors and Graduates, and for Juniors and Seniors. The original investigation of subjects in American Constitutional History. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Tyler.
(14) History of Institutions. Fall term: General principles of political organization. Winter term: Growth of the English Constitution. Spring term: Methods of municipal administration. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(15) International Law and History of Diplomacy. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(16) Literature of Political Science. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(17) General Seminary. Study, from the sources, of obscure political and historical questions. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Tuttle.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(19) Elementary course. Principles of Political Economy. Banking. Financial Legislation of the United States. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Laughlin.
(20) Advanced Course. Discussion of economic writers and systems. Investigation of current economic topics: Bimetallism, Shipping, Railway Transportation. 1 hr. twice a week. Prof. Laughlin.
(21) History of Tariff Legislation of the United States. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Laughlin.
(22) Economic seminary. hrs. a week, Prof. Laughlin.

SOCIAL SCIENCE.

(26) Social Science, including the History and Management of Charitable and Penal Institutions. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Collin.

Tuition fee, $125 a year.

Fellowships, eight in number, yielding $400 for one year, or in cases of remarkable merit for two years, are offered for high proficiency in advanced study, without special reference to foregoing departments.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Department of Political Economy, 1890-91, includes:

PRIMARILY FOR UNDERGRADUATES

(1) First half-year: Mill’s Principles of Political Economy. Second half-year: Division A (Theoretical)—Mill’s Principles of Political Economy. Cairnes’ Leading Principles of Political Economy. Division B (Descriptive)—Money, Finance, Railroads; Social Questions; Laughlin’s History of Bimetallism. Dunbar’s Chapters on Banking. Hadley’s Railroad Transportation. Lectures. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Taussig, assisted by Mr, Cole.

All students in Course 1 will have the same work during the first half-year, but will be required in January to make their election between Divisions A and B for the second half- year. The work in Division A is required for admission to Course 2.

(4) Economic History of Europe and America since the Seven Years’ War. Lectures and written work. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Dunbar, assisted by Mr. Cole.

COURSES FOR GRADUATES AND UNDERGRADUATES.

(2) History of Economic Theory. Examination of Selections from Leading Writers. Socialism. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Taussig and Mr. Brooks.
(3) Investigation and Discussion of Practical Economic Questions. 1 hr. twice a week (first half-year), counting as a half course, Mr. Brooks.
(6) History of Tariff Legislation in the United States. Half course. 1 hr. thrice a week (second half-year). Asst. Prof. Taussig.
(8) History of Financial Legislation in the United States. 1 hr. twice a week (second half-year), counting as a half-course, Prof. Dunbar.
(7) Public Finance and Banking. Leroy-Beaulieu’s Science des Finances. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Dunbar.
(9) Railway Transportation. 1 hr. twice a week (second half-year), counting as a half- course, Asst. Prof. Taussig.

PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES.

(20) Courses of Research.—Advanced Study and Research. Prof. Dunbar and Asst. Prof. Taussig.

Department of History, 1890-91, includes among Courses for Undergraduates:

(2) Constitutional Government (elementary course). Half course. 1 hr. thrice a week (first half-year), Prof. Macvane.
(9) Constitutional History of England to the Sixteenth Century. 1 hr. thrice a week, Dr. Gross.
(13) Constitutional and Political History of the United States (1783-1861). 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Hart.
(15) Elements of International Law. History of Treaties. 1 hr. thrice a week, Dr. Snow.
(22) Constitutional History of England to the Tudor Period, with attention to the sources. Dr. Gross.
(25) English Constitutional History from the Tudor Period to the Accession of George I. Mr. Bendelari.
(26) History of American Institutions to 1783. Asst. Prof. Channing.
(27) Constitutional Development of the United States. Discussion of Constitutional principles in connection with historical questions. Asst. Prof. Hart.
(29) Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George I. Second half- year. Prof. Macvane and Asst. Prof. Channing.
(30) Federal Government: historical and comparative. 1 hr. thrice a week (first half- year), Asst. Prof. Hart.
(31) Leading Principles of Constitutional Law: selected cases, American and English. 1 hr. thrice a week (second half-year), Prof. Macvane.
(32) The Historical Development of International Law. Dr. Snow.

And among Courses of Research:
(20b) The History of Local Government During the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain: Seminary. Dr. Gross.
(20c) English History in the Period of the Long Parliament: Seminary. Mr. Bendelari.

The full annual tuition fee of a graduate student is $150. If a student has a degree in Arts, Letters, or Science, he enters the Graduate School, and finds any Courses in Political Science open to him which there is prima facie reason to suppose him prepared to take. If he has no degree he must apply for admission as a Special Student. Good cases are always favorably acted upon. The tuition fees of special students are: For any full elective course, $45; for a half course, $25 a year.

Among Fellowships are: One having income $450, for the study of Political Economy; another, income $500, for the study of Social Science; another, income $450, for the study of Ethics in its relation to Jurisprudence or to Sociology; another, income $450, assigned to students of Constitutional or International Law.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD.

Department of History and Politics, 1890-91, includes:

GRADUATE AND ADVANCED COURSES.

(1) The Seminary of History and Politics for original investigation in American Institutional, educational, economic, and social history. Two hours weekly through the year, Dr. Herbert B. Adams.
(2) Early History of Institutions and Greek Politics. Two hours weekly, first half year. Dr. Herbert B. Adams.
(3) History of Prussia, devoting particular attention to the economic, administrative, and educational reforms instituted by Baron vom Stein. Herbert B. Adams.
(4) Lectures on Historical and Comparative Jurisprudence. Two hours weekly, through the year, Mr. Emmott.
(5) Finance and Taxation, giving special attention to taxation in American states and cities, and reviewing the tariff legislation of the United States. Two hours weekly, through the year, Dr. R. T. Ely.
(6) Economic Conference. Three out of four of these treat Adam Smith and his English and Scotch predecessors. The fourth is devoted to recent economic periodical literature. One evening each week, Dr. R. T. Ely.
(7) Dr. Woodrow Wilson gives twenty-five lectures upon Administration, beginning a new three-year series. The lectures of 1891 cover general questions of Public Law as connected with Administration, and examine the question of a professional civil service.
(8) Mr. J. M. Vincent lectures on courses of history and science of historical investigation.
(9) Dr. C. L. Smith lectures on social science.

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES.

(1) Greek and Roman History. Three hours weekly, from January until June.
(2) Outlines of European History (substitute for Course 1). Three hours weekly, from January until June, with Dr. C. L. Smith.
(3) History, Minor course: Herodotus and Thucydides, in translation. Weekly through the year, with a classical instructor.
(4) History, Minor course: Livy and Tacitus, in the original. Four times weekly, with classical instructors.
(5) History, Major course: Church History; Mediaeval and Modern Europe. Daily through the year, with Dr. Adams and Dr. C. L. Smith.
(6) Political Science, Minor course: introduction to Political Economy. Daily through the year, with Dr. Ely.
(7) Political Science, Major course: International Law and Diplomatic History; English and American Constitutional History. Daily, with Dr. Adams and Mr. Emmott.

Fee for tuition, Full University Course, $125 a year. Special students, not candidates for a degree, can follow certain courses, not exceeding five lectures weekly (of which a list may be seen in Treasurer’s office), on payment of $50 a year.

Twenty Fellowships, each yielding $500, but not exempting holder from charges for tuition, are annually awarded in the University. These are bestowed almost exclusively on young men desirous of becoming teachers of science and literature, or who propose to devote their lives to special branches of learning. There are also twenty scholarships of $200 each annually; and in addition, scholarships for candidates from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and the District of Columbia, details concerning which are given in the University Register.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, IND.

Department of History, Economics and Social Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.
PROF. EARL BARNES.

English Constitution and its History. 1st and 2d terms, daily.
History of the Constitution of the United States, 1774-1789. 1st term, daily.
American Political History, 1789-1890. Politics and Administration. 2d term, daily.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
PROF. J. W. JENKS.

Political Economy. 3 times a week, 1st and 2d terms.
Politics, elementary. Twice a week, 1st and 2d terms.
History of Political Economy. 5 times a week, 3d term.
Introduction to Sociology. 3 times a week, 1st term.
Introductory Course in Statistics. Twice a week, 1st term.
Social Problems. 5 times a week, 2d term.
History of Political Ideas. 5 times a week, 3d term.
Comparative Politics. Daily, 1st term.
Finance. 3 times a week, 2d and 3d terms.
Economic Seminary, for advanced students. Once a week, two-hour sessions.

Tuition free. A silver medal is offered annually by the Cobden Club, London, for the best work in Political Economy, Senior Class.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR.

Departments of Political Economy, International Law, History, and Philosophy, 1890-91, includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY
First Semester.

(1) Principles of Political Economy. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Adams.
(3) Principles of the Science of Finance. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Adams.
(5) History of Economic Thought. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Adams.
(9) Seminary in Economics. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Adams.
(11) Foreign Relations of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Mr. Hicks.

Second Semester.

(2) Unsettled Questions in Political Economy. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Adams.
(4) Social and Industrial Reforms. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Adams.
(6) Tariff Legislation in the United States. 1 hr. a week, Mr. Hicks.
(10) Seminary in Economics. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Adams.
(12) Foreign Relations of the United States. 2 hrs. a week, Mr. Hicks.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.
First Semester.

(1) Lectures on International Law. 1 hr. twice a week, Pres. Angell.

Second Semester.

(2) History of Treaties. 1 hr. twice a week, Pres. Angell.

HISTORY.
First Semester.

(3) Constitutional History of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(5) Constitutional Law of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(11) Seminary. Constitutional History of the United States. 2 hrs. a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(12) Comparative Constitutional Law. 3 hrs. a week, Prof. Hudson.

Second Semester.

(1) Political and Constitutional History of England. 1 hr. thrice a week, Mr. McPherson.

(4) Constitutional History of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

PHILOSOPHY.
Second Semester.

(13) Seminary. Studies in the History of Political Philosophy. Prof. Dewey.

The fees are: matriculation, for citizens of Michigan, $10; for others, $25. Annual fee in the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, in which foregoing studies are included, $20 for citizens of Michigan, $30 for others.

No scholarships. The one fellowship is for proficiency in Greek and Latin.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN.

Department of Economic and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

(1) Political Economy: General study of the subject, with the use of some text as Walker, Ely, or Andrews. Lectures on the character and history of the science, and on specific application of its principles to practical affairs. Topical reports from students required, and exercises assigned in the use of statistics. Junior or Senior Year; First and second terms, three hours.
(2) Taxation ; text and lectures. Junior or Senior Year: Third term, three hours.
(3) International Law: Outline study of the subject, with text. Third term, three hours.
(4) Municipal Administration: Comparative study of the City Governments of the present time, with especial reference to American practice in the administrative branches. First and second terms, two hours.
(5) Constitutional Law: A study of Cooley’s text-book, and lectures on the industrial bearings of the complex limitations imposed by our State and local constitutions. Third term, three hours.
(6) Private Corporations: First term, a comparative and historical view of corporation law in its economic aspects; second term, Railroad Problems; third term, Special reports on assigned topics involving original research. Whole year, two hours.
(7) Charities and Corrections: Lectures, study of reports of the State Boards and of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and visits to the charitable and penal institutions of the vicinity; third term, three hours.
(8) Methods of Legislating; A comparative view of the rules and practice of modern legislative assemblies, with special reference to the machinery of congressional and legislative action in the United States; first term, one hour,

All the above are taught by Associate Professor Warner. In the other departments Professor Kingsley offers a course in Anthropology, and many of the courses in History deal with the historical aspects of economic and industrial problems, and with the History of Institutions.

The terms of the year are respectively 14, 11, and 11 weeks. No scholarships. No fees.

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PRINCETON, N. J.

Departments of History and Political Science, and Jurisprudence and Political Economy, 1890-91, include:

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.
PROF. SLOANE.

(7) Constitutional and Political History of England since 1688. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term. Open to Juniors and Seniors.
(8) American Political History. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Open to Juniors and Seniors.
(9) Comparative Politics. Origin and Theory of the State. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term. Open to Seniors.
(10) History of Political Theories. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Open to Seniors.
(11) Contrasts between Parliamentary and Congressional Governments. 2 hrs. a week, 1st or 2d term. Open to Graduate Students.

JURISPRUDENCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.
PROF. WOODROW WILSON.

(1) In Public Law, its evidence as to the nature of the state and as to the character and scope of political sovereignty. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term, alternate years. Junior and Senior elective.
(3) American Constitutional Law, state and federal. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term, alternate years. Junior and Senior elective.
(5) Administration. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term, alternate years. Senior elective, and open to Graduate Students.
(7) Political Economy: Elementary course. Walker’s Elementary Political Economy, and lectures. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Required of Juniors.
(8) Political Economy: Advanced course. 2 his. a week, 1st term. Senior elective.

Academic tuition fee, $100 per an.

Admission to special courses on terms detailed in College Catalogue, p. 26.

A fellowship of $500 annually is offered in Social Science. Several fellowships in other departments of the academic course are also offered.

Among prizes are: Annual interest on $1000 for best examination. Senior class, Political Science; same, Political Economy; $50, American Political History; annual interest on $1000, best debater, American Politics.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(3) Constitution of the United States. 2 hrs. each week, Prof. Thompson.
(4) Political and Social History of Europe since 1760. 3 hrs., Mr. Cheyney.
(6) Economic and Social History of Europe singe 1789. 2 hrs., Mr. Cheyney.
(7) American Political and Social History, Colonial. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. McMaster.
(8) Church and State in America. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. Thompson.
(9) American Political and Social History (Washington to Jackson). 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. McMaster.
(10) Economic History of the United States. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Thompson.
(13) American Political and Social History (1825-1889). 4 hrs., 1st term, Prof. McMaster.
(14) American Constitutional History (1776-1889). 3 hrs., 2d term. Prof. McMaster.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

(1) Political Economy, elementary. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. Patten.
(2) Currency and Banking. 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Patten.
(3) Social Science. 2 hrs., Prof. Thompson.
(4) Social Science, advanced. 3 hrs., 1st term. Prof. Thompson.
(5) Political Economy, advanced, 3 hrs., 1st term. Prof. Patten.
(6) Political Economy, History of. 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Patten.
(7) Revenue System in the United States and leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(8) History and Theories of. Public Finance, especially of Taxation. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. James.
(9) Statistics. 2 hrs., 2d term, Dr. Falkner.

PUBLIC LAW AND POLITICS.

(1) Constitution of the United States. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(2) State Constitutional Law. 2 hrs., 2d term. Dr. Thorpe.
(3) History and Theory of the State. 1 hr., 2d term, Prof. James.
(4) Constitutions of leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. James.
(5) Public Administration in the United States. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(6) Public Administration in leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Jamss.

SEMINARIES.

(1) In Political Science. Prof. James.
(2) In Political Economy. Prof. Patten.

Fees, $150 a year for undergraduate work, and the same for graduate work without the fee for examination for advanced degree.

Five honorary scholarships are granted to graduates of any reputable American college; these make free all instruction in the graduate work of the University relating to subjects studied in the Wharton School.

The Wharton School is a unique endeavor to introduce a business course into the body of advanced college work, to make the college mean at least as much to the business man as to the professional classes.

SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASS. (For Women.)

Course for 1890-91 includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, ETC.
PROF. J. B. CLARK.

Political Economy, Lectures, with use of Laughlin’s Political Economy and Clark’s Philosophy of Wealth. Senior year, fall term.
Political Economy and Political Science, with special readings. Winter term
Political History of the United States, and Political Economy, Lectures. Summer term.

Tuition fee for all students, regular, special and graduate, $100 a year.

Annual scholarships of $50 and $100 each have been established to assist meritorious students.

VASSAR COLLEGE, POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. (For Women.)

The Department of History and Economics, 1890-91, includes:

In the Senior year an advanced course is offered for the critical study of the origin and development of the English and American constitutions and a comparative study of the existing political institutions of the two countries.

In American history the work includes the study of the government of the individual colonies, the different attempts, to form a union, and the adoption of the present constitution.

(1) Principles of Economics. Recitations from Walker’s Political Economy and Jevons’ Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. First semester, elect for Seniors. Associate Professor Mills.
(2) Advanced Course. Special topics. Lectures and investigation. Second semester, elective for Seniors who have had Course 1. Associate Professor Mills.

Tuition, day students, $115 a year.

Several scholarships are offered, particulars of which are given in Calendar.

WELLESLEY COLLEGE, WELLESLEY, MASS. (For Women).

The Department of History, Political Science, and Political Economy, 1889-90, includes:

HISTORY.

(1) Political History of England and the United States: England, first semester; United States, second semester.

(4) Constitutional History of England and United States: England, first semester, Coman’s Outlines; United States, second semester. Hart’s Outlines.

(6) Political Science: lectures on Grecian and Roman methods of government, twice a week, first semester; lectures on the history of political institutions, twice a week, second semester.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(1) Economic Science, first semester. Authorities, Mill, Marshall, Walker.

(2) Economic and Social Problems, second semester. Lectures and special topics.

No text-books are used. Each class is provided with printed outlines, and adequate references to the best authorities. Lectures are given where guidance is needed, but the student is made responsible for a large amount of independent library work.

Tuition, $150 a year.

There are more than twenty scholarships, details of which are given in calendar.

WILLIAMS COLLEGE, WILLIAMSTOWN, MASS.

Department of Political Economy and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

Political Economy is a prescribed study, running through the 2d and 3d terms (33 weeks). 3 times a week, Prof. A. L. Perry.
Political Science is an elective study, running through all the terms beginning with the 1st of Junior Year. The basis of instruction is the text of the Constitution, interpreted in the light of decisions of the Supreme Court. Prof, A. L. Perry.
In 3d term of Senior Year two hours a week are given to Sociology. Prof. J. Bascom.

History includes principles and methods of historical study as applied to the politics and institutions of Europe.

Fee for tuition, per year, $105.

Perry prizes, $50 and $25 respectively, are awarded in History and Political Science.

The Cobden Club, of London, offers a silver medal annually for the highest proficiency in Political Economy.

YALE UNIVERSITY, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Departments of Political Science and Law and History, 1890-91, include:

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(10) Political Economy, its elements, recent financial history of the United States, with lectures on elementary principles. 2 hrs., both terms. Prof. Sumner.
(11) Political Economy. A one-year course planned to give a comprehensive knowledge of essentials to those whose chief interest lies in other departments of study. 3 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.

(Courses 12 to 15 are open only to those who have taken Course 10.)

(12) Advanced Political Economy. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.
(13) Finance. 1 hr., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner
(14) School of Political Economy, for those who make this their chief study during the year. Prof. Sumner and Dr. Schwab.
(15) Social Science, an elementary course. 1 hr., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.
(16) Industrial History of the United States since 1850. Open only to those who have already studied Political Economy. 2 hrs., first term (Seniors), Prof. Hadley.
(17) Modern Economic Theories. 2 hrs., 2d term (Seniors), Prof. Hadley.

LAW.

(18) Includes constitutional and international law. Open only to those who take Course 19. 2 hrs., 2d term (Seniors), Prof. Phelps.
(19) Jurisprudence. Includes law in its relation to the origin, development and government of political society, nature and origin of legal rights, and principles of the law governing rights in land. 2 hrs., 1st term (Seniors), Prof. Robinson.

HISTORY.

(20) History of Europe since 1789, mainly political. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Wheeler.
(21) English History, political and constitutional. 3 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Wheeler.
(22) American History. In the national period special attention is given to the rise and progress of political parties. 2 hrs., both terms (Juniors), Prof. C. H. Smith.
(23) American History. Study of the Constitution and Supreme Court interpretations. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. C. H. Smith.
(24) Europe from 1520 to 1789. With special attention to political history. 2 hrs., both terms, Prof. Adams.

The foregoing are among the elective courses. Juniors select nine hours per week, and Seniors select fifteen. The no. of hrs. specified means hrs. per week.

The fee for graduate instruction is generally $100 per annum, but may be more or less according to the course pursued. A variety of fellowships and prizes are offered, none, however, specifically in foregoing courses.

________________________

Source: The Society for Political Education. The Reader’s guide in Economic, Social and Political Science, being a classified bibliography, American, English, French and German, with descriptive notes, author, title and subject index, courses of reading, college courses, etc., R. R. Bowker and George Iles, eds. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891, pp. 129-137.

Chicago Columbia Economists Michigan

Chicago, Columbia, Michigan. Henry Simons Coursework, 1916-1926

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-05

George Stigler’s research file for his paper “Henry Calvert Simons” (The Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1974), pp. 1-5) includes the following artifacts that provide us with a complete, or at least near complete, listing of undergraduate and graduate coursework of the “Crown Prince of that hypothetical kingdom, the Chicago school of economics” — Stigler wisecracking at the start of his otherwise serious biographical essay on Henry Simons.

The 1968 International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences biography of Simons.

_____________________________________

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

1513 LS&A Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

[June 1972]

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

RE: HENRY CALVERT SIMONS

The following are the descriptive titles of courses pursued, together with the hours of credit earned and grades received by Henry Calvert Simons while a student in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, of The University of Michigan. He was in attendance during the years 1916-1920.

Course	Descriptive Title	Semester Hours	Grade
	1916-20
Latin 1	Cicero, Essays	4	B
Latin 2	Livy. Book I or XXI. Plautus, Terence.	4	B
Latin 3	Horace	4	B
Latin 4b	The Letters of Pliny the Younger	2	B
French 1a	Elementary French for Juniors & Seniors	4	D
French 2a	Elementary French for Juniors & Seniors	4	B
Rhetoric 1	Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
Rhetoric 2	Continuation of Course 1	3	B
Rhetoric 3	Advanced Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
Rhetoric 4	Advanced Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
History W1	The Issues of the War; an exposition of the Causes & Significances of the Great War	3	B
Political Economy and Sociology
1	Elements of Political Economy, I	5	B
7	Essentials of Economic Theory	2	A
2	Elements of Political Economy, II	5	B
38	Principles of Accounting, I	4	A
37	Corporation Finance	2	A
6	Railway Problems	3	A
13b	Studies in Economic Theory	2	A
9	Banking and Foreign Exchange	3	A
15	Corporations	3	A
39	Principles of Accounting, II	4	B-
40	Cost Accounting	3	C-
8a	Economic Statistics	2	B
10	Money, Credit, and the Level of Prices	3	A
13	Studies in Economic Theory	2	B
16	Public Service Industries	2	A
18	Research Work	1	B
43	Auditing and Special Accounting Systems	3	D-
43a	Income Tax Procedure	2	C-
Math 1	Algebra, Trigonometry, & Analytic Geometry	4	B
Math 2	Plane Analytic Geometry	4	B
Math 51	Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Interest and Insurance, I	3	B
Math 52	Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Interest and Insurance, II	3	B
Math 3a	Calculus, Shorter Course, I	3	B
Math 4a	Calculus, Shorter Course, II	3	A
Chemistry 1	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Chemistry 1a	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	A
Chemistry 2	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Chemistry 2a	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Military 4	The Basic Group	4	No grade is given

December 3, 1920—Henry Calvert Simons was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. With a Business Certificate, and Diploma.

_____________________________________

THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240

College of Business Administration
Department of Economics
Area 319: 353-5128

June 30, 1972

Professor George J. Stigler
Department of Economics and Business
University of Chicago
Chciago, Illinois 60637

Dear Professor Stigler:

I am responding to your inquiry about information on Professor Henry C. Simons when he was at the University of Iowa. Unfortunately, I have not been able to find much useful information…

…The Personnel office gave me the following background from his file which is rather sterile information.

He received his B. A. from Michigan and began his appointment at Iowa, January 8, 1921 as an Assistant in Principles and Assistant in railroads, at a salary of $1,900. In 1925-26 he was on a leave of absence, but no indication as to where it was spent. [see University of Chicago transcript below] He became an assistant professor of economics in 1926 at a salary of $2,750…

Sincerely yours,

[signed]

Jerald R. Barnard
Associate Professor and Chairman

_____________________________________

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
in the City of New York
New York, N.Y 10027

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR

Philosophy Hall
July 19, 1972

Mr. George J. Stigler
The University of Chicago
Haskell Hall
Chicago 37, Illinois

Dear Mr. Stigler:

I have your letter of June 26^th concerning Henry Calvert Simons.

A careful check of our records indicates that he was with us as a student only during the Summer Session of 1922. He registered for two graduate courses in economics taught by Prof. Herbert J. Davenport. One course was in Pubic Finance and the other was the Theory of Price Competition. For reasons which I do not entirely understand, he did not receive a grade in either course.

I hope this information will be helpful to you.

Very truly yours,

[signed]

Charles P. Hurd
Registrar

_____________________________________

The University of Chicago
Office of the Recorder

Matr. No. 104903
Name             Henry Calvert Simons, Jr.
Date of Matriculation          June 18, 1923
Home Address          College of Commerce, U. of Ia, Iowa City, Ia

Church Affiliation

Membership Presbyterian
Preference [blank]

The Student’s degree of A. B. judged equal to the Degree of Ph. B. from the U. of C., lacking [blank] majors. Equivalence established by the University Examiner 7.17, 1930

Candidacy for the Degree of Ph. D. in the Dep’ts of 1. Economics 2. [blank]
recomm. by H. A. Millis 3.25, 1930
Approved by the Faculty 8. 9, 1930.

The Graduate School Record of Work

Majors taken	Abs.	Grade	Majors Credit	Grade Points
SUMMER QR. 1923
POL.EC.-mj.31-Advanced Banking		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.40X-Org.Labor in Am.Indust.Soc		C	1
POL.EC.-mj.65-Government Finance		B	1
SUMMER QR. 1924
POL.EC.-mj.16-Hist.of Econ.Thought		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.45-Types of Econ.Organiz’n.		A	½
POL.EC.-mj.62-Probs.of Federal Aid (Visitor)
POL.EC.-mj.67-State Finance & Taxation		A	1
SUMMER QR. 1925
POL.EC.-mj.311-Statistical Theory		p	1
POL.EC.-mj.353-Internat.Economic Policies		A	1
ED.-m.321A-Financial Administration (Visitor)
ED.-m.321B -Financial Administration (Visitor)
WINTER QR. 1926
POL.EC.-mj.220-Economic Hist.of U.S.		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.312-Statistical Graphics		p	1
POL.EC.-mj.461-Research in Gov’t Finance		p	1
SPRING QR. 1926
POL.EC.-mj.303-Mod.Tendencies in Economics		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.462 Research in Gov’t Finance		inc.

French Exams passed 9.2.26 SEP
SUMMER QR. 1927 1^st Term
GER.-1010-German for Reading Req’ts (non-cr.) German Examination Passed OCT

Source: University of Chicago Archives. George Stigler Papers, Box 2, Folder “1972 GJS folder on H. Simons: Sources for articles in Dict. of Am. Biog. & Apr. 74 JLE”.

_____________________________________

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1923]

[Political Economy] 31. Advanced Banking.—A review of the elementary principles of bank credit will be followed by a brief discussion of foreign banking systems. The purpose of this will be to ascertain wherein, from an institutional point of view, the organization of American banking systems has been influenced by European methods. The course will conclude with an investigation of such topics as agricultural credit, the trade acceptance, the bank acceptance, check collections and clearances, and the problems of Federal Reserve management. The internal problems of bank management are not emphasized. Rather the endeavor is to show the manner in which economic principles work themselves out through the instrumentality of our financial institutions. Prerequisite: course 3 [The Financial Organization of Society] or its equivalent. Mj. 1:30, Professor [Harold Lyle] Reed [Professor of Finance and Banking, Washington University]. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26.]

[Political Economy] 40X. Organized Labor in American Industrial Society.—An advanced course, covering much the same ground as 40B [Collective Bargaining and Industrial Arbitration]. After obtaining the needed background in the extent of union organization and in union methods and policies, a study is made of collective bargaining and struggles between organized labor and employers in typical industries. Following this an examination is made of the law as ti is applied to organized labor and employers. The last part of the course is devoted to the mediation and the arbitration of industrial disputes. The course is designed primarily for students who desire a concrete and detailed knowledge of organized labor not to be obtained from a general course and who cannot take 40A [Trade Unionism] and 40B [Collective Bargaining and Industrial Arbitration]. Prerequisite: course 4 [The Worker in Modern Economic Society] or its equivalent. Mj. 10:00, Professor [Harry Alvin] Millis. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26.]

[Political Economy] 65. Principles of Government Finance.—This course deals with public expenditure, budgetary methods, public revenues, and public debt. Its purpose is to give a working knowledge of public financial institutions and practices and, more especially, an understanding of financial principles. About half of the quarter is devoted to the theory and practice of taxation. Special attention is paid to war finance. Some of the leading topics discussed are: the growth and amount of public outlays; the principles which should be observed in making appropriations; budgetary methods; the sources of revenue; public industries and price-making; fees and special assessments; the principles of taxation; the more important kinds of taxes; bonds versus taxes in war finance; the principles which should be observed in borrowing; the management of national and local debts. Prerequisite: course 1 [Principles of Economics II: Value and Distribution in Industrial Society] and 27 majors. Mj. 9:00, Associate Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26-27.]

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1924]

[Political Economy] 16. History of Economic Thought.—Attention is given throughout to the determining factors of economic thought as found in industrial conditions and in general political and social philosophy. The students are expected to make use so far as possible of primary sources. Prerequisite: 4 majors in the Department. Mj. 10:00, Professor [John Maurice] Clark. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 23.]

[Political Economy] 45. Types of Economic Organization.—An examination of the various forms of economic organization that have been proposed, including the Utopias, Individualism, Marxian Socialism, Collectivism, the Single Tax, Syndicalism, and Guild-Socialism. Constant comparison will be made between these forms and the present structure of society. M. First Term, 2:30, Associate Professor [Paul H.] Douglas. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 24.]

[Political Economy] 62. The Problems of Federal Aid.—A semi-research course, which is designed to analyze the economic and fiscal relations between the federal and state governments. The systems of grants-in-aid given in other countries and of state aid in this country will be first considered. The major portion of the course will deal with the specific federal aid laws enacted by the national government and their administrative history. An attempt will be made to work out standards of federal and state action. M. First Term, 3:30, Associate Professor [Paul H.] Douglas. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 24.]

[Political Economy] 67. Federal and State Taxation Problems.—This course will deal in some detail with current problems of income, inheritance, property, and commodity taxation in federal and state finance in the United States. Students entering this course will be expected to have had a general course in government finance and a substantial knowledge of the principles and methods of taxation on their part will be taken for granted. Mj. 9:00 Associate Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, pp. 67-8.]

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1925]

[Political Economy] 311. Statistical Theory.—Mj. Summer, 8:00, Professor [James Alfred] Field. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-1926, p. 148]

[Political Economy] 353. International Economic Policies.—Mj. Summer, 10:00, Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-1926, p. 149]

[University of Chicago, Winter Quarter, 1926]

[Political Economy] 220. Economic History of the United States.—Mj. Professor [Chester Whitney] Wright. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 146]

[Political Economy] 312. Statistical Graphics and Tabulation.—Mj. Professor [James Alfred] Field. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 148]

[Political Economy] 461. Research in Government Finance.—Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 149]

[University of Chicago, Spring Quarter, 1926]

[Political Economy] 303. Modern Tendencies in Economics.—Mj. Professor [John Maurice] Clark. . [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 147]

[Political Economy] 462. Research in Government Finance.—Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 149]

IMAGE SOURCE: University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-07613, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Tags Simons

Chicago Suggested Reading

Chicago. History of Economic Thought. Frank Knight, 1946

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-03

This is now the fifth course reading list I have posted from the valuable collection of University of Chicago lecture notes taken by the economist Norman Kaplan. The other four syllabi are from courses taught by Douglas, Friedman, Lange, and Mints. Today we have the “Working Bibliography” that Frank Knight provided students taking his graduate course on the history of economic thought. I have managed to add a good number of links to the items he cited just as I have for the analogous course offered at Harvard by Joseph Schumpeter in 1940.

Incidentally, the distinguished economic historian Stanley Engerman is the person to whom we all owe an enormous debt of gratitude. Professor Engerman was a colleague and friend of Norman Kaplan at the University of Rochester. After Kaplan’s death Engerman helped sort through the papers left in his deceased colleague’s office, spotted the extraordinary collection of extensive student notes for Kaplan’s years at the University of Chicago and then had the notes shipped to the University of Chicago Archives.

___________________________

[Course Announcement]

[Economics] 302. History of Economic Thought. Brief survey of the whole field of economic thought and a more intensive study of the “classical school” of British economists, whose doctrines are studied in relation to the problems and discussions of today. Prereq: Econ 301 or equiv. Win: TuThu 3:30-5; Knight.

Source: University of Chicago, Announcements–The College and the Divisions, Sessions of 1945-1946, p. 216.

___________________________

ECONOMICS 302
HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
Winter 1946

Working Bibliography

General Character of the Course: A very brief survey of economic thought prior to the “classical school,” with chief attention devoted to the latter, especially to the price and distribution theory of Smith, Ricardo, Senior and Mill. Limited reference to Historical or Socialistic Schools. Matter outside the classical doctrine to be obtained chiefly from reading.

General Works (“Manuals”)

Ferguson, John M., Landmarks of Economic Thought.

Gray, Alexander, The Development of Economic Doctrine.

Two recent books very readable, and excellent within their scope. Gray has nothing on the historical schools. Neither is adequate on the classical writers.

Roll, Erich, History of Economic Thought. Somewhat Marxist slant.

Haney, L. H., History of Economic Thought. The fullest book covering the field; table of contents gives a fairly good arrangement of authors into groups or tendencies.
[1920 edition]

Ingram, J. K., A History of Political Economy. Briefer than Haney, and usable.

Spann, O., History of Economics. Translated from the German. Valuable for its intense opposition to the viewpoint of the classical school in favor of an organismic or universalistic standpoint. [Original: Othmar Spann, Die Haupttheorien der Volkswirtschaftslehre, 17th ed. 1928.]

Schumpeter, Joseph, Epochen der Dogmen- und Methodengeschichte, contained in Grundriss der Sozialökonomik Vol. I. [English translation]

Oncken, A. Geschichte der National Ökonomie. (Down to Adam Smith).

Gide, C., and Rist, C., History of Economic Doctrines (in French, or Translated from the French). (Begins with the Physiocrats). A competent but uninspired book. Emphasis on French work and on the socialistic schools.

Scott, William A., The Development of Economics. Covers modern period, beginning with background of classical economics. Excellent summaries, notable omissions (esp. Mathematical economists).

Whittaker, Edmund, A History of Economic Ideas. The best book in the field in content but massive, confusing, and repetitious through organization on the topical principle. First half deals with institutional and intellectual history rather than analytical economic thought. [Cf. his Schools and Streams of Economic Thought. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1960.]

Heimann, Eduard, History of Economic Doctrines. An Introduction to Economic Theory. Oxford University Press, 1945. Pp. ix, 263 (245). More introduction than history.

Salin, Edgar, Geschichte der Volkswirtschaftslehre. Covers the field briefly in an interpretive, historical-philosophical manner.

Encyclopedias; esp. Palgrave, Dictionary of Political Economy. (Ed. Henry Higgs 1926) and the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences; on men and movements, and especially, Bibliographies. [Palgrave, 1912-1915. Vol I (A-E), Vol II (F-M), Vol III (N-Z)]

See Bibliographical Notes in Haney (above) 3d Revised Edition, 1936, pp. 803-809.

On the Whole Period before the Classical School

Monroe, A. E. Early Economic Thought. Lengthy excerpts from some twenty important writers.

Oncken, A. See under General Works.

Sewall, H. R. The Theory of Value before Adam Smith, Publications of the American Economic Association, 1901.

Dunning, W. A., History of Political Theories, Ancient and Modern; also ibid. From Luther to Montesquieu. (Pre-classical economic thought being essentially political thought.)

Greco-Roman Economics

Simey, Miss E., article entitled “Economic Theory among the Greeks and Romans.” Economic Review, 1900. Copies on reserve. Best short account.

Laistner, M. L. W., Greek Economics. Valuable introduction and excerpts.

Calhoun, G. M., Business Life of Ancient Athens. Introduction and text valuable for background.

Medieval

Ashley, W. J. English Economic History and Theory, Vol. 1, pt. I, Chap. 3, and Vol. I, Pt. II, Chap. 6. Best general account.

O’Brien, Geo., An Essay on Medieval Economic Teaching. Highly important, especially because written from a Catholic point of view.

Tawney, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. Chapter One, on The Medieval Background

Mercantilism

Heckscher, Eli F., Mercantilism, 2 vols. [Volume One; Volume Two]

Horrocks, J. W., A Short History of Mercantilism.

Schmoller, Gustav, The Mercantile System. Ashley Economic Classics. Invaluable also as a specimen of the German historical economics. Inquire at desk. E11.

Ashley, W. J. The Tory Origin of Free Trade Policy, in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 11. Also in Surveys Historical and Economic.

Johnson, E. A. J. The Predecessors of Adam Smith.

Mun, Thomas, England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade. Ashley Economic Classics

Furniss, E. S., The Position of the Laborer in a System of Nationalism.

Viner, J., English Theories of Foreign Trade before Adam Smith, in Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 38, nos. 3 and 4. Reprinted in Studies in the Theory of International Trade, Harpers, 1937.

Physiocrats
(Given very little attention in this course.)

Higgs, Henry, The Physiocrats.

Ware, Norman, article on “The Physiocrats” in American Economic Review, 1931.

Bloomfield, Arthur I., Foreign Trade Doctrines of the Physiocrats. American Economic Review, Volume XXVIII, no. 4, December 1938 (Reprint on Reserve).

Turgot, A. R. J., Formation and Distribution of Riches. (Ashley Economic Classics.)

Classical School

Whitaker, A. C., Labor Theory of Value in English Political Economy. Nearly essential, if obtainable (Purchase).

Bowley, Marian, Nassau Senior and Classical Economics (Purchase, alternative to Whitaker). Better, but more difficult.

Cannan, Edwin, Theories of Production and Distribution. Valuable, but laborious reading.

Cannan, Edwin, Review of Economic Theory. Used selectively, more available than his other book.

Taussig, F. W. Wages and Capital (London School Reprint).

Knight, F. H. The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution. Reprint from the Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science.

Cannan, Edwin, (ed.), Lectures of Adam Smith.

Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations. Full text, Everyman’s Library (2 vols.) or Modern Library (Reprint of Cannan edition—1 vol.) most available. Abridged edition edited by W. J. Ashley gives portions covered in the course conveniently in one small volume. Cannan edition (2 vols.) the definitive edition, but expensive and bulky for class use.

Ricardo, David, Principles of Political Economy. Available in Everyman’s Library (1 vol.) Gonner edition best. (London, C. Bell and Sons: Bohn’s Libraries). [Sraffa edition]

Senior, N. W., Outline of Political Economy. Reprinted 1938, Allen and Unwin.

Mill, J. S., Principles of Political Economy. Ashley ed., Longmans, 1 vol.

Subjective Value or Marginal Utility School

Smart, Wm., Introduction to the Theory of Value.

Jevons, W. S. Theory of Political Economy.

Wieser, F., Natural Value.

Smart’s prefaces to Böhm-Bawerk’s two main volumes and to Wieser, Natural Value.

Böhm-Bawerk, Capital and Interest and Positive Theory of Capital.

Weinberger, Otto. Die Grenznutzenschule.

Mises, Ludwig, Bemerkungen zum Grundproblem der subjektivistischen Wertlehre, contained in Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, Band 59, Heft 1.

Historical and Institutional and Socialistic Schools

See articles in Palgrave’s Dictionary of Political Economy and in the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.

Source: University of Chicago Archives. Norman Maurice Kaplan Papers. Box 1, Folder 10.

Image Source: University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-03516, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Tags Engerman, Kaplan, Knight

Yale. Graduate Course Keynesian Economics, Tobin. 1951-52

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-01

James Tobin came to Yale in 1950 at the rank of associate professor following his three years as a Junior Fellow of Harvard’s Society of Fellows that included a research stay at Richard Stone’s Department of Applied Economics in Cambridge. His Yale graduate course on “Aggregative Theory” covered contemporary Keynesian macroeconomics at mid-century.

This picture in his navy uniform is dated December 1945 according to the Yale archives.

_______________________________

Economics 110: 1951-52

1. Introduction to Model-building. Equilibrium Systems and their Stability

T. C. Schelling, National Income Behavior, Chs. 2, 3, 4 (pp 41-2), 5, 12.
R. G. D. Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economists, Sections 2.9, 11.6, 11.7.
P. A. Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis, Chs. I, II, and pp. 257-260.
Schelling, pp. 42-52.

2. The Keynesian and Classical Aggregative Models

J. R. Hicks, “Mr. Keynes and the Classics; a Suggested Interpretation”, Econometrica, V, 1937, p. 147.
R. F. Harrod, “Keynes and Traditional Theory” Econometrica, V, 1937 (reprinted, in The New Economics, p. 591.)
F. Modigliani, “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money” Econometrica, XII, 1944.
O. Lange, “The Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume” Economica, 1938 (reprinted in Readings in Business Cycle Theory, p. 169.
L. R. Klein, The Keynesian Revolution, Ch. III.

J. E. Meade, “A Simplified Model of Keynes’ System”, Review of Economic Studies, February 1937 (reprinted in The New Economics, p. 606)
Samuelson, Foundations, pp. 276-283.

W. Leontief, “The Fundamental Assumption of Keynes’ ‘General Theory’” Quarterly Journal of Economics, LI, 1936, p. 192.
W. Leontief, “Postulates: Keynes’ General Theory and the Classicists,” The New Economics, p. 232.

L. R. Klein, The Keynesian Revolution, 199-206.
J. Marschak, Income, Employment, and the Price Level, Lectures 18, 19, 20, Supplementary Lectures II, III.

3. The Consumption Function

a. Asset Holdings and the “Pigou Effect”

A. C. Pigou, “The Classical Stationary State”, EJ, 1943, 343-351.
M. Kalecki, “Professor Pigou on ‘The Classical Stationary State’—A Comment”, EJ 1944, 131-2.
Pigou, “Economic Progress in a Stable Environment”, E, 1947, 180-90.
Don Patinkin, “Price Flexibility and Full Employment”, AER 1948, 543-64 and Comment by H. Stein and Reply by Patinkin, AER 1949, 725-8.
Klein, 206-213
[Handwritten addition:] G. Ackley, “The Wealth-Saving Relationship”, JPE 1951, 154-161.

b. Problems of Aggregation

Klein, 192-196.
Staehle, “Short-period Variations in the Distribution of Incomes,” REStat 1937, 133-143, and 1939, 129-30.
Marschak, “Personal and Collective Budget Functions” REStat 1939, 161-70.
T. Haavelmo, “Family Expenditures and the Marginal Propensity to Consume”, Ec 1947, 335-341.
J. S. Duesenberry, Income, Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behavior, Chapters III, IV.
H. Lubell, “Effects of Income Redistribution on Consumers’ Expenditures” AER 1947, 157-170 and 930-1.
D. Brady and R. Friedman, “Savings and the Income Distribution”, Studies in Income and Wealth, X, 247-265.

c. The “secular” and “cyclical” functions

A. H. Hansen, Economic Policy and Full Employment, Ch. XIV.
A. H. Hansen, “A Note on the Secular Consumption Function” AER 1950, 662-4.
F. Modigliani, “Fluctuations in the Saving-Income Ratio” Studies in Income and Wealth, XI, 371-443.
J. S. Duesenberry, op. cit., Chapters III, IV, V.
L. Metzler, “Three Lags in the Circular Flow of Income”, in Income, Employment, and Public Policy (in honor of Hansen), 11-32.
R. P. Mack, “The Direction of Change in Income and the Consumption Function”, REStat, 1948, 239-258.

4. Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest

T. Wilson, Fluctuations in Income and Employment, Chapters I, II.
D. H. Robertson, Essays in Monetary Theory, Ch. I.
D. H. Robertson, “Some Notes on the Theory of Interest” in Money, Trade, and Economic Growth (in honor of J. H. Williams) 193-209.
A. H. Hansen, Monetary Theory and Fiscal Policy, Chapters 3, 4.
W. Fellner, Monetary Policies and Full Employment, Chapters V, VI.
N. Kaldor, “Speculation and Economic Stability” RES Oct. 1939, 1-27.
M. Kalecki, “The Short-Term and the Long-term Rate of Interest” Studies in Economic Dynamics, 32-46.
J. R. Hicks, Value and Capital, Chapters XI, XII, XIII.
P. A. Samuelson, Foundations, 122-4.
T. Scitovsky, “A Study of Interest and Capital” E 1940, 293-317.
A. Smithies, “Process Analysis and Equilibrium Analysis” EC 1942, 26-38.
[Handwritten addition:] L. Metzler, “Wealth, Saving, and the Rate of Interest”, JPE 1951, 93-113.

5. The Investment Function

Klein, 196-199.
Wilson, op. cit., Chapters V, VI, VII.
N. Kaldor, “A Model of the Trade Cycle” EJ 1940, 78-92.
M. Kalecki, “A New Approach to the Problem of Business Cycles” RES, Vol. XVI, 1949-50, 57-64.
A. P. Lerner, The Economics of Control, Chapter 25.
R. M. Goodwin, “Econometrics in Business-Cycle Analysis” in Hansen, Business Cycles and National Income, 442-449 (rest of chapter will be assigned later)
M. Kalecki, “The Principle of Increasing Risk”, Essays in the Theory of Economic Fluctuations, 95-106.

H. D. Henderson, “The Significance of the Rate of Interest” OEP #1, October 1938, 1-13.
J. Meade and P. W. S. Andrews, “Summary of Replies to Questions on the Effects of Interest Rates” OEP #1, October 1938, 14-31.
R. S. Sayers, “Business Men and the Terms of Borrowing” OEP #3, Feb. 1940, 23-31.
P.W. S. Andrews, “A Further Inquiry into the Effects of Rates of Interest”, OEP #3, Feb. 1940, 32-73.

K. Arrow, “Alternative Approaches to the Theory of choice in Risk-taking Situations” EC October 1951.

End of First Term

Abbreviations:

AER:                American Economic Review
EJ:                   Economic Journal
E:                     Economica
EC:                  Econometrica
QJE:                 Quarterly Journal of Economics
JPE:                 Journal of Political Economy
OEP:                Oxford Economic Papers
RES:                Review of Economic Studies
REStat:            Review of Economic(s and) Statistics

_______________________________

Economics 110
Reading List for Second Term: Dynamic Aggregative Theory

1. The Meaning of “Dynamics”

Samuelson, “Dynamic Process Analysis,” in Survey of Contemporary Economics, 352-355, 374-376.
Frisch, “On the Notion of Equilibrium and Disequilibrium,” Review of Economic Studies, 1935-36, 100-106.
Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis, 311-320, 350-355.
Harrod, Towards a Dynamic Economics, 1-19.

[Handwritten marginal comment: Baumol? Schelling?]

2. The Mathematics of Dynamics

Samuelson, “Dynamic Process Analysis,” 356-367, 377-387.
Tinbergen, Business Cycles in the U.S.A. 1919-1932, 15-18, 140-147.

Suggested for further study:
Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economists, Chapter XVI.
Samuelson, Foundations, Appendix B.
[Handwritten addition:] Schelling, Appendix.

3. The Nature and Logic of Dynamic Business Cycle Theory

Tinbergen, “Econometric Business Cycle Research”, in Readings in Business Cycle Theory.
Samuelson, Foundations, 335-342.
Frisch, “Propagation Problems and Impulse Problems in Dynamic Economics”, Economic Essays in Honour of Gustav Cassel, 171-206.
Tinbergen, “Annual Survey: Quantitative Business Cycle Theory”, Econometrica, 1935, 241-308.
Schumpeter, Business Cycles, 179-192, 533-535.

4. The Short-run Stability of Aggregative Models

Samuelson, Foundations, 257-269, 276-283.
Kaldor, “A Model of the Trade Cycle,” Economic Journal, 1940, 78-92.
Smithies, “Process Analysis and Equilibrium Analysis,” Econometrica, 1942, 26-38.
Metzler, “Three Lags in the Circular Flow of Income,” in Income, Employment, and Public Policy (Essays in Honor of Alvin H. Hansen).
Metzler, “The Nature and Stability of Inventory Cycles,” Review of Economic Statistics, 1941, 113-129.

5. Capital Accumulation and Growth

Domar, “Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment,” Econometrica, 1946, 137-148.
Domar, “Expansion and Employment,” American Economic Review, 1947, 42-55.
Harrod, “An Essay in Dynamic Theory”, Economic Journal 1939, 14-33.
Fellner, Monetary Policies and Full Employment, Chapter II.
Schelling, “Capital Growth and Equilibrium,” American Economic Review, 1947, 864-876.
Alexander, “The Accelerator as a Generator of Steady Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1949, 174-197.

6. Capital Accumulation and Cycles

Samuelson, “Interaction between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration,” in Readings in Business Cycle Theory, 261-269.
Kalecki, Essays in the Theory of Economic Fluctuations, 116-149.
(Suggested: Kalecki, “A Macrodynamic Theory of Business Cycles,” Econometrica, 1935, 327-344.)
Hicks, The Trade Cycle.
Leontief, “Recent Developments in the Study of Interindustrial Relationships, American Economic Review (Proceedings), Mar. 1949, 211-225.
Georgescu-Roegen, “Relaxation Phenomena in Linear Dynamic Models,” in Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, (Cowles Commission Monograph 13).

7. The Dynamic Theory of Inflation

Keynes, How to Pay for the War, 57-74.
Koopmans, “The Dynamics of Inflation,” Review of Economic Statistics, 1942, 53-65.
Smithies, “The Behavior of Money National Income under Inflationary Conditions”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1942-43, 113-128.
Duesenberry, “The Mechanics of Inflation,” Review of Economics of Statistics, Mar. 1950, 144-149.
Holzmann, “Income Determination in Open Inflation,” Review of Economics & Statistics, Mar. 1950, 150-158.

Source: Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives. James Tobin Papers, Box 18, Folder “Ec 103 [sic]” and “Ec 110, 1951-52].

Image Source: Yale University Manuscripts & Archives. Digital Images Database. “James Tobin in war uniform (1945-December)”.

Tags Tobin

Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Honors Economic Theory, Chamberlin/Leontief/Taylor, 1939-40

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-31

In the following academic year (1940-41) this year-long course was broken into two distinct semester courses, Economics 1a (Economic Theory/Chamberlin) and Economics 1b (The Intellectual Background of Economic Thought/Taylor). From the enrollment statistics and the course catalogue we see that this was mainly a course taken in the junior year by undergraduates pursuing an A.B. with honors in economics.

Since this posting, I have included a transcription of the final examination questions for the second term of this course.

____________________

[Harvard Catalogue Course Listing]

Economics 1. Economic Theory

Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructors) Fri., at 11. Professor Chamberlin, Dr. O. H. Taylor, and Associate Professor Leontief.

This course will be conducted mainly by discussion. It is open only to candidates for the degree with honors. The first half (but not the second) may be taken as a half-course with the consent of the instructor.

Source: Harvard University. Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences During 1939-40 (2nd ed.). Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. XXXVI, No. 42 (September 22, 1939), p. 154.

____________________

[Course Enrollment]

[Economics] 1. Professor Chamberlin, Dr. O. H. Taylor, and Associate Professor Leontief. – Economic Theory.

1 Graduate, 1 Senior, 51 Juniors, 1 Other: Total, 54.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of the Departments, 1939-40, p. 98.

____________________

ECONOMICS 1

1939-40

First Semester

The Law of Supply and Demand. Meaning and Generality. Relation to the Law of Cost. Cost curves and supply curves. Relation to monopoly and to competition. Pure and perfect competition. Market problem illustrating deviations from “equilibrium” as defined by perfect competition. Equilibrium vs. the equation of supply and demand.
Mill – Principles, Book III, chapters 2, 3, 5.
Chamberlin – Monopolistic Competition, chapters 1, 2.
Henderson – Supply and Demand, chapters 1, 2.
Marshall – Principles, pp. 348-50; p. 806 note.
Competitive theory, illustrated by Marshall.
Marshall – Principles, Book V, chapters 1-5; Book IV, chapter 13; Book V, chapters 8, 9, 10, 12.
The effect of small numbers in the market.
Monopolistic Competition, chapter 3.
Product differentiation. Co-existence and blending of monopoly and competition. Output (sales) as a function of price, “product” and selling outlays. Price-quantity relationships examined in some detail, selling costs and products as variables more briefly.
Monopolistic Competition, chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 (pp. 130-149); Appendices C, D, E.
Alsberg, C.L. – “Economic Aspects of Adulteration and Imitation”, Q.J.E., Vol. 46, p. 1 (1931).
Production and Distribution. Diminishing returns. Diminishing marginal productivity. The laws of cost. General effect of monopoly elements on the analysis.
Garver & Hansen – Principles, chapter 5.
Wicksell – Lectures on Political Economy, Vol. I, pp. 101-133 (omit all small type except on pages 111, 113, 114 and 115.) [Knut Wicksell, Vorlesungen über Nationalökonomie auf Grundlage des Marginalprinzipes, 2 vols. [1913]]
Viner, J. – “Cost Curves and Supply Curves,” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 1931.
Monopolistic Competition, Appendix B.
Theory of Wages.
Hicks – Theory of Wages, Part I.

____________________

Economics 1
Second Semester
1939-40

Theory of Wages (continued). Professor Leontief.
Hicks, J. R., Theory of Wages, Chs. 9 and 10.
Lester, R. A., “Overtime Wage Rates,” The American Economic Review, December, 1939. (Suggested)
Douglas, P. H., The Theory of Wages, Ch. 13.
Theory of Rent.
Ricardo, D., Principles, Ch. 3 [sic, Ch. 2 intended].
Marshall, Principles, Book V, Chs. 10,11.
Theory of Capital and Interest.
Clark, J. B., Distribution of Wealth, Chs. 9, 20.
Böhm-Bawerk, Positive Theory of Capital, Books II, Chs. 2 and 5, Book V.
Fisher, Irving, The Rate of Interest, Chs. 5, 6, and 7.
Production and Distribution Interrelated.
Wicksell, Lectures on Political Economy, Vol. I, pp. 196-206 (omit small type)
[Knut Wicksell, Vorlesungen über Nationalökonomie auf Grundlage des Marginalprinzipes, 2 vols. [1913]].
Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Chs. 2 and 8, paragraph B.
Profits. Professor Chamberlin.
Marshall, Book VI, chapter 5, section 7; Chs. 7, 8.
Taussig, Principles, Vol. II, Ch. 50, section 1.
Henderson, Supply and Demand, chapter 7.
Berle and Means, The Modern Corporation, Book IV.
Chamberlin, Monopolistic Competition, Ch. 5, section 6; Ch. 7, section 6: Appendices D, E; Ch. 8.
Welfare Economics. Dr. O. H. Taylor.
Pigou, A. C. Economics of Welfare (3rd ed.), Part I, Chs. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8; and Part II, Chs. 1-8 inclusive, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17. [4th edition, 1932]
Criticisms of Economic Theory, its Method and Assumptions. I. Psychology and Economics.
Mitchell, W. C., “The Rationality of Economic Activity,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 18, pp. 97 ff., and 197 ff. (February, March 1910).
Mitchell, W. C., “Human Behavior and Economics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 29, p. 1 ff. (November 1914).
Mitchell, W. C., “The Prospects of Economics,” in The Trend of Economics, volume edited by R. G. Tugwell.
Criticisms of Economic Theory, its Method and Assumptions. II. Economic Principles as “Natural Laws.”
Tugwell, R. G. “Experimental Economics,” part on “Natural Law,” in volume The Trends of Economics.
Taylor, O. H., “Economics and Natural Law,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 44, p. 1ff., and p. 205 ff.

___________________________

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and Reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1), Box 2; Folder: “Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1939-40”.

Tags Chamberlin, Leontief, TaylorOH

Chicago Columbia Cornell Harvard Johns Hopkins Statistics Wisconsin

Graduate Student Enrollments in Economics. Seligman’s Tally, 1909

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-30

Here we have a letter from the chairman of the Columbia University economics department, Edwin R. A. Seligman, to the chairman of the trustees of Columbia University, George L. Rives, boasting of the large market share of Columbia with respect to graduate education in economics and sociology. We’ve seen earlier (1900) that Seligman kept a jealous eye on Columbia’s competition.

_____________________________________

[carbon copy of letter Seligman to Rives]

No. 324 West 86 street
New York, February 13, 1909

My dear Sir:

You may be interested in the enclosed statistics which have been compiled by me from answers to questions sent out to the various universities. It shows the relative position of Columbia compared to its six leading competitors, and it is a curious coincidence that the totals of Columbia on the one hand, and of the six universities together on the other, should be precisely the same.

Faithfully yours,

Edwin R. A. Seligman

(Enclosure)

To Mr. George L. Rives,
New York City

_____________________________________

STUDENTS WITH DEGREES ENROLLED IN
GRADUATE COURSES, Dec. 1909

	Economics	Sociology	Total of Economics and Sociology
Harvard	27	—	27
Yale	16	12	28
Cornell	10	4	14
Johns-Hopkins	12*	—	12*
Chicago	12	19	31
Wisconsin	22	4	26
Total in the 6 universities	99	39	138
Columbia	67	71	138

*including duplications

Source: Columbia University Archives. Central Files 1890-, Box 338. Folder: “Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson. 1.1.110 2/5”

Image Source: Universities and their Sons, Vol. 2 (1899), pp. 485.

Tags Seligman

Chicago Exam Questions Suggested Reading Syllabus

Chicago. Theory of Income and Employment. Domar, 1948

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-29

Jacob Marschak’s course “The Theory of Income and Employment” was taught by the (visiting) assistant professor of economics and research associate in the Cowles Commission, Evsey D. Domar, in the Spring Quarter of 1948. The appointment must have taken place after the Announcements for 1947-1948 were published in May, 1947, so one presumes there was a relatively late change in plans.

For those interested in Domar’s early backstory, Evsey (Joshua) Domashevitsky arrived in the U.S. on the S.S. Taizo Maru that departed 27 July 1936 from Kobe, Japan and arrived at the port of Los Angeles, California August 16. Domar (“race: Hebrew; nationality: White Russian”) was born April 16, 1914 in Lodz, Poland and last resided in Dairen, Manchuria (now Dalian or Talien, China) before he left for the U.S. He worked his way through UCLA and his graduation photo from the college yearbook graces this posting.

___________________

ECONOMICS 335
THE THEORY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

Spring, 1948
E. D. Domar

Required Reading List

It is assumed that the students are familiar with the contents of the first 20 chapters of A. P. Lerner’s Economics of Control.

PART I. THE MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL OUTPUT. March 30 – April 1

Simon Kuznets, National Income and Its Composition, V. I, Ch. 1.
J. R. Hicks and A. G. Hart, The Social Framework of the American Economy, ch. 3, 8, 10-13, 15, 16.
National Planning Association, National Budgets for Full Employment.
Survey of Current Business, National Income Supplement, July, 1947.

PART II. THE ESSENCE OF THE THEORY. April 3- 28.

J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.
A. P. Lerner, Economics of Control, ch. 21-25.
American Economic Association, Readings in Business Cycle Theory, ch. 5-12.
S. E. Harris, editor. The New Economics, ch. 9, 11-15, 19, 33, 36.
Oscar Lange, Price Flexibility and Employment, pp. 1-90.
Milton Friedman, “Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment,” American Economic Review, Sept. 1946 (Reprints in Harper Reserve Room).
Lawrence Klein, The Keynesian Revolution, ch. 3-5.
Gottfried Haberler, Prosperity and Depression, Ch. 8, 13.
A. C. Pigou, “The Classical Stationary State,” The Economic Journal, December 1943.
J. E. Meade and P. W. S. Andrews, “Summary of Replies to Questions on Effects of Interest Rates,” and “A Further Inquiry into the Effects of Rates of Interest,” Oxford Economic Papers, No. 1, 1938 and No. 3, 1940.
Simon Kuznets, “Relation between Capital Goods and Finished Products in the Business Cycle,” in Economic Essays in Honor of Wesley Clair Mitchell.
R. F. Kahn, “The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment,” Economic Journal, 1931.

PART III. UNDERCONSUMPTION, MATURE ECONOMY, AND CAPITAL ACCUMULATION. May 4-14.

A. H. Hansen, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles.
A. H. Hansen, Economic Policy and Full Employment, ch. 15, 16, Appendix B.
E. D. Domar, “Expansion and Employment,” American Economic Review, 1947 (reprints on reserve).
E. D. Domar, “The Problem of Capital Accumulation,” (Mimeographed).
P. M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, ch. 10, 12.
J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Part II.
G. Terborgh, The Bogey of Economic Maturity.
Readings in Business Cycle Theory, ch. 19-20.

PART IV. POLICY May 15- June 10.

(in addition to preceding readings)

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Public Finance and Full Employment, Postwar Economic Studies No. 3, pp. 1-21, 53-68.
A. H. Hansen, Economic Policy and Full Employment, parts IV, V, VI.
M. De Chazeau and others (Committee for Economic Development) Jobs and Markets: How to Prevent Inflation and Depression.
E. F. Burchard and others (Oxford University Institute of Statistics), The Economics of Full Employment.
Mints, Hansen and others. Symposium of Fiscal and Monetary Policy, The Review of Economic Statistics, May 1946.
J. Mosak and Arthur Smithies, “Forecasting Post-War Demand,” Econometrica, 1945.
H. Simons, “Hansen on Fiscal Policy,” The Journal of Political Economy, 1942.
National Budgets for Full Employment
Economic Report of the President, January 1948.
A. P. Lerner and F. D. Graham, Planning and Paying for Full Employment.
M. Friedman, “A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability,” (Mimeographed).
W. H. Beveridge, Full Employment in a Free Society, a general survey, with emphasis on Appendix C.

___________________

Economics 335
Final Examination

June 17, 1948
One hour and fifteen minutes

Answer all questions. They carry equal weights.

Ever since the end of the war, it has been asserted by various authorities that increased production is the best cure against inflation. But it can be also argued that while increased production enlarges the supply of goods, it also generates additional income and therefore demand. So in the end it may or it may not mitigate inflation.
Analyze this question and try to find the correct answer. The quality and depth of your analysis will count more than its quantity.
“In spite of his claims to the contrary, Keynes did not succeed in proving the possibility of underemployment equilibrium if wages and prices were flexible. That a long period of unemployment could persist as a result of wage and price rigidity we had known long before Keynes.”
Comment on this statement and show what effects would flexible prices and wages have on elimination of unemployment (in a depression) and stabilization of the price level (in an inflation). Indicate clearly every step in your analysis. What practical recommendations follow from your discussion?
You were employed by the U. S. Bureau of the Budget in 1941 to make an economic forecast and to recommend practical policy measures to prevent both unemployment and inflation in the year 1942, when large war expenditures were expected. Following roughly the method of national budgets (or an equally good alternative one) set up a hypothetical but reasonable numerical model for the year 1942. Show clearly (a) the information you will require; (b) the assumptions you will make; (c) how (a) and (b) are brought together; and (d) policy recommendations you will make. Indicate each step explicitly.
Write for some twenty minutes on any subject covered in the course, but not included in the preceding questions and not studied in your term paper. Make sure you have something worth-while to say.

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Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Evsey D. Domar Papers, Box 15, Folder: “Macroeconomics, Old Reading Lists”; Box 16, Folder: “Final Exams. Johns Hopkins, Stanford, U of Michigan”.

Image Source: Joshua Domashevitsky (Evsey D. Domar), University of California at Los Angeles, Bruin Life Yearbook/Southern Campus Yearbook, 1939, p. 52. Caption to graduation picture: “Joshua Domashevitsky, A. B./Economics/ Transferred from State College of Law, Manchuria: Foreign Trade Club; Artus, Chancellor of the Exchequer 4.”

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Chicago Suggested Reading Syllabus

Chicago. International Trade and Policy. Advanced Graduate. Metzler, 1948 and 1950

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-28

Today we have the reading list for an early iteration of Lloyd A. Metzler’s second advanced course in international economics: the theory of foreign trade and commercial policy. The course was held in the Winter quarter of 1948 at the University of Chicago. I have used squared brackets and bold-blue text to indicate additions and other changes or deletions for his Spring Quarter 1950 reading list.

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[Course Description]

[Economics] 371. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCIAL POLICY. Price theory and international trade; the gains from international specialization. International trade and the distribution of income. Historical and theoretical discussion of the theory of tariffs. Commercial policies of particular countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Commodity agreements and cartels. The growth of state trading. The new mercantilism. Prereq: Econ 330 or equiv. Spr: TuThS 9:30; Metzler.

Source: University of Chicago Announcements Division of the Social Sciences, 1949-1950. p.28.

______________________________________

[Handwritten] Winter 1948
[Date noted with course title in 1950]

ECONOMICS 371
[Spring Quarter – 1950]

Major Topics and Selected Reading

I. Mercantilism and the Classical Theory of the Gains from Trade.

J. Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade, Chapters 1, 2.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV.
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Chapter 7.
J. S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, Book III, Chapters 17, 18.
J. M. Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Chapter 23.

II. Modern Price Theory and the Gains from Trade.

Alfred Marshall, Money, Credit and Commerce, Appendix J.
Gottfried Haberler, The Theory of International Trade, Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12.
J. Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade, Chapters 8, 9.
W. W. Leontief, “The Use of Indifference Curves in the Analysis of Foreign Trade,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1933. [reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade]
P. A. Samuelson, “Welfare Economics and International Trade,” American Economic Review, 1938.
[F. D. Graham, “The Theory of International Values Reexamined,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1923, reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade.
F. D. Graham, The Theory of International Values, Princeton, N. J., 1948.
E. F. Heckscher, “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income,” Ekonmish Tidshrift, 1919, reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade.
P. A. Samuelson, “International Trade and the Equalization of Factor Prices,” Economic Journal, June, 1948.
P. A. Samuelson, “International Factor Price Equalization Once Again,” Economic Journal, June, 1949.]

III. The Theory of Tariffs

Gottfried Haberler, The Theory of International Trade, Chapters 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
Alfred Marshall, Money, Credit and Commerce, Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Tibor de Scitovsky, “A Reconsideration of the Theory of Tariffs,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 9, 1941-42.[reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade.]
F. W. Taussig, International Trade, Chapter 13.
W. F. Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson, “Protection and Real Wages,” Review of Economic Studies, 1941. [reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade.]
F. D. Graham, “Some Aspects of Protection Further Considered,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1923. [Item replaced by: F. D. Graham, Protective Tariffs, Princeton, N. J., 1942.]

IV. Some Aspects of Commercial Policy

F. W. Taussig, Some Aspects of the Tariff Question.
F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States.
F. Benham, Great Britain Under Protection.
E. B. McGuire, The British Tariff System.
F. A. Haight, French Import Quotas.

V. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program of the United States [Section title changed: Recent Developments in Commercial Policy]

H. J. Tasca, The Reciprocal Trade Policy of the United States, 1938.
G. Beckett, “The Effect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements upon the Foreign Trade of the U. S.,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1940.
[J. M. Letiche, Reciprocal Trade Agreements in the World Economy, 1948.
U. S. Department of State, Analysis of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Washington, D. C., 1947.
U. S. Department of State, Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization, 1948.]

VI. Cartels and Commodity Agreements.

C. Edwards, International Cartels, 1945.
E. S. Mason, Controlling World Trade, 1946.
J. S. Davis, International Commodity Agreements: Hope, Illusion, or Menace?, 1947.
[G. W. Stocking and M. W. Watkins, Cartels or Competition?, 1948.]

VII. The International Trade Organization [This section dropped in 1950]

Draft Charter of Proposed International Trade Organization, Geneva, 1947.

VIII. International Relations and the Structure of World Trade.

A. O. Hirschmann [sic], National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade, 1945.
J. Viner, “International Relations Between State Controlled National Economies,” American Economic Review, 1944 Supplement.
H. S. Ellis, Bilateralism and the Future of International Trade, Princeton University Essays in International Finance.
J. M. Keynes, “National Self Sufficiency,” Yale Review, 1933. [Keynes dropped in 1950]
D. H. Robertson, “The Future of International Trade,” Economic Journal, 1938.

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Lloyd Appleton Metzler Papers, Box 9, Folder: “Econ. 371”.

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Chicago Suggested Reading Syllabus

Chicago. Advanced International Monetary Economics. Metzler, 1950

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-27

At the University of Chicago graduate courses numbered in the 200’s were called “Intermediate Courses” and those in the 300’s were “Survey and problem courses in special fields…The main purpose…is to prepare students for research.” The 400’s courses were for “Research, reading, and seminars”.

The Departmental course requirements for an M.A. in economics at the University of Chicago in 1950: “Normally fifteen courses (or their equivalent) in economics, eight of which ordinarily will be at the 300 level.”

The Departmental course requirements for a Doctor’s degree at the University of Chicago in 1950: “Completion of a program of work in economics at the 300-400 level ordinarily embracing at least six quarters of formal training”. Presumably this means in addition to the eight quarters at the 300 level for the M.A.

A few obvious misprints have been corrected and I have attempted to impose a consistent formatting (e.g. book titles underlined, etc.).

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[Course Description]

[Economics] 370. MONETARY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE. Foreign payments and receipts. Classical and modern theories of adjustment of the balance of payments. Theories of exchange rates. Capital movements in the balance of payments. Postwar monetary plans. Prereq: Econ 330, 335, or equiv. Win: MTuWF 8:30 Metzler.

Source: University of Chicago.Announcements: The Division of the Social Sciences, Sessions of 1950-1951, p. 31.

_______________________________

ECONOMICS 370
Major Topics and Selected Reading
Winter, 1950

Lloyd A. Metzler

I. Elementary Principles of Foreign Payments and Receipts.

G. Haberler, The Theory of International Trade, Introduction.
P. T. Ellsworth, International Economics, Part I, Chaps. VII and VIII.

II. The Balance of Payments and the Measurement of Income.

J. R. Hicks and A. G. Hart, The Social Framework of the American Economy, Chapter 12.
R. F. Bennett, “Significance of International Transactions in National Income,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. VI, 1943.
Dept. of Commerce, National Income Supplement to Survey of Current Business, 1947.

III. Classical and Modern Theories of Adjustment of the Balance of Payments.

R. F. Harrod, International Economics, Chapters VI and VII.
F. Machlup, International Trade and the National Income Multiplier. Chaps. I-V.
F. W. Taussig, International Trade, Chaps. XVII-XXI.
J. Viner, Canada’s Balance of International Indebtedness.
League of Nations, International Currency Experience, Chapters I and IV.
G. Haberler, The Theory of International Trade, Chaps. II and III.
J. Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade, Chaps. VI and VII.
R. Nurkse, “Conditions of International Monetary Equilibrium”, Princeton University, Essays in International Finance, reprinted in Readings in the Theory of International Trade.
F. W. Paish, “Banking Policy and the Balance of International Payments”, Economica, 1936, reprinted in Readings.
W. A. Salant, “Foreign Trade Policy in the Business Cycle,” Public Policy, reprinted in Readings.

IV. Theory of Income Transfers.

J. M. Keynes, “The German Transfer Problem,” Economic Journal, 1929, reprinted in Readings.
B. Ohlin, “Transfer Difficulties, Real and Imagined,” Economic Journal, 1929, also rejoinder by Keynes and reply by Ohlin in subsequent issues, reprinted in Readings.
L. A. Metzler, “The Transfer Problem Reconsidered,” Journal of Political Economy, 1942, reprinted in Readings.
C. Iversen, International Capital Movements, Part II A.

V. Fluctuating Exchange Rates

League of Nations, International Currency Experience, Chapter V.
J. Robinson, Essays in the Theory of Employment, Part III, reprinted in Readings.
F. W. Taussig, International Trade, Part III.
G. Cassel, Money and Foreign Exchange after 1914.
S. E. Harris, Exchange Depreciation.
International Monetary Policies, Postwar Economic Studies, No. 7, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
J. E. Meade, “Financial Policy and the Balance of Payments,” Economica, May, 1948.
“Notes on Foreign Currency Adjustments”, Federal Reserve Bulletin, November, 1949.
T. Balogh, “Exchange Depreciation and Economic Readjustment,” Review of Economics and Statistics, November, 1948.
F. Machlup, “The Theory of Foreign Exchange,” reprinted in Readings.
“Readjustment of Foreign Currency Values”, Federal Reserve Bulletin, October, 1949.

VI. Multilateral and Bilateral Monetary Policies.

H.S. Ellis, “Bilateralism and the Future of International Trade,” Essays in International Finance, No. 7, Princeton, N. J. reprinted in Readings.
R. Frisch, “Forecasting a Multilateral Balance of Payments,” American Economic Review, XXXVII (September 1947) 535-551.
R. Frisch, “Outline of a System of Multi-Compensatory Trade,” Review of Economics and Statistics, November, 1948.
R. Hinshaw, Professor Frisch on Discrimination and Multilateral Trade, “Review of Economics and Statistics, November, 1948.

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Lloyd Appleton Metzler Papers, Box 9, Folder: “Reading Lists 370”.

Source Image: Posting by Margie Metzler on the Metzler Family Tree at the genealogical website, ancestry.com.

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10 ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

[Definitions]

[Divisional grouping of the Departments]

Registration and Matriculation

Character of Graduate Work and Choice of Subjects

The Degree of Master of Arts

The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

[Suggestions to Students]

PART I—ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

Faculty of Political Science

Faculty of Philosophy

Faculty of Pure Science

Faculty of Fine Arts

REGISTRATION AND MATRICULATION

CHARACTER OF GRADUATE WORK AND CHOICE OF SUBJECTS

Under the Faculty of Political Science

Under the Faculty of Philosophy

Under the Faculty of Pure Science

Under the Faculty of Fine Arts

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. [1890-91]

AMHERST COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, BRYN MAWR, PA. (For Women.)

Programme for 1891 includes:

POLITICAL SCIENCE: MINOR COURSE.

MAJOR COURSE.

GRADUATE COURSE INCLUDES:

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY.

University Faculty of Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

LEGAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

SOCIAL SCIENCE.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Department of Political Economy, 1890-91, includes:

PRIMARILY FOR UNDERGRADUATES

COURSES FOR GRADUATES AND UNDERGRADUATES.

PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES.

Department of History, 1890-91, includes among Courses for Undergraduates:

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD.

Department of History and Politics, 1890-91, includes:

GRADUATE AND ADVANCED COURSES.

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, IND.

Department of History, Economics and Social Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY. PROF. EARL BARNES.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. PROF. J. W. JENKS.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR.

Departments of Political Economy, International Law, History, and Philosophy, 1890-91, includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY First Semester.

Second Semester.

INTERNATIONAL LAW. First Semester.

Second Semester.

HISTORY. First Semester.

Second Semester.

PHILOSOPHY. Second Semester.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN.

Department of Economic and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PRINCETON, N. J.

Departments of History and Political Science, and Jurisprudence and Political Economy, 1890-91, include:

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. PROF. SLOANE.

JURISPRUDENCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY. PROF. WOODROW WILSON.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

PUBLIC LAW AND POLITICS.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10
ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE,
AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
[1890-91]

POLITICAL SCIENCE:
MINOR COURSE.

HISTORY.
PROF. EARL BARNES.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
PROF. J. W. JENKS.

POLITICAL ECONOMY
First Semester.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.
First Semester.

HISTORY.
First Semester.

PHILOSOPHY.
Second Semester.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.
PROF. SLOANE.

JURISPRUDENCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.
PROF. WOODROW WILSON.

POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, ETC.
PROF. J. B. CLARK.