Author: Irwin Collier

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Irwin Collier

Somebody noticed

Peter Boettke of the Coordination Problem blog has the first posting  (June 25) in an economics blog to call attention to my Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. And for that first non-selfie signpost in the cloud, my thanks!

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Chicago Exam Questions

Chicago Economics. Ph.D. Exam Questions by Viner in Theory. 1928

Transcription of handwritten draft of examination questions prepared by Jacob Viner.

Ph.D. Examination in Economic Theory

Spring, 1928             Viner[added and circled]

 

Answer questions 1 to 4, inclusive, and four others.

  1. Discuss the scope and method of the English classical school in the light of modern criticism therof.
  2. Explain, and discuss the validity, purpose, and usefulness of any three of the following Marshallian concepts:
    (a) quasi-rent;
    (b) consumers’ surplus;
    (c) unit elasticity;
    (d) maximum satisfaction;
    (e) representative concern.
  3. Describe the cost and supply aspects of the long-run equilibrium conditions under competition for two joint-products, when the proportions in which the two products are produced are: (a) non-variable, (b) variable.
  4. Discuss the contributions to economics of any five of the following:(a) Aristotle; (b) Cantillon ; (c) David Hume; (d) Cournot; (e) Senior; (f) J. B. Say; (g) Von Thunen; (h) Leon Walras.
  5. What is the significance of margins in price theory.
  6. “The price-processes of the market-place are a product of the institutional framework, and cannot be explained independently of the long evolution of the institutional framework of modern economic society which has molded them” Discuss.
  7. In what respects did the Canonists carry economic inquiry beyond its previous status?
  8. Discuss the problem of the relationship of the rate of physical productivity of capital goods to the rate of interest; or
    Discuss the supply curve of saving.
  9. Compare the wage theories of Adam Smith, Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill.
  10. Outline a research project for either:
    (a) The statistical verification of an important proposition in price theory, or
    (b) A statistical study in some phase of distribution theory.

Source:  University of Chicago. Department of Economics. Records, [Box 35, Folder 14], Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Image: University of Chicago Photographic Archive, [apf1-08489], Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

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Economists Michigan Research Tip

Michigan Economics

The University of Michigan’s Faculty History Project provides brief biographies of its economics faculty and/or good portraits.

Hint: To get all the economists, when you search faculty, only enter “economics” into the space provided for “Position”.

A few examples:

Henry Carter Adams (1880-1921)

Frederick Manville Taylor (1893-1930)

Kenneth Eward Boulding (1949-1968)

Richard A. Musgrave (1947-1959)

Wolfgang F. Stolper (1949-1982)

 

 

 

Categories
Chicago Courses Economists

Chicago Economics. Econ 332. Business Cycle Theory (Lange). Minsky Notes. 1942

Notes taken by Hyman Minsky in Spring, 1942, when he was an undergraduate at the University of Chicago. The notes are from the class, “Economics 332: Business Cycle Theory” taught by Oscar R. Lange.

I was going to send a graduate student of mine to check the notes in the Minsky Archive at Bard College. Imagine my delight when I was told that the kind folks there would scan the material and post it for all in their Bard Digital Commons. Note there are five files total.

________________

[Course Description]

E. MONEY, BANKING, AND BUSINESS CYCLES
[…]

332. Business Cycle Theory.–Historical and systematic analysis of business cycle theory. The main types of explanation. Equilibrium theory and analysis of economic processes. The role of time in the analysis of economic processes. The significance of anticipations. Theoretical and observed fluctuations. The factors which determine the general level of output and employment. The fluctuations of investment and of employment. The role of technical progress. Business-cycle policy. Prerequisite: Economics 211, 301, and 330, or equivalents. Spring, 2:30, LANGE.

Source: From The University of Chicago, Announcements,Vol. XLI, No. 10, April 25, 1941.   The College and the Divisions for the Sessions of 1941-1942. (p. 310).

Categories
Courses Harvard Syllabus

Harvard Economics. Econ 7b. Single Tax, Socialism, Anarchism. Readings. Carver. 1919-20

According to the Harvard Annual President’s Report (p. 90), this course was taught by Thomas Nixon Carver in the second semester of the academic year 1919-20. Attending the course were 10 graduate students; 13 seniors, 29 juniors, 11 Sophomores, 1 Freshman; 14 students from other departments/divisions.

Course final examination questions are available here.

____________________________________

 

In the Official Register of Harvard University (Vol. XVI, October 30, 1919, No. 45) Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1919-20 (Second Edition, p. 64): The official course title was “The Single Tax, Socialism, Anarchism” and met Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays at 10 a.m.

Economics 7b: “A critical study of the theories which underlie some of the more radical programmes of social reform. An examination also of the social utility of private property in its various forms; also some attention to the concept of justice in economic relations; the concept of progress; the significance of conservatism and radicalism.”

 

____________________________________

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. HUC 8522.2.1. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 1. Folder: 1919-1920.

 

ECONOMICS 7b
SOCIALISM

Starred references are required

GENERAL WORKS, HISTORICAL

  1. *R. T. Ely. French and German Socialism.
  2. Bertrand Russell. German Social Democracy.
  3. John Rae. Contemporary Socialism.
  4. Thomas Kirkup. A History of Socialism.
  5. William Graham. Socialism, New and Old.
  6. Jessica B. Peixotto. The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism.
  7. B. Guthrie. Socialism Before the French Revolution.
  8. Hillquit. History of Socialism in the United States.
  9. Jessie W. Hughan. American Socialism of the Present Day.

 

GENERAL WORKS, EXPOSITORY AND CRITICAL

  1. *O. D. Skelton. Socialism, A Critical Analysis.
  2. E. Le Rossignol. Orthodox Socialism.
  3. Albert Schaeffle. The Quintessence of Socialism.
  4. Albert Schaeffle. The Impossibility of Social Democracy.
  5. T. Ely. Socialism: an Examination of its Nature, Strength and Weakness.
  6. James Mackaye. The Economy of Happiness.
  7. Henry M. Hyndman. The Economics of Socialism.
  8. Gustave Simonson. A Plain Examination of Socialism.
  9. Werner Sombart. Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century.
  10. Émile Vandervelde. Collectivism.
  11. Flint. Socialism.
  12. D. P. Bliss. A Handbook of Socialism.
  13. Jessie W. Hughan. The Facts of Socialism.
  14. de Laveleye. The Socialism of Today.
  15. Böhm-Bawerk. Karl Marx—The End of his System.
  16. E. Walling. The Larger Aspects of Socialism.
  17. P. Orth. Socialism and Democracy in Europe.
  18. John Spargo. Socialism.

 

TYPES OF SOCIALISTIC PROPAGANDA

I. IDEALISTIC. The appeal is made to all classes on the ground of piety, a sense of justice, or of sympathy for the laboring classes.

A. Religious. The religious motive is invoked in behalf of human brotherhood.

  1. Les Paroles d’un Croyant.
  2. Washington Gladden. Tools and the Man.
  3. Josiah Strong. Our Country.
  4. Josiah Strong. The New Era.

B. Fulminations. A thundering discontent with things as they are, with no very definite program for improvement.

  1. William Morris, Poet, Artist, Socialist. Edited by Francis Watts Lee. A collection of the socialistic writings of Morris.
  2. John Ruskin, the Communism of John Ruskin. Edited by W. D. P. Bliss. Selected chapters from Unto this Last, The Crown of Wild Olive, and Fors Clavigera.
  3. Thomas Carlyle, The Socialism and Unsocialism of Thomas Carlyle. Edited by W. D. P. Bliss. Selected chapters from Carlyle’s Various Works.

Socialism and everything resembling it were even more abhorrent to Carlyle than the present system.

   C. Utopian. Pictures of ideal Commonwealths.

  1. Plato’s Republic.
  2. Sir Thomas More. Utopia.
  3. Francis Bacon. New Atlantis.
  4. Tommaso Campanella. The City of the Sun. (Numbers 2, 3, and 4 may be found in convenient form in Morley’s Ideal Commonwealth.)
  5. Etienne Cabot. Voyage en Icarie.
  6. William Morris. News from Nowhere.
  7. Edward Bellamy. Looking Backward.
  8. Laurence Gronlund. The Cooperative Commonwealth.
  9. H. G. Wells. A Modern Utopia.

 

D. Experimental.

There were men and women who had so much confidence in socialism as to believe that it was only necessary to start it to insure its success. They believed that if the world could be given an example of socialism in operation, it would be led to adopt it.

  1. Charles Nordhoff. The Communistic Societies of the United States.
  2. Karl Kautsky. Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation.
  3. *W. A. Hinds. American Communities.
  4. H. Noyes. History of American Socialisms.
  5. T. Codman. Brook Farm Memoirs.
  6. Albert Shaw. Icaria.
  7. B. Landis. The Separatists of Zoar.
  8. O. Randall. History of the Zoar Society.

E. Opportunist.

  1. *Bernard Shaw and others. The Fabian Essays in Socialism.
  2. The Fabian Tracts.
  3. Edward Bernstein. Ferdinand Lassalle.
  4. Sidney and Beatrice Web. Problems of Modern Industry.
  5. C. K. Gonner. The Socialist Philosophy of Rodbertus.
  6. C. K. Gonner. The Socialist State.
  7. Vladimir G. Simkhovitch. Marxism versus Socialism.
  8. Ramsay Macdonald. Socialism.
  9. Sidney A. Reeve. The Cost of Competition.
  10. Edward Bernstein. Evolutionary Socialism.
  11. H. G. Wells. New Worlds for Old.

 

II.  MARXIAN. Believing that every man will work for his own material interests, and that in any capitalistic society, the laboring classes must sooner or later outnumber all others, the appeal is made, not to idealistic sentiments, but to the conscious self interest of the laboring classes. In their own interest they are to overthrow the present economic system and so up a socialistic system.

A. Theoretical

  1. Karl Marx. Capital.
  2. Frederic Engels. Socialism, Utopian and Scientific.
  3. Labriola. Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History.

 B.  Propagandist

(a) Political. Reliance is placed upon the voting power of the masses.

  1. Karl Marx and Frederic Engels. The Manifest of the Communist Party.
  2. Karl Kautsky. The Social Revolution.

(b) Militant. Reliance is placed upon the physical power of the masses. Ignore the state! The ballot is too slow!

(1) Bolshevist.

  1. Austin Lewis. The Militant Proletariat.
  2. Beatty, B. Red heart of Russia. Century, 1918.
  3. Bryant, L. Six red monthsin Russia. Doran, 1918.
  4. Petrunkevich, A. I. et al. Russian Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1918,
  5. Radzwill, C. Rasputin and the Russian revolution. Lane, 1918.
  6. Russell, C. E. Unchained Russia. Appleton, 1918.
  7. Sack, A. J. Birth of the Russian Democracy. Russian Information Bureau, 233 Broadway, N. Y.
  8. Trotzky, Leon (Bronshtein, L. D.). The Bolsheviki and World Peace, N. Y., 1918.
  9. Trotzky, Leon (Bronshtein, L. D.). Our Revolution; Essays on Working Class and International Revolution, N.Y., 1918.

(2) Syndicalist.

  1. Challange, Felicien. Syndicalisme revolutionaire et Syndicalisme reformiste. Paris. F. Alcan. 1909. 156 pp.
  2. Delivet, Emile. Les employées et leurs corporations. Paris. River. 1909.
  3. Dufor, ——-—-. Le syndicalisme et la prochaine revolution. Paris. M. Rivier. 1913.
  4. Estey, J. Revolutionary syndicalism; an exposition and a criticism. London. P. S. King. 1913.
  5. Garriguet, L. L’Évolution actuelle de socialisme en France. Paris. 1912.
  6. Harley, John H. Syndicalism. London & N. Y. Dodge Pub. 1912. 94pp.
  7. Kirkaldy, Adam W. Economics and syndicalism. University Press. Cambridge. 1914. 140 pp.
  8. MacDonald, James R. Syndicalism, a critical examination. 1913. Chicago. Open Court Pub. 74 pp.
  9. Pataud, Emile. Syndicalism and the cooperating commonwealth. Preface by Kropotkin. Oxford. 1913. 240 pp.
  10. Snowden, Philip. Socialism and Syndicalism. London. 1913. 262 pp.
  11. Spargo, John. Syndicalism, industrial unionism and socialism. N. Y. Huebsch. 1913. 243 pp.
  12. Ware, Fabian. The worker and his country. London. 1912. 288 pp.

(3) The I. W. W.

  1. Brissenden, Paul F. The launching of the Industrial Workers of the World. University of California Press. 1913. 82 pp. contains bibliography.
  2. *Brooks, John G. American synclicalismn. N. Y. Macmillan. 1913. 264 pp.
  3. De Leon, Daniel. Preamble of the I. W. W. address at Union Temple, Minneapolis. July 10, 1905. N. Y. Labor News Co. 48 pp.
  4. Trautman, William E. Direct. action and sabotage. Pittsburg Socialist News Co. 1912. 43 pp.

 

ANARCHISM

I. PHILOSOPHICAL. A more or less reasoned belief that the abolition of government, especially of government by force, would remove most of the ills of society. Clear in its perception that all government rests upon force; unclear in its reasoning to the conclusion that the use of force is wrong; divided in opinion as to the results of abolishing government.

A. Anarchist Communism. Seeing that property rights are the creation of government, it is concluded that the abolition of government would automatically abolish property and restore communism, and that the masses would pounce upon and destroy anyone who thereafter dared to call anything his own.

  1. J. Proudhon. What is Property?
  2. William Godwin. Political Justice.
  3. Peter Kropotkin. Memoirs of a. Revolutionist.
  4. Peter Kropotkin. The Scientific Basis of Anarchy. Nineteenth Century, 21: 218.
  5. Elisée Reclus. Evolution et revolution.
  6. William M. Salter. Anarchy or goveminent? An inquiry in fundamental government.
  7. H. Van Ornum. Why Government at all?
  8. Ernst V. Zenker. Anarchism; a criticism and history of the anarchist theory.
  9. Paul Boilley – Les Trois Socialismes; Anarchisme, Collectivism. Reformisme.
  10. Peter Kropotkin. La Science moderne et L’Anarchie.
  11. Peter Kropotkin. The Anarchy. Nineteenth Century, 22: 149.
  12. *Leo Tolstoi. The Slavery of Our Times.
  13. Elissee Reclus. Anarchy. Contemporary Review. 14: 627.
  14. Josiah Warren. Equitable Commerce.
  15. Josiah Warren. True Civilization as Immediate Necessity.

 

B. Exaggerated Individualism. There should he no restraint either moral or legal, upon the strong whose “ right ’ to govern and exploit the weak is the only natural or divine right there is. Nature abhors weakness and it is the mission of the strong to exterminate the weak, to the end that weakness may cease to exist and that strength alone may survive. Moral and legal codes are the inventions of the weak to protect themselves from the strong in order that weakness may fill the world with its own spawn.

  1. *Max Stirner (pseudonym for Kaskar Schmidt). Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum.
  2. Friederich Nietzsche. Also sprach Zarathustra.
  3. Friederich Nietzsche. Jenseits von Gut and Böse.
  4. James G. Huneker. Egoists: A Book of Supermen.

 

II. EMOTIONAL. A mere explosive protest against all forms of authority, particularly against the police power and other visible manifestations of authority.

  1. Mikhail Bakunin. Dieu et l’Etat.
  2. Emma Goldman. Anarchism and other Essays.
  3. Paul Eltzbacher. Anarchism.
  4. Hunter and R. Wiles. Violence and the Labor Movement.
  5. Krouse. The Anarchist Constitution.
  6. John H. Mackay. The Anarchists; a picture of civilization at the close of the 19th century.
  7. R. Parsons. Anarchism; its philosophy and scientific basis as defined by some of its apostles.
  8. R. Tucker. Anarchism; the attitude of anarchism toward industrial combinations.
  9. United States Department of Justice. Transmission through the Mails of Anarchistic publications. Message from the President. Washington. 1908.

 

THE SINGLE TAX

All public revenues shall be raised from a single tax on land values.

  1. *Henry George. Progress and Poverty.
  2. Henry George. Our Land and Land Policy.
  3. Alfred Russell Wallace. Land Nationalization.
  4. Thomas G. Shearman. Natural Taxation.
  5. Louis F. Post. The Single Tax.
  6. B. Fillebrown. A Single Tax Catechism.
Categories
Chicago Courses Economists Socialism Syllabus

Chicago Economics. Economics 354. Types of Econ Organization. Douglas. 1938

This is the Chicago version of the course taught at Harvard by Cummings, Carver and then Mason.

The Spring Quarter  of 1938 began March 28. The lecture notes taken by Norman M. Kaplan are for this course that met Tuesdays and Thursdays with his notes dated Mar 29, Mar 31, Apr 5, Apr 12, Apr 19, Apr 21, Apr 26, Apr 28, May 3, May 5, May 10, May 12. Hence we can be certain that the following (undated) syllabus with bibliography was for the Spring, 1938 course taught by Paul H. Douglas.

To those with an eye on contemporary U.S. politics: examining this reading list, one wonders if a professor like this today could imagine getting elected into the U.S. Senate! Perhaps Elizabeth Warren fits the bill but the bench looks pretty shallow…

________________________

H. SOCIAL DIRECTION AND CONTROL OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
[…]

  1. Types of Economic Organization.—An examination of the various forms of economic organization that have been proposed, including the utopias, individualism, Marxian socialism, collectivism, the single tax, syndicalism, guild socialism, communism, capitalism, and fascism. Prerequisite: Economics 209 [Intermediate Economic Theory: “A course designed for undergraduates majoring in Economics who have completed the other Departmental requirements for the degree and for graduate students with limited training in systematic theory. It deals with the factors controlling production, value and relative prices, and distribution.” Taught by Paul Douglas (Winter)], or its equivalent, Spring, Tu., Th., 3:30-5:30, Douglas.

Source: Announcements. The University of Chicago. The College and the Divisions for the Sessions of 1937-1938. p. 307.

________________________

Topics and Assigned Reading for Economics 354
Types of Economic Organization

[Spring Quarter, 1938]

The three main divisions of the course, with the basic assigned reading to be covered under each, are as follows:

I.  The Development of Utopian Thought – (2 weeks.)

  1. Plato and the “Republic.”
  2. Thomas More’s “Utopia.”
  3. The economic doctrines and activities of Robert Owen.
  4. French Utopian Socialism: Fourier, Cabet, and Saint-Simon (omitted 1937).

Assigned reading: (1) Plato, The Republic: Sections 368-374 of Book II, Sections 412-417 of Book III, Books IV and V entire; (2) More’s Utopia, Book II; (3), Owen’s Autobiography, or one of the better lives of Owen, such as those by Podmore [vol. 1, vol. 2], Cole and McCabe. [Handwritten addition: “Aristotle, Politics, Bk. II (1st 6 paragraphs)”]

Supplementary reading: 1) Aristotle, Politics, Sections 1-7; (2) Ernest Barker, Greek Political Thought—Plato; (3) Chambers, Thomas More; (4) Campenalla, The City of the Sun; (5) Bacon, New Atlantis; (6) Robert Owen, A New View of Society, etc.; (7) Charles Gide, Morceaux Choisis de Charles Fourier; (8) Cabet, Voyage en Icarie; (9) Bellamy, Looking Backward; (10) William Morris, News from Nowhere.

 

II. The Economic and Social Doctrines of Karl Marx (4 weeks)

  1. The differences between Marxism and Utopianism.
  2. The economic or materialistic interpretation of history.
  3. The labor theory of value; the theory of surplus value; and the alleged “great contradiction.”
  4. The theory of the final cataclysm.
  5. An appraisal of Marx’ thought.

Assigned reading: (1) Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto; (2) Engels, Socialism—Utopian and Scientific; (3) Marx, Value, Price and Profit, sections VI-XIV; Marx, Capital, Vol. I, chapters I—sections 1 and 2, and A of section 3; VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XVI, XVII, XIX; Vol. III, last pages of chapter VIII and chapter IX; Book I, chapters XXV and (XXXII).

Supplementary reading: (1) Marx Capital, Vol. I, chapter XV; (2) Rühle, Karl Marx, or Mehring, Life of Marx; 3) Marx, Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy; (4) Hook, Towards and Understanding of Karl Marx; (5) Joseph, Karl Marx’ Theory of Value [sic, The Labour Theory of Value in Karl Marx, 1923]; (6) Böhm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System; (7) Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism. (8) De Man, Psychology of Socialism.

 

III. The development of Proposals and Movements for Organizing Economic and Social Life. (In the main, post-Marxian). (4 weeks)

  1. The theory and practice of capitalism.
  2. Collectivism.
  3. Anarchism, syndicalism and guild socialism.
  4. Cooperation.
  5. The Single Tax.
  6. Modern Communism.
  7. Fascism.

Because of reasons of time, topics 3,4 and 5 will be scantily treated and may indeed be omitted.

Assigned reading. The material on these topics is, of course, enormous. The best treatment of collectivism is given in Fabian Essays (1888) by Webb, Shaw, Wallas, etc., and in Bernard Shaw’s The Common Sense of Municipal Trading. On anarchism: Proudhon and Kropotkin are the most suggestive writers. On cooperation, Beatrice Potter’s (Mrs. Webb) The Consumers Cooperative Movement in Great Britain; Beatrice and Sydney Webb, The Consumers Cooperative Movement; Gide, Consumers Cooperative Societies; Childs, Sweden—The Middle Way; Howe, Denmark—The Cooperative Way; are excellent.

All students of communism should read Lenin, The State and Revolution; and the two-volume work by Beatrice and Sydney Webb, Soviet Communism. See also the new constitution of Russia, reprinted by the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace.

On fascism, see Finer, Mussolini’s Italy; Mussolini, “Fascism,” in the Italian Encyclopedia; and Hitler’s Mein Kampf, to be read if possible in the original German instead of the expurgated English and American editions.

The principles of liberalism are well stated in the writings of Jefferson; John Stuart Mill, Liberty; Representative Government, etc.; Wilson, The New Freedom; Brandeis, The Curse of Bigness; Franklin Roosevelt; etc.

Supplementary reading: (1) For an able criticism of socialism and a defense of individualism, see Ludwig von Mises, Socialism; (2) Beer, History of British Socialism; (3) Norman Thomas, America’s Way Out; (4) Sidney and Beatrice Webb, A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain; (5) Levine, Syndicalism in France; (6) Cole, Guild Socialism; (7) Henry George, Progress and Poverty, especially Books V, VI, VII, VIII and IX; (8) Trotsky, The Russian Revolution; (9) Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution; (10) Seldes, Sawdust Caesar; (11) Salvemini, Under the Axe of Fascism; (12) Heiden, Life of Hitler; (13) Heiden, History of National Socialism; (14) Florinsky, Fascism and National Socialism; (15) Schuman, Nazi Germany; (16) Strachey, The Coming Struggle for Power; (17) Davis (editor) Modern Social Movements.

A somewhat fuller bibliography is appended.

________________________

 

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR POLITICAL ECONOMY 354
TYPES OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION

(Best References Starred)

1. Utopian

More, Thomas. Utopia
*Plato, The Republic (Benjamin Jowett, Trans.)
Barker-Ernest. Greek Political Theory
Aristotle. The Politics
Latimore-More. English Reprints
Engels, Frederick. Socialism, Utopian and Scientific
*Bacon, Francis. New Atlantus
*Campenella, Tomasso. The City in the Sun
*Morley, Ideal Commonwealths
Andrae, Christian Opolis
Owen, R. D. Threading My Way
Lockwood. The New Harmony Movement
Herzler, J. O. History of Utopian Thought
Mumford, Lewis. The Story of Utopias
Cabet, Reise Nach Ikarien, V. G.
Wells, H. G. A Modern Utopia
Godwin, Wm. Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
Fourier, Chas. Theorie de l’Unite universelle; Le Nouveau Monde industrial
Saint-Simon, G. Oeuvres de Saint Simon et d’Enfantin
*Morris, William. News from Nowhere
Morris, William. A Dream of John Ball
*Howells, W. D. A Traveller from Altruria
*Ely, R. T. French and German Socialism
*Bellamy, E. Looking Backward
Podmore, Frank. Biography of Robert Owen
*Autobiography of Robert Owen
*Owen, Robert. The Book of the New Moral World
Guthrie, W. B. Socialism before the French Revolution
Peixottot, J. B. The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism
*Hillquit, Morris. History of Socialism in the United States
*Noyes, John Humphrey. A History of American Socialisms
*Nordhoff, Charles. The Communistic Societies of the United States
Hinds, William. American Communities
Shaw, Albert. Icaria –A Chapter in the History of Communism
Kent, Rev. Alexander. Cooperative Communities in the United Status, in Bulletin of Department of Labor, No. 35, July, 1901
Clark, Bertha. The Huterian Brethern. Journal of Political Economy, April and June 1921
Gide, Charles Fourier
Owen. New View of Society
McCabe. Robert Owen
Cole. Robert Owen
Chambers. Thomas More

2. The Economic Interpretation of History

*Marx and Engels. Communist Manifesto
*Marx, Karl. Revolution and Counter-Revolution
*Loria, Achille. Essays on the Materialistic Interpretation of History
*Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
Kautsky, K. The Class Struggle
Beard, C. A. Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
Beard, C. A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy
Engels, Frederick. Socialism, Utopian and Scientific
Engels , Frederick. Condition of the Working Classes in England in 1844
Engels, Frederick. The Roots of the Socialist in Philosophy Feuerbach
Engels, Frederick. Landmarks of Scientific Socialism, Anti-Duhring
Simone, A. M. Class Struggles in America.
Simone, A. M. Social Forces in American History
*Seligman, E. R. A. The Economic Interpretation of History
Seligman, E. R. A. Essay on Problems of Readjustment after the War
Howe, F. C. Why War?
Brailsford, H. N. War of Steel and Gold
Hobson, J. A. Imperialism
Loria, A. Economic Causes of War
Croce, B. The Historical Materialism of Karl Marx
Ogburn, W. F. The Psychological Basis for the Economic Interpretation of History. Supp. Am. Econ. Rev. March 1919
Hansen, A. H. The Technological Interpretation of History. Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1921
Marx, Karl. The Gotha Program
Marx, Karl. The Poverty of Philosophy
Earl, E. M. The War and The Bagdad Railway
D’Espagnel, P. The World’s Struggle for Oil
Woolf, L. S. Empire and Commerce in Africa
Woolf, L. S. Economic Imperialism
Morel, E.D. Red Rubber
Young, G. Nationalism and War in the Near East
Young, G. The Machinery of Diplomacy
Rai, Laypat, England’s Debt to India
Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
S. Hook, Towards an Understanding of Karl Marx
Brailsford, Property or Peace

 

3. Marxian Economics

A.      Marx, Karl. Capital. 3 Vols.

*Marx, Karl. A Critique of Political Economy
*Marx, Karl. Value, Price, and Profit (Popular epitome of Marx’s Theories)
Aveling, Edward. The Student’s Marx
Hyndman, H. M. The Economics of Socialism
Correspondence of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
**Rühle, Karl Marx
Mehring—Life of Marx
Meyer—Frederick Engels

B.    Pro-Marxian

*Untermann, Ernest. Marxian Economics
*Boudin, Louis. The Theoretical System of Karl Marx

C.     Anti-Marxian

*Bohm-Bawerk, E. Von. Karl Marx and the Close of His System
*Le Rossignol, J. E. Orthodox Socialism
Cross, I. B. Essentials of Socialism
*Skelton, O. D. Socialism, A Critical Analysis. Pp. 95-137
*Le Rossignol, J. E. What in Socialism?
Scott, J. R. Karl Marx on Value
Joseph. Labor Theory of Value in Karl Marx.

D.    Pre-Marxian Economic Theories

*Menger, Anton. The Right to the Full Produce of Labor. (A review of labor theories, and a belittling of Marx’s originality.)
*Lowenthal, Esther. The Ricardian Socialists
*Whitaker, A. O. The Labor Theory of Value
Beer, Max. A History of British Socialism, Vol. I, pp. 182-270
Gonner, E. C. K. The Social Philosophy of Rodbertus
Ricardo, David. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

 

4. Marxian Predictions of the Economic Development of Capitalism

A.     Large-scale Industry

*Bernstein, E. Evolutionary Socialism
*Simkhovitch, V. G. Marxism vs. Socialism
*Rubinow, S. M. Was Marx Wrong?
Dewing, A. S. A Statistical Text of the Success of Consolidation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov. 1921. Vol. XXXVI.
Berle and Means: The Modern Corporation.
Bernheim – Big Business

B.    Agriculture

Department of Agriculture: The Economic Basis of the Agricultural Adjustment Act
Bernstein, Simkhovitch and Robinow as above
Stewart, C. L. Land Tenure in the United States
Bogart, E. L. Farm Ownership in the United States, Jour. Pol. Econ., Vol. XVI
Simons, A. M. The American Farmer
David, Edward. Socialism and Land Wirtschaft
Benjamin. Socialists and the Agrarian Question, Jour. Pol. Econ., June, 1926

 

C.    Distribution of Wealth – (Marx’s Theories of Increasing Misery and the Disapperance of the Middle Class Considered)

(1) United States

*Nationa1 Bureau of Economic Research. Income in the United States
King, W. Wealth and Income of the People of the United States
Nearing, Scott. Income
Nearing, Scott. Financing the Wage-Earner’s Family
Streightoff, F. H. Distribution of Wealth in the United States
More, L. B. Wage Earner’s Budgets
Chapin, R. C. Standard of Living in New York City
Kennedy, J. C. Standard of Living in Stockyards District
Streightoff, F. H. Standard of Living of Industrial People in United States
Ryan, J. A. A Living Wage
Ryan, J. A. Distributive Justice. Economic Review, September 1921
Soule, George. The Productivity Factor in Wage Determination. American Economic Review: Supplement. 1925, pp. 129-40, Vol. 13. (1925)
Federal Trade Commission: National Wealth and Income
Nearing, Scott. Wages in the United States.
Federal Trade Commission, National Wealth and Income.
Leven, Moulton & Warburton. America’s Capacity to Consume
Douglas. Real wages in the United States, 1890-1926
Douglas and Dennison. The Movement of Money and Real Wages, 1926-1928
Houghteling. The Income and Standard of Living of the Unskilled Laborer in Chicago

(2) England

Stamp, J. C. British Incomes and Property
Rountree, B. S. Poverty – A Study of Town Life
Booth, Ch. A Summary of the Life and Labor of the People of London
Bowley. The Change in the Distribution of the National Income 1880-1913
Bowley, A. L. The Division of the Product of Industry
Stamp, J. C. Wealth and Taxable Capacity of Great Britain
Smith and others. A New Survey of London Life and Labour. 10 vols.
Clark. The National Income

(5) Other Countries

Bägge. Wages in Sweden. 1860-1930.
Kuczynski, J. Die Entwicklung der Lage der Arbeiterschaft, 1870-1933
Kuczynski, J. Löhne und Konjunktur in Deutschland, 1887-1932
Kuczynski, J. Die Entwicklung der Löhne in Frankreich und Belgien, 1895-1933.
Simiand, F. Le Salaire. 3 vols.

D.    Unemployment (The Industrial Reserve Army)

Pigou, A. C. Unemployment
Beveridge, W. C. Unemployment
Poyntz and Webb. Seasonal Trades
American Association of Labor Legislation. Unemployment survey, 1915.
Barnes, C. B. The Longshoremen
Webb, S. and B. The Minority Reports of the Poor Law Commission
Berridge, W. A. Cycles of Employment
Hobson, J. A. The Economics of Unemployment
Cole, G. D. H. Out-of-Work
Douglas and Director. The Problem of Unemployment

E.    Crises

Mitchell, W. C. Business Cycles
Jugler, C. A Brief History of Panic
Moore, H. L. Economic Cycles
*Rodbertus, K. J. Over Production and Crises. (Translated by Frank)
Foster and Catchings, Profits
Douglas. Controlling Depressions
Mills. Economic Tendencies in the United States
Hayek. Prices and Production
Strachey. The Nature Of Capitalist Crisis
Pigou. Industrial Fluctuations
Schumpeter. Theory of Economic Development
Martin. The Limited Market
Keynes—The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.

 

5. The Socialist Movement in Various Countries

A.    General

Postgate, R. W. Revolution
*Laideer, H. W. Socialism in Thought and Action
*Kirkup, F. History of Socialism (authoritative and reliable)
Ensor, R. C. K. Modern Socialism (gives important extracts showing attitude of Socialists in different countries)
*Walling, Stokes, Hugan, Laidler. The Socialism of Today (invaluable study of present-day tendencies in all countries)
Postgate, R. W. The Workers International
Guillaume, J. L’Internationale, 4 vols.
Hunter, Robert. Violence and the Labor Movement
De Montgomery, B. G. British and Continental Labour Policy
Shadwell. The Socialist Movement, 2 vols.
Fainsod, International Socialism During the War

B.  Specific

(1) Germany

Russell, Bertrand. German Social Democracy
Dawson, W. H. Bismarck and State Socialism
Ely, R. T. French and German Socialism, pp. 156-244
Saunders, W. S. Trade Unionism in Germany

(2) France

Blanc, Louis, L‘Organization du Travail
Jaures, J. Studies in Socialism

(3) Belgium

Bertrand, Louis. Histoire de la Democratie et du Socialisme en Belgique depuis 1830
Douglas, D. W. G. De Greef. The Social Theory of a Syndicalist

(4) England

*Beer, Max. History of British Socialists
Seligman, E. R. A. Owen and the Christian Socialists
Webb, Sidney. Socialism in England
Shaw, Bernard. Early History of the Fabian Society
*Pease, E. R. History of the Fabian Society
Noel, Conrad. The Labor Party
Raven, M. E. The Christian Socialists
Gleason. What the Worker Wants
Blanshard. The British Labor Movement
Chartism in England
Rosenblatt, E. F. The Economic Aspects of Chartism. (Columbia Univ. Studies)
Slosson, P. W. The Decline of Chartism (Columbia University Studies)
West, J. Chartism
Hovell, M. The Chartist Movement
Cammage, R. The Chartist Movement
Life of Willim Lovett
Hofhouse, Stephen. Life of Joseph Sturge
Trevelyan, G. M. Life of Bright
Morley, J. Life or Cobdan

(5) Australasia

*Clark, V.S. The Labor Movement in Australasia.
Le Rossignol and Stewart. State Socialism in New Zealand
Hutchinson, R. H. The State Socialism of Australasia

(6) The United States

Hillquit, Morris. History of Socialism in America
Hughan, Jessie, W. American Socialism of the Present Day
Socialist Congressional Campaign Book, 1914, 1916, 1920; 1928; 1932
Trachtenberg, Alex. Editor. The American Labor Year Book, 1916, 1918, 1919, 1922, etc.
Macy, John. Socialism in America
Benedict, Bertram. The Larger Socialism
Fine. Farmer Labor Parties in American History
Douglas. The Coming of a New Party
Hicks. The Populist Movement.
Thomas. America’s Way Out
Thomas. As I See It

 

6. The Liberal Socialist Ideal

**Russell, B. Proposed Roads to Freedom
*Wells, H. G. New Worlds for Old (A delightful and engrossing book)
*Dickinson, G. Lowes. Justice and Liberty.
*Shaw, Webb, Wallas and others. Fabian Essays (Well written and cogently stated)
*Tawney, R. H. The Acquisitive Society
Walling, W. E. Socialism as It Is
Wells. Mankind in the Making
Wells. This Misery of Booth
Spargo and Arner. Essentials of Socialism
Spargo, John. Socialism (A popular statement by an able supporter)
Spargo, John. Applied Socialism (A constructive attempt to apply the socialist principle to life)
Wells, H. G. and others. Socialism and the great state
Walling, Stokes, Hughan, Laidler. The Socialism of Today
Snowden, P. Socialism and Syndicalism
Hughan, M. The Facts of Socialism
Hillquit, M. Socialism in Theory and Practice
Hillquit, M. Socialism Summed-up
Kautsky, K. The Social Revolution
Schaeffle, A. The Quintessence of Socialism
*Webb, S. and B. A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain
Massart and Vandervelde. Parasitism, Organic and Social
*Hunter, Robert. Violence and the Labor Movement
Shaw, Bernard. Socialism and Superior Brains
Wilde, Oscar. The Soul of Man under Socialism
Rauschenbush, W. Christianity and the Social Crisis
Soudder, Vida D. Socialism and Character
Walling, W. E. The Larger Aspects of Socialism
Sellars, R. W. The Next Step in Democracy
*Benedict, Bertram, N. S. The Larger Socialism
Hobson, J. A. Incentives in the New Social Order.
British Labor Party—Labor and the New Social Order
Henderson, Arthur.— The Aims of Labor
Morris, William. Hopes and Fears for Art
Webb, J. and B. The Collapse of Capitalist Civilization
Russell, Bertrand and Dora. The Prospects of Industrial Civilization
Sturt, Henry. Socialism and Character

 

Socialism and War

Walling, W. E. The Socialists and the War (Excellent documentary collection)
Boudin, Louis. Socialism and War
Files of La Guerre Sociale. Edited by Gustav Herve
Kellogg and Gleason. British Labor and the War
Hunter, Robert. Violence and the Labor Movement

 

8. Collectivism

 

*Davies, E. The Collectivist State in the Making
Shaw, Bernard. The Common Sense of Municipal Trading
Clark, W. E. Municipal Ownership in the United States
*Fabian. Report on State and Municipal Enterprise
Holcombe, A. N. Public Ownership of Telephones on the Continent of Europe
Hammeon, J . C. The British Post-Office
Mavor, James. Public Telephones
Gray, H. L. War Time Control of Industry
*Walling and Laidler. State Socialism, Pro and Con
Ise, John. Our National Forest Policy
Guyot, Yves. Where and Why Public Ownership Has Failed
McKaye, James. Yankee Socialism
Cheozza-Money, L. G. The Triumph of Nationalization
Strobel, Heinrich. Socialization in Theory and Practice
Hodges, Frank. The Nationalization of the Mines
De Montgomery, B. G. British and Continental Labour Policy, pp. 476-529
Survey, issue of March l, 1924 on Giant Power
Strobel, Heinrich. The German Revolution
Thompson. Public Ownerships

 

9. Criticisms of Socialism

*Skelton, O. D. Socialism – A Critical Analysis (excellent)
*Schaeffle, A. The Impossibility of Social Democracy (very good)
Ely, R. T. Socialism and Social Reform
Mallock, W. H. A Critical Examination of Socialism
*Mallock, W. H. Aristocracy and Evolution
*Le Rossignol. What Is Socialism?
Ryan-Hillquit. Socialism, Promise or Menace? (See arguments of Father Ryan against Socialism.)
Guyot, Yves. Socialist Fallacies
Guyot, Yves. The Tyranny of Socialism
Leroy-Beaulieu, P. Collectivism
Belloc, H. The Servile State
Hayek (editor) Collective Economics.
Mises. Socialism.

 

10. References on Anarchistic Theory

1. Individualistic

Godwin, Political Justice
Herbert Spencer. Man Versus the State
Donnisthrope. Liberty
Proudhon. Solution of the Social Problem
Tolstoi. What Shall We Do Then?
Tolstoi. The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Tolstoi. My Religion
Tolstoi. Essays
Tucker. Instead of a Book by a Men Too Busy to Write One

2. Communistic

Kropotkin. Fields, Factories, and Workshops
Kropotkin. The Conquest of Bread
Kropotkin. Mutual Aid
Kropotkin. Memoirs of a Revolutionist
Kropotkin. Anarchist Essays

3. Criticism

Shaw. The Impossibilities of Anarchism

 

11. Syndicalism

Levine. The Labor Movement in France
Pataud et Pouget. Comment Nous Ferons la Revolution?
Pouget. Sabotage
Jouhaux. Le Syndicaliam et Le C. G. T.
Brissenden. The I. W. W.

Criticisms

McDonald. Syndicalism
Spargo. Socialism, Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism

 

12. Guild Socialism

Cole. Self-Government in Industry
Cole. Guild Socialism Re-Stated
Hobson. National Guilds
Carpenter. Guild Socialism Re-Stated

 

13. Consumers Cooperation

Gide. The Consumers Cooperative Societies
Beatrice Potter. The Cooperative Movement in Great Britain
S. & B. Webb. The Consumers Cooperative Movement
Catherine Webb. Industrial Cooperation
Maxwell. History of Cooperation in Scotland
Fay. Cooperation at Home and Abroad
Wolff. Cooperation and the Future of Industry
Warbasse. Cooperative Democracy
Sonnichsen. Consumers Cooperation
Warne. Consumers Cooperation in Illinois
Bergengren. People’s Banks
Russell (“A.E.”). The National Being
Childs. Sweden — The Middle Way
Howe. Denmark — The Cooperative Way

 

14. The Single Tax

George. Progress and Poverty
Young. The Single Tax Movement in the United States
Post. The Taxation of Land Values
Post. What is the Single Tax?
Brown. The Taxation of Unearned Incomes

 

15. Modern Communism

A. Description of Theory

Lenin. The State and Revolution
Lenin. Can the Bolsheviks Maintain Power?
Bukarin and Preobrazhensky. The A. B. C. of Communism
Trotsky. In Defense of Terrorism
Postgate. The Bolshevik Theory
Russell. Bolshevik Theory and Practice
Fox. Lenin
Lenin. Collected Works
Stalin. Collected Works

B. Description of Developments in Russia

Trotsky. The Russian Revolution, 2 vols
Farbman. The Five Year Plan
Hindus. Humanity Uprooted
Hindus. Red Bread
Chamberlin. Soviet Russia–The Iron Age [sic, Russia’s Iron Age, 1934]
Karlgren. Bolshevist Russia (hostile)
Antonelli. Bolshevik Russia (Historical and critical)
Chase and Others. Soviet Russia in the Second Decade
Chamberlain. The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921
Hoover. The Economic Organization of Soviet Russia
***Webb, S. & B. Soviet Communism. 2 vols. The best work thus far. Should be read by all students.
Rosenberg. History of Bolshevism
Trotsky. The Revolution Betrayed

C. Critical

Kautsky. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Kautsky. Terrorism and Communism

 

16. Fascism

Machiavelli. The Prince
Mussolini. My Life
Hitler. Mein Kampf
Schneider. Making the Fascist State
Dutt. Fascism and Social Revolution
Salvimini. Fascism (hostile)
Strachey. The Coming Struggle for Power
Schuman. The Nazi Dictatorship
Bolton, King. Fascism
Pitigliani. The Italian Cooperative State [1933]
Finer. Mussolini’s Italy
Rosenstock-Franck. L’Économie Corporative en Theorie et Pratique [L’économie corporative fasciste en doctrine et en fait, 1934]
Seldes. Sawdust Caesar
Hoover. Germany Enters the Third Reich
Dennis, Lawrence. The Coming American Fascism
Salvemini. Under the Axe of Fascism
Rosso. The Road to Exile.

17. The Theory of Capitalism

Smith. The Wealth of Nations.
Carver. Essays in Social Justice.
Herbert Hoover. Defense of Liberty,
Pigou. The Economics of Welfare.
Cassel. The Theory of Social Economy.

 

18. Recent Books on Fascism, Communism, Democracy (1938)

A. Fascism

*Borgese, Goliath, The March of Fascism.
*Roberts, The House that Hitler Built.
Schmidt, The Plough and the Sword.

 

B. Communism

*Lyons, Assignment in Utopia.
Beal, Proletarian Journey.
Smith, I was a Soviet Worker.
Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed.

(All of the above books on communism are hostile criticisms from ex-communists about the dictatorial aspects of the Russian government)

C. [Democracy]

Heiman, *Fascism, Communism and Democracy [sic, Communism, Fascism or Democracy?]
Pigou, *Socialism versus Capitalism.

 

D. On Some Problems of Pricing, etc., in a Socialist Economy.

*Mises, Socialism.
*Hayek, Mises, Barone, etc., Problems of Collectivist Planning.
*Lange, “The Economic Theory of Socialism,” Review of Economic Studies, October 1936, February 1937.
Lerner, “Economic Theory and Socialist Economy,” Review of Economic Studies, October 1934.

Source: The University of Chicago Library. Norman M. Kaplan Papers. Box 1, Folder 7.

Categories
Columbia Economists

John Bates Clark Biography from Amherst Yearbook 1894

 

This mid-life testimony about the career of John Bates Clark is interesting to compare to the Memorial Minute entered into the record by his Columbia colleagues one month after his death in 1938.

_____________________

 

JOHN BATES CLARK, who fills the Chair of Political Economy at Amherst, was born January 26, 1847, in Providence, R. I. His father, John H. Clark, was a manufacturer; his mother was the daughter of Dr. Thomas Huntington, the youngest son of Gen. Jedidiah Huntington, of New London, Conn. Professor Clark has, therefore, by right of inheritance, both the industrial traits and the conservatism of New England.

Until his twentieth year, his home was at Providence. In the public schools of that city, he fitted for college, and passed at Brown the first and second years of his college course. In 1867, owing to the — happily temporary — crippled condition of the faculty of that institution, he came to Amherst and entered as Junior the class of ’69. Before the close of the year he was called to the new home of his family, Minneapolis, Minn. It was the failing health of his father that had led to the removal from Providence, and that now broke in upon his academic course. At Minneapolis he assumed and carried for more than a year business responsibilities of considerable weight. Here, too, he came, for the first time, under the spell of the new Northwest; and each influence, that of business responsibility and that of the new environment, had in it a valuable tonic quality. Moreover, some of those who are privileged to know him best think they find the source of certain traits which they greatly like, in the filial solicitude which kept the thought of self far in the background at the very period in a young man’s life when it is naturally, and, perhaps justifiably, most prominent. An improvement, unhappily transient, in his father’s health, permitted his return in the fall of ’69 to Amherst, and the resumption of study with the class of ’71. Then came his father’s death and a second interruption of his course at Amherst; this time, however, it lasted but a year. He graduated with the class of ’72. It is, perhaps, noteworthy that his connection with ’69, ’71 and ’72 made him, for nearly equal periods, the classmate of Prof. H. B. Adams of Johns Hopkins University, and of Professors Garman, Morse and Richardson, who are now his colleagues at Amherst.

Of Professor Clark’s scholarship it is enough to say that, in spite of two breaks in his college course, which together covered fully three years, and in spite of the distracting and absorbing nature of the cause of these breaks, his standing at graduation was higher than that of any man of his class. Of his character during this period the best witness is the singularly deep and fine impression which he made on classmates and teachers.

While at Amherst President Seelye, then Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy, advised him to give special attention to social and economic studies, and his interest in these developed rapidly under the instruction of this wise counsellor and powerful teacher. During his Senior year he made that analysis of wealth which was afterwards published in chapter first of “The Philosophy of Wealth.”

The three years following graduation were passed in Germany, Switzerland and France, in the study of economics and history. One semester was spent at Zurich, and a considerable period at Paris, but the larger part of his university work was done at Heidelberg under the direction of Professor Knies. It is worth remarking that these three years abroad were not, in the ordinary sense, wanderjahre; for the companionship of his mother and sister gave him, although a resident of foreign lands, the advantages of an American home. On his return to the United States in 1875, he married Miss Myra A. Smith of Minneapolis. In his home there are now three sons in various stages of preparation for Amherst College, and a daughter who has not yet decided between the claims of Vassar, of which her mother is a graduate, and Smith, where her father was an honored professor.

Professor Clark’s career as a teacher began in 1875 with an appointment to a lectureship in Carleton College, Carleton, Minn. A few weeks after the beginning of his work, a severe typhoidal illness led to an enforced vacation of more than a year. In 1877 he was appointed Professor of Economics and History at Carleton, and there he remained until 1882, when he accepted the Chair of History and Political Science at Smith College. In 1892 he was elected Professor of Political Economy at Amherst; during the following year he gave instruction both at Smith and at Amherst; in ’93 the transfer to Amherst was completed. In addition to his professorship at Amherst, he has held, since 1892, the position of Lecturer on Economics at Johns Hopkins University. The fact that both at Carleton and Smith the parting was with very great reluctance, bears pleasant testimony to the impression he made on the trustees, the faculty and the students of these institutions; and here at Amherst the appreciation, already marked, of his fine and sterling traits as man and teacher, is steadily growing.

In the promotion of economic science through the association of those who made its advancement their life work, Professor Clark has taken a leading part. In 1885 he helped to organize the American Economic Association, the largest and most active of its kind in the world. At its founding he was made third vice-president, and the chairman of the Committee on Economic Theory. In 1893 he was elected president; his immediate predecessor in this office was Professor Dunbar, of Harvard, who followed Gen. Francis A. Walker (A. C. class of 1860), the first president.

Professor Clark’s publications on economic subjects amount all told to thirty. These have appeared for the most part in the New Englander, the Political Science Quarterly, the International Journal of Politics, the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, the Yale Review, the Revue d’Economie Politique, and Palgrave’s Dictionary of Political Economy. The themes treated are indicated by the following titles : “The Law of Wages and Interest,” “Distribution as Determined by a Law of Rent,” “The Ultimate Standard of Value,” “The Genesis of Capital,” “Insurance and Business Profits,” “Trusts,” “The Influence of Land on the Rate of Wages,” “The Statics and the Dynamics of Distribution.” The articles first published in the New Englander, nine in number, were re-published with some others in 1883, under the title of “The Philosophy of Wealth.” This book was followed by a monograph on “Capital and its Earnings.” Another monograph, written in co-operation with Mr. Stuart Wood, was on “Wages.” Two of the articles that appeared in the Political Science Quarterly were re-published with two by Professor Giddings, in a volume entitled “The Modern Distributive Process.”

In their entirety these various publications present a system of Economics the central feature of which is a new theory of Distribution. According to this theory the existing industrial system, though containing abuses, is in principle sound; and the abuses will gradually disappear if the legal and moral forces of society acting in their own distinct and proper spheres can be made to do their full duty. Briefly told. Professor Clark in spirit, thought and method, is conservatively progressive. His presence at Amherst gives to every friend of the College cause for hope and cheer.

Source: Amherst Yearbook Olio ’96 (New York, 1894), pp. 7-9. Picture above from frontispiece. Another link.

 

Categories
Columbia Courses

Columbia Economics. Historical and Practical Political Economy. Mayo-Smith, early 1890´s

 

 

Source: An eight page pamphlet (undated), the third, in a bound collection of 14 miscellaneous pamphlets of Columbia University  Colleges and Universities (New York Public Library ID# 3 3433 08006932 5, call number: STG (Columbia) p.v.2). From course catalogues it is clearly Richmond Mayo-Smith‘s course. Judging from the date of last journal article, we can date this outline to 1891-92.

_______________________ 

Historical and Practical Political Economy.

Outline of Lectures to the Students of the School of Political Science of Columbia College

_______________

Book I. Introduction. The Bases of Political Economy.

_______________

Chap. I.—The Theoretical Basis; Political Economy as a Science.

Par. I.—Relation of Political Economy to Political and Social Science.

Literature: Walker, Political Economy, Introduction;[3rd ed., 1892]; Roscher, Political Economy. Introduction [1878] [Vol. 1, Vol. 2]; Cossa, Guide to the Study of Political Economy;[1880] Smith (Munroe), The Domain of Political Science, Polit. Sci. Quarterly [1886], I. p. 1.

Definitions ; Political Economy a social science ; what is meant by society and social science; relation of Political Economy to Political Science, to Jurisprudence, to History, to Statistics, to Philosophy and Ethics. Importance of the economic side of civilization.

Par. 2.—Function of Political Economy in the study of Political Science.

Literature: Same as above.

(1) Historical: to explain how political development has been influenced by economic conditions (2) Critical: to direct state action in respect to the economic interests of the community. Social problems of the present time are mainly economic. Antithesis between recent political and economic development.

Par. 3.—Method of Study and Literature of Political Economy.

Literature: Cossa, Guide to the Study, etc.; Cairnes, Logical Method of Political Economy [1875]; Bagehot, Postulates of Polit. Econ. [1885]; Science Economic Discussions [Richard T. Ely et al., 1886]; Ingram, History of Polit. Econ. [1888, reprinted 1915]

(1) Historical and descriptive political economy. (2) Dogmatic political economy. The deductive or abstract method; the inductive or historical method ; how to investigate economic problems; how to reach principles of economic life; advantages of the inductive method.

History of economic writing and doctrine. Adam Smith and the classical school. The German historical school. The socialists. Recent writers in England, the United States, Germany, France and Italy.

 

Chap. II.—The Practical Basis ; Economic Organization of Society.

Par. 1.—Sketch of the general economic development of the civilized world. 

Literature: Blanqui, History of Political Economy [4th ed. 1880]; Kautz, Nationaloekonomik [Vol 1, 1858], [Vol 2; 1860]; Guizot, History of Civilization in France [sic] [Vol. 1, 1856; Vol. 2, 1856; Vol. 3, 1856]; Ashley, Introduction to English Economic History [Middle Ages, 2nd ed, 1892; End Middle Ages, 2nd ed, 1893]; Cunningham, Growth of English Industry [1882] [2nd ed, 1892]; Toynbee, The Industrial Revolution [1884].

Chronological periods: (1) Greece and Rome; (2) The early Germans; (3) The feudal system; (4) The absolute monarchy; (5) The modern industrial state.

Par. 2.—Survey of the present economic condition of the world with particular reference to the social institutions affecting it. 

Literature: Bagehot, Postulates, etc. [1885]; Adams, Relation of the State to Industrial Action [1887].

The commercial-industrial character of society at the present time. Different degrees of civilization. The presence of a powerful political organization, i. e. the state. General considerations in respect to the functions of the state. The individualistic view; the socialistic demand.

Par. 3.—The principle of the personal liberty of the individual in its economic influence.

Literature: Wagner; Politische Oekonomie [1876 1st ed; Vol 1, Part 1, 3ed, 1892; Vol 1, Part 2, 3ed, 1894]; Rogers, Work and Wages [Vol 1, Vol 2; 1st ed 1884]; Jevons, The State in Relation to Labor [1882]; Farrer, The State in Relation to Trade [1883]; Cairnes, The Slave Power [1862]; Smith (R. M.), Emigration and Immigration, c. 13 [1890].

Origin of slavery in force or in unfavorable economic condition ; modification into serfdom; emancipation. Personal liberty formulated as an absolute principle: (a) The doctrine of equality; (b) Social rights such as freedom of marriage, of domicile, of emigration and immigration, of travel, of occupation and trade. Economic importance of these principles.

Par. 4.—The institution of private property in its economic influence.

Literature: Wagner, Politische Oekonomie, I [1876 1st ed; Vol 1, Part 1, 3ed, 1892; Vol 1, Part 2, 3ed, 1894]; Maine, Ancient Law [6th ed., 1876]; [Maine,] Early History of Institutions [1888]; [Maine,] Village Communities [3rd ed, 1876]; De Laveleye, Primitive Property [1878]; Proudhon, What is Property? [1876]

Theories of property; philosophical (natural and natural-economic); juristic (occupation and labor) ; legal (established by the state). History of private property in land; justification of private property in land. History and criticism of private property in capital and the means of production. Rights of private property—to use, buy and sell, freedom of contract, bequest and inheritance. Appropriation of private property by the state (eminent domain).

Book II.—Systematic Political Economy : Production.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION; HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Literature: Walker [3rd ed., 1892], Mill [Ashley edition], Roscher  [1878] [Vol. 1, Vol. 2], Wagner  [1876 1st ed; Vol 1, Part 1, 3ed, 1892; Vol 1, Part 2, 3ed, 1894].

Chapter 1.—Land.

Par. 1.—Land as a productive instrument.

Literature: Roscher, Nationaloekonomik des Ackerbaues [1867]; Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices[7 vols, 1866-1902:  Vol. 1, Vol.2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6, Vol. 7a, Vol. 7b]. Prothero, History of English Farming [1888].

Fertility of soil; mineral resources ; climate ; commercial facilities. Increased productivity of the land. Methods of cultivation (history of agriculture) : primitive system ; three-field system ; rotation of crops ; intensive cultivation. Accessibility to new land (history of discovery.)

Par. 2—Natural resources of the United States.

Literature: U.S. Census; Reports of Department of Agriculture [List of publications of the Agriculture department 1862-1902, with analytical index]; Mineral Resources of the U.S. [e.g. 1886] ; Gold and Silver Production in the U.S. [possibly referring to 1869 publication].

Physical geography of the U.S. ; climate ; mineral resources; farms and farm products.

Par. 3.—Tenure of land.

Literature: Coben Club Essays, Land Tenure in Different Countries [1870]; Pollock, State in Relation to Land [1887, 2nd ed]; Richey, Irish Land Law [1880].

Landlord and tenant in England; Metayage in Italy ; peasant properties in France ; community of land in India and Russia ; Irish land system. The United States.

Par. 4.—Economic and social effects of different systems of land tenure.

Literature: Young, Travels in France; Shaw-Lefevre, English and Irish Land Question [1881]; Verney, How the French Peasant Lives [1888]; Mappin, Farm Mortgages, Polit. Sci. Quar.[1889], p. 431; Dunn, The Mortgage Evil, Polit. Sci. Quar. [1890] V., p. 65.

The relative advantages of large and small farming ; the social effects of land tenure ; the condition of farming in the United States. International competition.

 

Chapter II.—Labor as a Productive Agent

Par. 1.—The law of population

Literature: Malthus, Principles of Population [1803]; Roscher, Polit. Econ. Book V  [1878] [Vol. 1, Vol. 2]; Smith (R.M.), Statistics and Economics, part I [1888].

Growth of population ; restraints on population ; desirability of increased population ; economic analysis of population.

Par. 2.—Emigration and immigration.

Literature: Smith (R.M.), Emigration and Immigration [1890].

History of emigration and immigration ; statistics of immigration, sex, age, occupation, nationality, causes, etc. ; influence on population ; economic influence.

Par. 3.—Productivity of labor.

Literature: Mill [Ashley edition] ; De Laveleye [The Elements of Political Economy (1884)?]; Wright, Factory System [1884]; Engel, Zeitalter des Dampfes [Ernst Engel, Das Zeitalter des Dampfes in technisch-statistischer Beleuchtung (2nd ed. Berlin, 1881)].

Division of labor ; skill and trustworthiness of labor ; energy of labor ; introduction of steam power and machinery.

 

Chapter III.—Capital as a Productive Instrument.

Literature: Mill [Ashley edition]; Roscher  [1878] [Vol. 1, Vol. 2] ; Giffen, Growth of Capital [1889].

History of capital ; origin, growth and function of capital ; relation of capital to labor.

 

Chapter IV.—Methods and Results of Production.

Par. 1.—Productive Activity.

Literature: Mill [Ashley edition]; De Laveleye [The Elements of Political Economy (1884)?]; Walker [Political Economy, 3rd ed, 1892]; Commission of Depression of Trade [1886].

Classification of occupations ; different forms of productive enterprise, partnership, joint stock companies, corporations, etc. Production on a large and small scale.

Par. 2.—Productive power of the world.

Literature: Neumann-Spallart, Uebersichten der Weltwirtschaft [Vol 1, 1878; Vol 2, 1879; Vol 3, 1880; Vol 4, 1881/2; Vol 5, 1883/4; Vol 6, 1885/9] ; Smith (R. M.), Statistics and Economics, part 2 [1888] ; Roscher, Principles, Vol. 2.

Great increase in the quantity of wealth ; change in kind of wealth ; statistics of production. Unproductive consumption of wealth ; sumptuary laws ; function of the state in encouraging the production of wealth.

 

Book III.—Systemic Political Economy : Exchange

Chapter I.—Commerce.

Par. 1.—History of Commerce

Literature:  Blanqui, [History of Political Economy, 4th ed. 1880]; Kautz, [Nationaloekonomik Vol 1, 1858; Vol 2; 1860];  Levi, History of British Commerce [1872]; Roscher, Nationaloekonomik des Handels [1881].

Ancient and mediaeval commerce ; the crusades and renaissance ; the city confederations ; the period of discovery; navigation acts ; trading monopolies ; colonial policy ; freedom of commerce ; the commerce of the world.

Par. 2.—Free Trade and Protection.

Literature: Roscher, Principles, Vol. 2, Appendix; Taussig, History of the Tariff [1st ed, 1888; 5th ed ca 1910] ; Fawcett, Free Trade and Protection [6th ed, 1885]; Walker, Protection and Protectionists, Quar. Jour. Economics, IV [1890], 245 ; Roberts, Government Revenue [1884]; Patten, Economic Basis of Protection [1st ed, 1890; 2nd ed, 1896].

Advantages of commerce ; the mercantile system ; change to the modern system ; free trade in England ; protectionism in France and Germany ; history of the tariff in the United States ; arguments in favor of and against protection.

 

Chapter II.—Transportation.

Par. 1.—Highways, canals, shipping, etc.

Literature: Ency. Brittanica; U.S. Census, vol. 4 [1880 Census is referred to here. Cf. published in 1894 for 1890 Census: Report on Transportation Business, Part I—Transportation by Land, Part II-Transportation by Water]; Jenks, Road Legislation in American States [May, 1889].

History of highways, canals, etc. ; policy of the state ; statistics of shipping.

Par. 2.—Railroads, post and telegraphs

Literature: Hadley, Railroad Transportation [1885]; Seligman, Railway Tariffs [Part I, Part II], Polit. Sci. Quar. II [1887], pp. 223 and 369; Reps. of Interstate Commerce Commission; Wagner, Finanzwissenschaft [1883, Part 1, 3rd ed; ].

History of railroads; the railroad as a monopoly ; railroad competition ; railroad rates ; discriminations; the post and telegraph.

Par. 3.—The relation of the state to means of transportation.

Literature: Jenks, Hadley, Seligman, Wagner, as above.

Relation of the state to highways, bridges, canals, etc.; relation to railroads; system of private ownership and non-interference; of legislative regulation of rates; of railroad commissions; of state control or ownership.

 

Chapter III.—The Machinery of Exchange.

Par. 1.—Money.

Literature: Jevons, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange [1875]; Walker, Money [1878]; Soetbeer, Production of the Precious Metals, in U.S. consular reports, Dec., 1887 [Consular Reports on Commerce Manufactures, etc. No 87—December, 1887. Appendix D. Materials toward the elucidation of the economic conditions affecting the precious metals and the question of standards. AD. Soetbeer. (2nd revised edition), translated by F. W. Taussig. pp. 435-658.   Scan from Harvard library of Taussig’s personal copy!]. Laughlin, History of Bimetallism in the U. S.[2nd ed 1888 ]; International Monetary Conference, 1878; Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury.

History of the precious metals; the single or the double standard; the silver question in the United States.

Par. 2.—Banks and Banking.

Literature: Bagehot, Lombard Street [1873]; Richardson, The National Banks [1880]; Reports of Comptroller of the Currency, (especially 1876); White, Future of Banking in the U. S., Polit. Sci. Quar. I  [1886], 517.

History of early banking, the Bank of England , Bank of France , Bank of Germany , history of banking in the U. S. , the first bank of the U. S. ; state banks , the second Bank of the U. S.; the Suffolk and New York banking systems; the National Banking system; business of a bank. Foreign exchange; clearing houses.

Par. 3.—Paper Money.

Literature: Sumner, History of American Currency [1874]; Knox, United States Treasury Notes [1884 1st ed, 1892 3ed revised]; Spaulding, History of the Legal Tenders [1869]; Bancroft, Plea for the Constitution [1886]; Neill, The Legal Tender Decisions, Polit. Sci. Quar. I  [1886], 250.

History of paper money in the U. S.; the colonial period; continental paper money; United States Treasury notes; legal tender notes; the legal tender decisions; value of paper money; the greenback party.

 

Chapter IV.—Theory and Practice in Exchange.

Par. 1.—Credit, value and prices.

Literature: Clark, Philosophy of Wealth [2nd ed, 1887]; Marshall, Economics of Industry [2nd ed. 1881].

Forms of credit; history of credit; effect of credit on prices; theory of value; history and statistics of prices; index numbers; commercial institutions.

Par. 2.—Commercial Crises.

Literature: White, Commercial Crises, in Cyclopaedia of Political Science [1890, pp. 523-530]; Juglar, Des Crises Commerciales [1862]; Wells, Recent Economic Changes [1889]; Giffen, Essays in Finance, first series [1890, 5th ed].

History of commercial crises; characteristics of commercial crises; causes of crises; the low prices since 1873; question of the appreciation of gold; remedies for commercial crises.

Par. 3.—Competition and Monopoly.

Literature: Clark, Limits of Competition, and Giddings, Persistence of Competition, in Polit. Sci. Quar. II [1888], 45; Gunton, Economic Aspects of Trusts, and Dwight, Legality of Trusts, Polit. Sci. Quar. III [1888], 385 and 592; Andrews, Trusts, Quar. Jour. of Economics, III [1889], 11.

Theory of competition; failure of competition; history of the Standard Oil Company; the legality of trusts; their economic influence; the function of the state in exchange.

 

Book IV.—Systemic Political Economy : Distribution 

Chapter I.—The Laboring Class.

Par. 1.—The history of labor.

Literature: Levasseur, Histoire des classes ouvrières en France [Vol. 1 (1867); Vol. 2 (1859)]; Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages [1884]; Held, Zwei Bücher zur socialen Geschichte Englands [1881]; Seligman, Two Chapters on Mediaeval Guilds in England [1887].

History of agricultural labor in England; the statue of laborers; abolition of the monasteries; sheep farming; base money; fixing of wages; law of settlement; enclosures; condition of the laborer during the 18th century. History of the artisans; mediaeval guilds; apprenticeship laws; house industry; the factory system; successive steps in the change; consequences of the evolution; summary.

Par. 2.—Present condition of the laboring class.

Literature: Giffen, Progress of the Laboring Classes [1884]; Booth, East London [1889]; Atkinson, What makes the Rate of Wages [1885]; Smith (R. M.), American Labor Statistics, Polit. Sci. Quar. I [1886], 65; Wage Statistics, Quar. Jour. of Economics, II [1888], 385. Reports of Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1884, ’85, ‘86.

The absolute economic condition of the laboring classes; the question of wages; the cost of living; the expenditures of the workman. The relative condition of the laboring class. The social progress of the working classes. The law of wages.

Chapter II.—Organization of the Laboring Class (Self-Help)

Par. 1.—Trades Unions and benefit societies.

Literature: Howells, Conflicts of Labor and Capital [1878]; Baernreither, English Associations of Working Men [1889]; McNeill, The Labor Problem [1891]; Wright, The Knights of Labor, Quar. Jour. of Economics, I [1887], 137; Cheyney, Conspiracy and Boycott Cases, Polit. Sci. Quar. IV [1889], 261; Crompton, Industrial Conciliation [1876].

History of trades unions and friendly societies in England; in America; Federation of trades unions; the Knights of Labor; recent strikes ; theory of strikes; difficulties; economic and social results of strikes; boycotting; legality of strikes and boycotting; arbitration and conciliation; history of, in England and the U. S.; state boards of arbitration.

Par. 2.—Co-operation and profit sharing.

Literature: Holyoake, History of Co-operation in England [Vol 1 (1875), Vol 2 (1879)]; Shaw (and others), History of Co-operation in the United States [1888]; Parl. Report on Co-operation in Foreign Countries; Gilman, Profit Sharing [1889].

Co-operative stores; co-operative workshops; credit banks; building societies; difficulties of co-operation; future of; profit sharing; examples of; advantages; should workmen give up trades unions? Should workmen share losses as well as profits?

 

Chapter III.—The State in Relation to Labor (State-Help).

Par. 1.—Poor relief.

Literature: Fowle, The Poor Law [1881]; Aschrott-Thomas, The English Poor Law System [1888]; Farnam, The State and the Poor, Polit. Sci. Quar., II [1888], 282.

History of the poor laws in England; the act of 43. Eliz.; the act of settlement; the Gilbert act; the reform of 1834; true principles of poor relief; effect of poor relief on wages; organized charity.

Par. 2.—Factory laws and employer’s liability.

Literature: Jevons, State in Relation to Labor [1882]; Wright, The Factory System [1884]; Parl. Report on Employer’s Liability; Mass. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report for 1882.

The abuses of the factory system; history of the factory acts; present provisions in England and the U.S.; employer’s liability; insurance of workmen against accident, sickness and old age.

Par. 3.—Aids to intelligence, thrift, health and well-being.

Literature: Industrial Remuneration Conference [1885]; Craik, The State in Relation to Education [1884]; Parl. Report on Housing of the Working Classes [1885]; Postal Savings Banks (tract issued by State Charities Aid Society); Cunningham, Politics and Economics [1885]; Gunton, Wealth and Progress [3rd ed. 1890].

Common school education; technical schools; savings banks; insurance companies; sanitary laws; housing of the poor; public amusements; other legislation; the eight hour movement.

 

Chapter IV.—The Capitalist Class.

Par. 1.—History of capital and the capitalist.

Literature: Roscher, Polit. Econ. [Vol 1, Vol 2: 1878]; Marx, Capital [Vol 1, 1887 (Note Beatrice Potter copy!); Vol 2, 1887.].

Distinction between capital and the capitalist class; the latter includes the capitalist proper, the entrepreneur and the landlord; origin of the capitalist class; characteristics of the modern capitalistic method of production; influence of the modern capitalistic class; statistics on capital.

Par. 2.—Profit and interest.

Literature: Clark, Profits under Modern Conditions, Polit. Sci. Quar. II [1887], 603. Walker, Polit. Econ. [3rd ed, 1888

Distinction between capital and the capitalist class; the latter includes the capitalist proper, the entrepreneur and the landlord; origin of the capitalist class; characteristics of the modern capitalistic method of production; influence of the modern capitalistic class; statistics on capital.

Par. 3.—The rent of land.

Literature: George, Progress and Poverty [1879]; Walker, The Rent of Land [1883].

Successive phases of the cultivation of land; modern rents; rent and prices; rent and wages; the unearned increment; nationalization of land.

 

Chapter V.—The Conflict Between Capital and Labor.

Par. 1.—Progress and poverty.

Literature: George, Progress and Poverty [1879]; Giffen, Progress of the Working Classes [1884]; Industrial Remuneration Conference [1885].

The separation of classes; relative incomes as shown by statistics; improvement in absolute condition of the working classes; the wealth of the middle classes; accumulation of wealth in the hands of individuals and corporations; conditions ofsocial progress; advantageous position of the working classes at the present time.

Par. 2.—The system of free competition.

Literature: Bastiat, Economic Harmonies [1850]; Atkinson, Progress of the Nation [1889]; Sidgwick, Polit. Economy [1883]; Cairnes, Principles, etc. [1874].

Advantages of free competition; evils of excessive competition; economic Darwinism; origin of laissez faire; change in modern conditions; the mobility of labor; competition in the labor market; social effect of excessive immigration; the functions of the state as admitted in practice.

Par. 3.—The socialistic scheme.

Literature: De Laveleye, The Socialism of To-Day [1886]; Marx, Capital [Vol 1, 1887 (Note Beatrice Potter copy!); Vol 2, 1887.]; Osgood, Scientific Socialism, and  [Scientific ] Anarchism, in Polit. Sci. Quar. I [1886], 560, and IV [1889], p. 1; Gunton, Wealth and Progress [3rd ed, 1890].

History of socialism; the different phases, communism, collectivism, anarchism, etc ; the modern writers, Marx, Lasalle, Rodbertus; the socialistic parties; the demands of socialism; the socialistic influence.

 

Book V.—Science of Finance

PRELIMINARY REMARKS; THE SCIENCE OF FINANCE AND ITS RELATION TO POLITICAL ECONOMY. LITERATURE OF FINANCE.

Literature: Leroy-Beaulieu, Science des finances [Vol 1, 5th ed, 1892; Vol 2, 5th ed., 1891]; Cohn, Finanzwissenschaft [The Science of Finance, 1895 translation by Veblen]; Wagner, Finanzwissenschaft; Roscher, Finanzwissenschaft [sic, System der Finanzwissenschaft, ein Hand- und Lesebuch für Geschäftsmänner und Studierende, 2nd ed., 1886]; Cossa, Science of Finance [sic, Taxation: Its Principles and Methods, 1888]; Wilson, The National Budget [1882].

 

Chapter I.—Financial Needs of the State or State Expenditure.

Literature: as above; Mill, Polit. Econ. Book V., c. I and II. Finance Reports of U.S.; Statesman’s Year Book [e.g. 1885 edition].

Par. 1.—Historical.

The gradual growth of the financial needs of the state from primitive times through the feudal period and the absolute monarchy up to the modern constitutional state.

Par. 2.—Descriptive.

Ordinary expenditures (administrative, economic and educational); extraordinary.

Par. 3.—Critical.

The law of extension of state duties; the prevalence of the preventive over repressive principle; maxims of usefulness, of public service, etc.

 

Chapter II.—Financial Resources of the State or State Revenue.

Par. 1.—Historical.

Literature: Literature: as above; Dowell, History of Taxation and Taxes in England [Vol 1, 1884; Vol 2, 1888; Vol 3, 1888 2nd ed; Vol 4, 1884]; Bolles, Financial History of the United States [Vol 1, 1884; Vol 2, 1885, 2nd ed; Vol 3, 1886].

Three sources of revenue; (1) public property; (2) fees and charges for particular services; (3) taxation. Successive stages of development (primitive times, feudal system, absolute monarchy, modern constitutional state).

Par. 2.—Descriptive.

Revenue of the modern state. From public property (lands, forests, etc.). From fees and charges (coinage, tolls, harbor dues, registration fees, judicial costs, postage, etc.).

Par. 3.—Taxation.

Literature: as above; Reports of the N.Y. Tax Commission [Earliest found online 1896]; Report of the Massachusetts Tax Commission [1875?]; Ely, Taxation in American States and Cities; Seligman, The Property Tax, Polit. Sci. Quar. V [1890], p. 24; Seligman, The Corporation Tax, Polit. Sci. Quar., June and Sept. 1890 [and Dec. 1890]; Cohn, Income and Property Taxes, Polit Sci. Quar. IV [1889], 37; Seligman, Finance Statistics of the American Commonwealths [1889]; Cobden Club Essays on Local Taxation [1875].

The right to levy taxes; principles of taxation; administrative rules; systems of taxation; classification of taxes; (a) direct taxes: capitation tax; land tax; house tax; tax on rent; the general property tax; the personal property tax; income tax; tax on corporations; tax on trades, occupations and professions; the death duties; stamp duties; the assessed taxes. (b) Indirect taxes; custom duties; tariff for revenue vs. tariff for protection; administrative and economic rules; incidence of custom duties. Excise taxes; various methods of collecting.

Par. 4.—Economic and social effects of taxation.

The question of direct or indirect taxation; the diffusion of taxes; the single tax, socialistic taxation.

 

Chapter III.—Public Debt.

Literature: Adams, Public Debt [1890]; Baxter, National Debt [1871, 2nd ed); U.S. Census, Public Debt [1892].

Par. 1.—History of public debts.

Par. 2—Descriptive.

Extraordinary revenue; reserve funds; exchequer bills; public loans; paper money; annuities (perpetual, life and terminable); government bonds repayable at fixed date or dates; placing a loan; high or low rates of interest; funded and floating debt; burden of debt; refunding the debt; redeeming the debt; repudiation; taxing public bonds.

Par. 3—Critical.

Taxation vs. loans; evil effects of paper money; right to burden future generations; a permanent public debt; economic, political and social effects of public loans; policy of different nations.

Image Source: Colorized portrait of Richmond Mayo-Smith by   Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. Original monochrome image from Memoirs of the National Academy of the Sciences, Volume XVIII, Second Memoir.

 

 

Categories
Chicago Columbia Cornell Courses Economists Harvard Johns Hopkins Michigan Pennsylvania Yale

Graduate Economics Courses. 23 US Universities. 1898-99

In this posting we have a compilation of virtually all the graduate courses in economics (and sociology) offered at the major graduate schools in the U.S. at the end of the 19th century. Source 

Barnard
Brown
BrynMawr
California
Chicago
Columbia
Cornell
Harvard
Hopkins
Stanford
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
NYU
Northwestern
Pennsylvania
Princeton
Radcliffe
Vanderbilt
Wellesley
WesternReserve
Wisconsin
Yale

____________________

EXPLANATORY

“ To state the numbers of Graduate Students who have taken courses in each department during 1897-8, thus giving an indication of the amount of graduate work actually going on. A Graduate Student often takes courses in two or more departments; such student counts once in each of those departments….

…The number of hours per week is put in small Roman, the number of weeks in Arabic numerals. A dash, followed by a mark of interrogation, calls attention to the absence of specific information. Unless months are given, a course usually extends from September or October to May or June (inclusive). The abbreviations for the names of the months are as follows: Ja., F., Mar., Ap., My., Jun., Jul., Au., S., O., N., D.

…[Enclosed] in brackets all courses not to be given in 1898-9. Bracketed courses usually may be expected in 1899-1900.

…[Marked] with the asterisk all courses “not designed primarily for Graduate Students.” It should be borne in mind that “Graduate work” in each institution is conditioned by local plans of administration, as well as by the previous preparation of Graduate Students. The marking of a course with an asterisk simply means that (under the conditions prevailing in his institution) the instructor does not offer the course with a primary purpose of meeting the needs of Graduate Students. But the inclusion of the course in these lists indicates that it is often useful to such students.” [p. liii]

 

 

 

  1. ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY. 

(Including Finance and Statistics. See also 9 and 11.)

 

BARNARD.
16 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

[All Graduate Courses in Columbia under 10 open to Barnard Graduate Students.]

 

BROWN.
8 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Henry B. Gardner, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Brown, ’84, and A.M., ’87; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’90;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., Brown, ’88-’90.

Hist. of Economic Thought.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Economic Policy. iii, 12, S.-D.
Money and Banking.* iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.
Public Finance.* iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.
Practical Economic Questions.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Economic Theory (adv.) iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.

 

George G. Wilson, Prof. of Social and Pol. Science.
A.B., Brown, ’86, A.M., and Ph.D., ’89;
Assoc. Prof. of Social and Pol. Science, ’91-5.

Princ. of Sociol.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Social Conditions and Probs.* iii, 21, Ja.-Jun.
Current Social Theory and Practice. i, 33.
Sociology. Seminary. Fort.

 

James Q. Dealey, Asst. Prof. of Social and Pol. Science.
A.B. Brown, ’90, A.M., ’92, and Ph.D., ’95.

Devel. of Social Theory. iii, 12, S.-D.
Social Philos. iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.
[Segregation of Population. iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.]

 

Alpheus S. Packard, Prof. of Zool. and Geol.
Ph.D., Bowdoin;
Libr. and Custodian, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ’65; Lect., Mass. Agricult. Col. ’69-’77; Maine Agricult. Col., ’71; Bowdoin, ‘73-6.

Anthropology.* iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.

 

 

BRYN MAWR.

3 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
1 Fel. $525 in Hist. of Political Science.

 

Lindley M. Keasbey, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Sci.
A.B., Harv., ’88; Ph.D., Columbia, ’90;
Asst. in Econ., Columbia, and Lect. on Pol. Sci., Barnard, ’92; R.P.D., Strassburg, ’92; Prof. of Hist., Econ., and Pol. Sci., State Univ. of Col., ’92-4.

Economic Institutions. i, 30.
Am. Primitive Society. i, 30.
Am. Commerce. i, 30.
Descriptive Sociology.* iii, 30.
Theoretical Sociology.* ii, 30.

 

 

CALIFORNIA.

1 Graduate Student, 1897-8.

 

Bernard Moses, Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Heidelberg.

Economic Theory.* iv, 16, Ja.-My.
[Econ. Condition of Laborers in Eng. ii, 16, Au.-D.]

 

Carl C. Plehn, Assoc. Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Science.
A.B., Brown; Ph.D., Gottingen.

[Federal Expenditures, Revenues and Debts. ii, 32.]
Industrial and Commercial Hist. of U. S. ii, 32.
[Currency and Banking. ii, 32.]
Finance and Taxation.* iv. 16, Ja.-My.
Statistics. Hist., Theory, and Method, as applied to Econ. Investigation.* ii, 16, Au.-D
Local Govt. and Admin. —?

 

CHICAGO.

 40 Graduate Students, 1897-8; and 40 in Summer Quarter, ‘97, in Political Economy;55 Graduate Students, 1897-8; and 95 in Summer Quarter, ’97, in Sociology. Pol. Econ., Club and Social Science Club fortnightly. Dept. libs. of Pol. Econ., Sociol. and Anthropol. have leading magazines and 6,000 vols. In Anthropol. Dept. of Walker Museum, coll. of 3,000 pieces on Archaeol. of Mexico,valuable colls. on Cliff and Cave Dwellings, and Japan and Aleutian Islands; also complete anthropometrical apparatus. Access to the Fieid Columbian Museum. 6 Fels. in Pol. Econ. 4 in Sociol. 1 Fel. in Anthropol.

 

J. Laurence Laughlin, Head Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’73; A.M., and Ph.D., ’76;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., same, ’83-8; Prof. Pol. Econ. and Finance, Cornell, ’90-2.

Money and Banking. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
Seminar. ii, 12, O.-D.
Money. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Seminar. ii, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Unsettled Problems. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Seminar. ii, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Bernard Moses, Prof. of History and Political Economy, Univ. of Cal.
Ph.B., Univ. of Mich., ’70; Ph.D., Heidelberg, ‘73;
Prof. of History and Engl. Lit., Albion Col. ’75; Prof. of Hist. Univ. Cal. ’75-6; Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ. Univ. Cal. ’76.

Practical Economics.* iv, 12, Jul.-S., and O.-D.
Advanced Course on Theory. iv, 12, Jul.-S., and O.-D.

 

Adolph C. Miller, Prof. of Finance.
A.B., California, ‘87 A.M., Harv., ‘88;
Instr., in Pol. Econ., Harv., ’89-’00; Lect. on Pol. Econ., California, ’90-1, and Asst. Prof.-elect of Hist. and Pol. Sci., same, ’91; Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ. and Finance, Cornell, ’91-2; Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ., Chicago, ’92-3.

[Public Finance. iv, 12, O.-D.]
[Economic and Social Hist. iv, 24, Ja.-Jun.]
Public Finance.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Financial Hist.* U. S. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
[Pol. Econ (adv).* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.]
[Taxation. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
Seminar in Finance. ii, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

William Hill, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Kansas, ’90; A.B., Harv., ’91, and A.M., ’92;
Fellow, Harv., ‘91-3; Instr. Pol. Econ., same, ’93; Tutor Pol. Econ., Chicago, ’93-4; Instr., same, ’94-7.

Tariff Hist.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Railway Transportation.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Oral Debates.* ii, 24, O.-Mar. (With Messrs. Damon and Lovett.)
Comparative Railway Legislation.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Banking.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Money and Banking. iv, 12, O.-D.

 

Thorstein B. Veblen, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Carleton, ‘80; Ph.D., Yale, ‘84;
Fellow in Economics and Finance, Cornell, ’91-2; Fellow, Chicago, ’92-3; Reader in Pol. Econ., same, ’93-4; Tutor, same, ’94-6.

Hist. of Pol. Econ.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Scope and Method of Pol. Econ.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Socialism. iv, 24, Ja.-Jun.
American Agriculture. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Economic Factors of Civilization. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Henry Rand Hatfield, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Northwestern, ’92; Ph.D., Chicago, ’97;
Prof. of Pol. Econ. Washington Univ., ’95-7.

Railway Accounts, Exchanges, etc.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Processes of Leading Industries. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Coöperation.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

A.W. Small, Head Prof. of Sociol.
A.B., Colby, ’76, and A.M.’79; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’89;
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Colby, ’81-8; Reader in Hist., Johns Hopkins, ’88-9; Pres., Colby, ’89-’92.

Social Teleology. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Sociol. Methodology. viii, 6, Jul.-Au., and iv, 12, O.-D.
[Philos. of Soc. iv. 12, O.-D. State and Govt., Ja.-Mar. Socialism, Ap.-Jun. Social Functions U.S. Govt. iv, 6, Jul.-Au. Contemp. Soc, Jul.-Au.]
[Sem. Probs. in Social Teleology. ii, 36, O.-Jun.]
Social Dynamics. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
[Historical Sociology. iv, 12, Ja.- Mar.]
[Outlines of Constructive Social Philos. Philos. of Society. iv, 12, O.-D. The Social Problem. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. Philos. of State and Govt. iv, 12, Ap.-S.]
[Seminar. Problems of Social Dynamics. ii, 36, O.-Jun.]
Seminar. Problems in Methodology and Classification. ii, 36, O.-Jun.
[Am. Experience with State Control of Social Action. iv, Ja.-Mar.]
Controlling Ideas of Modern Society. iv, 12. Ap.-Jun., and iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
[Some Pending Problems in Sociology. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.]
[The Sociological Method of Stating the Social Problem and of Arranging Evidence, Applied to a Selected Hist. Period. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.]
[Comparative Study of Social Forces in Am. and French Democracy. iv, 6, O.-D.]

 

C. R. Henderson, Assoc. Prof. of Sociol.
A.B., Old Univ. of Chicago, ’70, and A.M., ‘73; D.B. Baptist Union Theol. Sem., ’73; D.D., same, ’83;
Assist. Prof. Sociol., Chicago, ’92-4.

Methods of Social Amelioration. Sem. ii, 36, O.-Jun.
[The Domestic Inst. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Associations for Sociability and Culture. iv, 12, O.-D.
[Social Reform. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
[Beneficent Forces of Cities. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
Social Inst. of Organized Christianity. iv, 12, O.-D.
Social Treatment of Crime. iv, 6, Au.-S.
[Bibl. and Eccles. Social Theories. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
[Field Work in Local Institutions of Charity and Correction. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.]
The Family.* iv, 12, O.-D.
The Labor Movement.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Amelioration of Rural Life. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
Modern Cities. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Contemporary Charities. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Philanthropy. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Marion Talbot, Assoc. Prof. of Sanitary Science.
A.B., Boston Univ.’80, and A.M., ’82; B.S., Mass. Inst. of Technology, ’88;
Instr. Domestic Science, Wellesley, ’90-2.

General Hygiene.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Seminar. Sanitary Science.* iv, 36, O.-Jun.
House Sanitation.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Economy of Living. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Sanitary Aspects of Water, Food, and Clothing. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

Charles Zueblin, Assoc. Prof. of Sociol.
Ph.B., Northwestern, ’87; D.B., Yale, ’89.

Social Philos. of Eng. People in the Victorian Era. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun. and Jul.-S.
Structure of Eng. Society.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun. and Jul.-S.

 

G. E. Vincent, Asst. Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Yale, ’85; Ph.D., Chicago, ’96;
Vice-Principal, Chautauqua System, ‘88-pr; Fellow in Sociology, Chicago, ’92-4.

Course in Statistics.
[Province of Sociol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
[Social Structure. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
The Social Mind and Education. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Contemporary Society in the U. S.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Am. City Life.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Introd. to Study of Society.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Introd. to Sociology,* iv, 12, O.-D.
The Theory of the Social Mind. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

W. I. Thomas, Asst. Prof. of Sociol.

A.B., Univ. of Tenn., ’84; A.M., ’85; Ph.D., Chicago, ’96;
Prof. of English, Oberlin, ’89—’93; Fellow in Sociol., Chicago, ’93-4; Instr. in Folk-psychology, Chicago, ’95-6.

Folk-psychol. iv, 12, O.-D., and Ap.-Jun.
[Primitive Social Control. iv, 12, O.-D. Seminar.]
[Art and Amusement in Folk-psychol. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. Sex. Ap.-Jun.]
[Analogy and Suggestion in Folk-psychol. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. The Child. Ap.-Jun.]
[Intro. to Study of Soc.* iv, 12, Jul.-S.]
Ethnological Æsthetic. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
The Primitive Social Mind. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Sex in Folk-psychology. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
[Hungarian and South Slavonian Ethnology and Folk-psychol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Primitive Social Control. iv, 12, O.-D.

 

Lester F. Ward, Professorial Lecturer in Sociol., Smithsonian Institution.
A.B., Columbia, ‘69; LL.B., same, ‘71; A.M., ’73; LL.D., ’97.

Dynamic Sociology. iv, 4, Au.-S.
Social Mechanics. vi, 4, Au.-S.

 

Henry W. Thurston, Instr. in Econ. and Civics, Hyde Park High School.
A.B., Dartmouth, ’86.

A Method of Applying Sociological Pedagogy to the Teaching of Economics in Secondary Schools. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.

 

Frederick Starr, Assoc. Prof. of Anthropology.
S.B., Lafayette, ‘82; S.M. and Ph.D., ’85;
Prof. Biological Sciences, Coe Col., ‘84-8; in charge Dept. Ethnology, Am. Mus. of Natural Hist., ‘89-’91.

Lab. Work in Anthropology. iv, 36, O.-Jun.
Physical Anthropol. Lab. iv, 36, O.-Jun.
[Physical Anthropol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Mexico Archaeology, Ethnology. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
General Anthropol.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Ethnology American Race. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
Prehistoric Archaeology. American. iv, 12, O.-D.
[Field Work in Anthropol. Mexico. Jul.-S.]
Prehistoric Archaeol. European. iv, 12, O.-D.
General Ethnology.* v, 12, Jul.-S.
General Anthropology.* iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
Ethnology American Race. iv, 6, O.-N.
Mexico. Archaeology, Ethnology. iv, 6, Au.-S.
[Comparative Technology. iv, 36, O.-Jun.]

 

Merton Leland Miller, Lecturer in Anthropology.

A.B., Colby Univ., ’90; Ph.D., Chicago. ’97.
Instr. Eureka Acad., ’92; Grad. Stud. at Chicago, ’92-7; Asst. In Anthropol. Mus., ‘94-7;

The Peoples of Europe. iv, 6. O.-N.
Physical Anthropology. Laboratory Work. iv, 36, O.-Jun.

 

J. H. Breasted, Asst. Prof. of Egyptology and Semitic Langs.; Asst. Dir. of Haskell Museum.
A.B., Northwestern, ’88;A.M., Yale, ‘92; A.M. and Ph.D., Berlin, ’94;
non-res. Fellow, Chicago, ’92-4; Asst. in Egyptology.

Chicago-Egyptian Life and Antiquities. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

C. H. Hastings.
A.B., Bowdoin, ’91.

Bibliography of Sociology. iv, 6, Au.-S.

 

 

COLUMBIA.

63 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
[All graduate courses under 10 open to Barnard Graduate Students.]

 

Richmond Mayo-Smith, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Social Science.
Ph.D. (hon.), Amherst.

Pol. Econ. (el).* iii, 14, F.-Jun. (With Mr. Day.)
Pract. Pol. Econ:
(a) Problems of Mod. Industry. iii, 16, O.-F.
(b) Problems of Exchange. iii, 14, F.-Jun.
(c) Problems of Distribution. iii, 14, F.-Jun
(d) Readings in Marshall’s “Prin. of Econ.” i, 30.
Statistics and Sociology. ii, 16, O.-F.
Statistics and Economics. ii, 14, F.- Jun.
Theory, Technique, and Hist. of Statis. Sci. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Seminar. Statistics. i, 30.
Seminar. Pract. Econ. i, 30.

 

Edwin R. A. Seligman, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
LL.B., Ph.D., Columbia, ’84.

Econ. Hist. of Europe and America. ii, 16, O.-F. (With Mr. Day.)
Sci. of Finance. ii, 30.
Fiscal and Indus. Hist. of U. S. ii, 16, O.-F.
Hist. of Economics. ii, 30.
Railroad Problems. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
[Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 30.]
Seminar. Pol. Econ. and Finance. i, 30.

 

John B. Clark, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Amherst, ’75;
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Carleton, ’77-’82; Prof. of same, Smith, ’82-’93; Lect. Johns Hopkins, ‘92-5; Prof. Pol. Econ., Amherst, ’92-5.

Econ. Theory. Statics. ii, 16, O.-F.
Dynamics. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Communistic and Socialistic Theories. ii, 16, O.-F.
Theories of Social Reform. ii, 14. F.-Jun.
Seminar. Pol. Econ. i, 30.

 

Franklin H. Giddings, Prof. of Sociology.
A.M., Union.

General Sociology. ii, 16, O.-F.
Progress and Democracy. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Pauperism, Poor Laws, and Charities. ii, 16, O.-F.
Crime and Penology ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Seminar. Sociology. i, 30.

 

William Z. Ripley, Lect. on Anthropology.
B.S., Mass. Inst. of Tech , ’90; A.M., Columbia, ’92; Ph.D., Columbia, ’93;
Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ. and Sociol., Mass. Inst. of Tech., 94-7; Lect., Hartford School of Sociology, ’95-6.

Physical Geog. Anthropol. and Ethnology. ii, 16, O.-F.

 

Livingston Farrand, Instr. in Physiolog. Psychol.
A.M., Princeton, ’91; M.D., Columbia, ’91.

General Anthropology. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Anthropology. Primitive Culture. ii, 30.

 

Franz Boaz, Inst. in Anthropol.
Ph.D., Kiehl, ’81.

Phys. Anthropol. ii, 30.
Applica. of Statistical Methods to Biolog. Problems (adv). iii, 30.
North Am. Langs. Seminar. ii, 30.

 

George J. Bayles.
Ph.D., Columbia, ’95.

Civil Aspects of Ecclesiastical Organizations. i, 30.

 

 

CORNELL.
14 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

J. W. Jenks, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Civil and Social Instit.
A.B., Michigan, ’78, and A.M., ’79; Ph.D., Halle, ’85;
Prof. Pol. Econ., Knox, and Indiana State Univ.; Prof. of Polit., Municipal, and Social Institutions, ’91-2.

Economic Legislation.* ii, 32.
Economics and Politics.*

 

Charles H. Hull, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.B.. Cornell, ’86; Ph.B., Halle, ’92;
Instr. in Pol. and Sociol. Institutions, Cornell. ’92-3.

Money, Credit, and Banking*. iii, 32.
Railroad Transportation.* iii, 9, Ap.- Jun.
Finance, Taxation, Admin.* Public Debts. ii, 32.
Recent Econ. Theory. Am., Eng., Continental.* ii, 32.
Earlier Econ. Theory (Prior to J. S. Mill).* ii, 32.
Economic and Commercial Geography. ii, 23, O.-Mar.
Seminary. ii. 32.

 

Chas. J. Bullock, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Boston, ’89; Ph.D., Wisconsin, ’95.

Industrial Hist., Eng. and Am.* ii, 32.
Internat. Trade and Tariff Hist. U. S.* ii, 32.
Labor Question.* ii, 12, S.-D.
Hist. Trades Unions.* ii, ll, Ja.-Mar.
Socialism.* ii, 9, Ap.-Jun.

 

Walter F. Willcox, Prof. of Social Science and Statistics.
A.B., Amherst; Ph.D., Columbia;
Instr. in Philos., Cornell, ’91-2; Asst. Prof. Social Science and Pol. Econ., ’92-4.

Social Science (el).* ii, 32.
Social Statistics.* ii, 32.
[Theoretical Social Science (adv).* ii, 32.]
Practical Social Science (adv).* ii, 32.
[Anthropology.* ii, 32.]
Philos. and Pol. Econ.* ii, 32.
Seminary. ii, 32.

 

Wm. E. Baldwin, Pres. Long Island R. R.
A.B., Harvard, ’85.

Pract. Railroad Management. Lects. i-ii, Ja.-Mar.

 

Charlton T. Lewis, Counsel Mutual Life Ins. Co.

Principles of Insurance. Lects. i, 15,
—?

B. F. Fernow, Director of Col. of Forestry.
Grad. State Col. of Forestry, Münden, Prussia;
Chief of Dir. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agric, ’86-’92, LL.D., Wisconsin.

Forestry: Econ and Pol. Aspects. ii, 21, Ja.-Jun.

 

 

HARVARD.
21 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
(Courses marked [R] are open to Radcliffe Graduate Students.)

Fel. in Pol. Econ., $450; in Soc. Sci., $500; in Archaeol. and Ethnol., $500 and $1,050, and Schol. of $200. Prize of $150 for Essay in Pol. Sci., two of $100 each for essays on social questions. Peabody Mus., Am. Archaeol., and Ethnol., with Lib., is intended for research.

 

Charles F. Dunbar, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’51; LL.D., same, ’91.

Financial Legislation of U. S.* ii, 15, F.-Jun.
[Financial Admin. and Pub. Debts. iii, 15, F.-Jun.]
Money and Banking. v, 15, O.-Ja.
Seminary. Economics. i, 30. (With Prof. Taussig and Asst. Prof. Cummings.)

 

Frank W. Taussig, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’79; Ph.D., ’83, and LL.B., ’86.

Econ. Theory in the 19th Cent.* iii, 30. (With Prof. MacVane.)
[Theory and Methods of Taxation. Special ref. to U. S. Local Taxation.* ii-iii, 15, O.-Ja.]
Scope and Method of Economic Theory and Investigation.* ii-iii, 30.

 

William J. Ashley, Prof. of Econ. Hist.
A.B., Oxford, ’81, and A.M., ’85; Fel., Lincoln Col., and Lect. on Hist., Lincoln and Corpus Christi Col., Oxford, ’85-8; Prof. Pol. Econ. and Const. Hist., Toronto, ’88-, ‘92.

[Mediaeval Economic Hist. of Europe.* ii-iii, 30.]
[Hist. and Lit. of Economics to close of 18th Cent.* ii-iii, 30.]

 

Edward Cummings, Asst. Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Harv., ’83; A.M., same, ’85.

Princ. of Sociology. Devel. of Modern State.* ii-iii, 30.
Socialism and Communism.* ii-iii, 30.
Labor Question in Europe and U. S.* iii, 30. (With Dr. John Cummings.)

 

John Cummings, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., 91; Ph.D., Chicago, ’94.

Theory and Methods of Statistics*. iii, 30.

 

H. R. Meyer, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv. ’92; A.M., ’94.

Public Works, Railways, etc., under Corporate and Pub. Management.* iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

G. S. Callender, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Oberlin Col., ’91; A.B., Harv., ’93; A.M., ’94; Ph.D., ’97.

Economic Hist. of the U. S.*
Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th Cents.* ii-iii, 15, F.-Jun.
Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects.* ii-iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

Francis G. Peabody, Prof. of Christian Morals.
A.B., Harv., ’69; A.M. and S.T.B., ’72; S.T.D., Yale, ‘87.

[Ethics of Social Questions.* iii, 30. (With Dr. Rand.)]
[Sociolog. Sem. Christian Doct. of the Social Order. ii, 30.]

 

Frederick W. Putnam, Prof, of Archaeology and Ethnology, and Curator of Peabody Museum.
A.M. (hon,), Williams, ’68; S.D.(hon.), Univ. of Pa., ’94;
Curator Dept. Anthropol., Am. Mus., Central Park, N. Y.

Primitive Religion. iii, 30. (With Mr. Dixon.)

[R] Am. Archaeol. and Ethnol. Research.

 

F. Russell, Asst. in Anthropology.
S.B., Univ., of Iowa, ’92, and S.M., ’95; Asst., same, ’94-5.

Gen. Anthropology, Archaeology, Ethnology.* iii, 30. (With an Asst.)
[R] Somatology. iii, 15, F.-Jun.
[R] Somatology (adv). Research—?

 

 

JOHNS HOPKINS.
9 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Sidney Sherwood, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’91.

Legal Aspects of Economics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Corporations and Economics. ii, 15, F.-My.
Econ. Conference. ii, 30.
Economic Theory. ii. 30.
Economics (adv).* ii, 15, O.-F.

 

Jacob H. Hollander, Assoc. in Economics.
Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’94.

Development of Economic Theories. ii, 15, O.-F.
Financial Hist. of U. S. ii, 15, F.-My.
Economics (adv)*. ii, 15, F.-My.
Current Congressional Happenings.* i, 30.

 

 

LELAND STANFORD, JR.
2 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Hopkins Railway Library, about 10,000 vols.; Transportation, Railway History, Economics, and Law.

 

Amos G. Warner, Prof, of Applied Economics.
B.L., Nebraska, ’85; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’88;
Prof,of Pol. Econ., Nebraska, ’87-’91.

[Corporate Industry.* iii, 15, S.-D.]
[Personal Economics.* ii, 15, S.-D.]
Seminary. (With Ross and Durand.) ii, 32.

 

Edward A. Ross, Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Coe Col., ’86; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’91;
Prof. of Econ. and Social Science, Indiana, ’91-2; Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ, and Finance, Cornell, ’92-3.

[Economic Theory (adv). ii, 15, S.- D.]
[Sociology.* iii, 32.]

 

Mary R. Smith, Asst. Prof. of Social Sci.
Ph.B., Cornell, ’80, and M.S., ’82; Ph.D., Stanford, ‘96;
Instr. in Hist. and Econ., Wellesley, ’86- ’90.

[Statistics and Sociology.* iii, 17, Ja.-My.]

 

Edward D. Durand, Asst. Prof. of Finance and Administration.
A.B., Oberlin, ’93; Ph.D., Cornell, ’96;
Legislative Librarian, N. Y. State Library, ’96-7; Student, Berlin, ’97.

Practical Economic Questions.* iii, 17, Ja.-My.

 

 

MICHIGAN.
10 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Henry C. Adams, Prof, of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
A.B., Iowa Col., ’74; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’78;
Lect., Johns Hopkins, and Cornell; Statistician to Interstate Commerce Commission: Special Expert Agent on Transportation, 11th Cens.; Director of Economics, School of Applied Ethics.

[Devel. and Significance of Eng. Pol. Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.]
Devel. and Significance of Hist. School of Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.
[Devel. and Significance of Austrian School of Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.]
Relations of the State to Industrial Action. iii, 6, F.-Mar.
[Labor Organizations and Corporations as Factors in Industrial Organization. iii, 6, F.-Mar.]
History of Industrial Society.* ii, 17, O.-F.
Transportation Problems. iii, 17, F.- Jun.
Sem. Economics. ii, 17, O.-F.

 

F. M. Taylor, Junior Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
A.B., Northwestern, ’76, and A.M., ‘79; Ph.D., Mich., ’88;
Prof. of Hist. and Politics, Albion, ’79-’92.

Hist. and Theory of Money and Banking.* ii, 17. O.-F.
Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Principles of Finance.* ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Sem. Economics. ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Socialism.* ii, 17; F.-Jun.
[The Value of Money, Theory, and Statistics. iii, 6, O.-N.]
[The Standard of Value. iii, 6, N.-D.]
Paper Money. iii, 6, O.-N.
[Social Philos., with spec. ref. to Econ. Probs. iii, 6, F.-Mar.]
[Credit as a factor in Production. iii, 6, Mar.-Ap.]
The Agricult. Problem. iii, 6, Mar.-Ap.

 

C. H. Cooley, Instr. in Sociology.
A.B., Mich., ’87; Ph.D., same, ’94.

Principles of Sociology.* iii, 17, O.-F. Problems, F.-Jun.
Sociology (adv).* ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Histor. Devel. of Sociolog. Thought. iii, 6, Ja.-F.
Nature and Process of Social Change. iii, 6, My.-Jun.
[Aims and Methods in Study of Society. iii, 6, Ja.-F.]
Social Psychology. iii, 6, My.-Jun.
[Current Changes in Social Organization of U. S. iii, 6, My.-Jun.]
[Theory of Population. iii, 6, Ja.-F.]
Theory of Statistics.* i, 34.
Special Studies in Statistics.* ii, 17, F.-Jun.

 

 

MINNESOTA.
26 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

William W. Folwell, Prof. of Pol. Science.
A.B.,Hobart, ’57; A.M., ’60; LL.D., ’80;
Prof. Math., Hobart, ’59-’61; Prof. Math. and Engineering, Kenyon Col., ‘69; Pres., Univ. of Minn., ’69-’84.

Pol. Sci. Sem. i, 36.
Individual Research. ii, 36.

 

Frank L. McVey, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Ohio Wesleyan, ‘93; Ph.D., Yale, ‘95;
Instr. in Hist. Teachers’ College, N. Y., ’96.

Comparative Econ. Doctrine. ii, 36.
Economics.* iv, 13, S.-N.
Modern Industrialism.* iv, 12, Mar.-Jun.

 

Samuel G. Smith, Lecturer on Sociology.
A.B., Cornell Col., ’72; A.M.. and Ph.D., Syracuse, ’84; D.D., Upper Iowa Univ., ’86.

Social Sci.* iii, 12, Mar.-Jun.
Indiv. Research. i, 36.

 

 

MISSOURI.
3 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

F. C. Hicks, Prof, of Hist. and of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Univ. of Mich., ’86; Ph.D., same, ’90.

Economic History.* iii, 36.
Problems in Economics.* iii, 36.
Modern Financial Systems.* ii, 36.
Seminar. ii, 36

 

 

NEW YORK.
21 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Frank M. Colby, Prof. of Economics.
A.B., Columbia, ’88, and A.M., ’89.

Practical Economics. ii, 24.
Economic Theory. ii, 24.
Hist. of Indust. Devel. ii, 30.

 

I. F. Russell, Prof. of Sociology, and of Law in N. Y. U. Law School.

A.M., N. Y. U., ‘78; LL.M., Yale, ‘79; D.C.L., Yale, ‘80; LL.D., Dickinson, ‘93;
Prof. Econ., and Const. Law, N. Y. U., ’80-’93.

[Intro. to Sociology. ii, 30.]
Principles of Sociology. ii, 30.

 

 

NORTHWESTERN.
6 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

John H. Gray, Prof. of Political and Social Science.
A.B., Harv., ‘87; Ph.D., Halle, ‘92;
Instr. in Econ., Harv., ’87-9.

Administration. ii, 36.
[Finance.* ii, 36.]
Seminary.* ii, 36.

 

William Caldwell, Prof. of Moral and Social Philosophy.
A.M., Pass Degree, Edinburgh, ’84; A.M., and Honors of First Class, same, ’86;
Asst. Prof. of Philos., same, ’88-’90; Instr., Cornell, ’90-1; Instr., Chicago, ’92-4; Fellow, Edinburgh, ’86-’93, and Sc.D., ’93.

Seminary. Ethical Philos.* ii, 36.
Seminary. Sociology.* iii, 36.

 

 

PENNSYLVANIA.
12 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Colwell Lib. of Pol. Econ., 7,000 vols. Carey Lib., valuable for economic history, including 3,000 Eng. pams. 1 Fel. $500 + tui; 1 Schol. in Hist. and Economics, $100 + tui.

 

Simon N. Patten, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Halle.

Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, O.-F.
Recent Devel. of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, F.-My.
Relat. of Eng. Philos. to Econ. in 18th Cent. ii, 15, O.-F.
[Scope and Method of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, F.-My.]
[Pract. Applications of Econ. Theory. ii, 12, O.-F.]
Problems of Sociol. ii, 15, F.-My.
Special Topics. ii, 30.

 

Henry R. Seager, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.B., Mich., ‘90; Ph.D.. Univ. of Pa., ’94;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., same, ’94-6.

Econ. Conference. ii, 30.
Adv. Reading in Ger. and Fr. Economics. ii, 30.
Eng. Indust. Hist. and Devel. of Econ. Theory, 1750-1870. ii, 15, F.-My.

 

Emory R. Johnson, Asst. Prof. of Transportation and Commerce.
B.L., Univ. of Wis., ‘88; M.L., same, ’91; Fel. in Econ., Univ. of Pa., ’92-3; Ph.D., same, ‘93;
Lect. on Transporta., same, ’93-4; Instr., same, ’94-6; Instr. in Econ., Haverford, ’93-6.

Theory of Transportation. i, 30.
[Am. Railway Transportation. ii, 30. ]
Transportation Systems of the United Kingdom and Germany. i, 30.
Hist. of Commerce since 1500. 1, 30.

 

Roland P. Falkner, Assoc. Prof. of Statistics.
Ph.B., Univ. of Pa.. ’85; Ph.D., Halle, ‘88;
Instr. in Statistics, ’88-’91.

Intro. to Statistics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Statistics of Econ. Problems. ii, 15, F.-My.
Hist. and Theory of Statistics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Statistical Organization. ii, 15, F.-My.

 

Samuel McC. Lindsay, Asst. Prof. of Sociol.
Ph.B., Univ. of Pa., ’89; Ph.D., Halle, ’92.

Theory of Sociol. (2 yr. course). ii, 30.
Social-Debtor Classes. ii, 30.
Sociol. Field Work. ii, 30.
Seminary. ii, 30.

 

 

PRINCETON.
5 Graduate Students, 1887-8.
1 Fellowship, $500.

 

Winthrop M. Daniels, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Princeton, ’88, and A.M., ’90;
Instr. Wesleyan, ’91-2.

Public Finance.* ii, 18, S.-Ja.
Hist. of Pol. Econ.* ii, 18, F.-My.

 

W. A. Wyckoff, Lect. on Sociology.
A.B., Princeton, ’88, and A.M., ’91.

Sociology.* ii, 18, F.-My.

 

 

RADCLIFFE.
4 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
[See Harvard Courses marked “[R]”.]

Seminary in Econ. (With Prof. Taussig and Asst. Prof. Cummings.)

 

W. J. Ashley.

[Med. Econ. Hist. of Europe.* iii,30.]

 

Dr. Cunningham, Trinity Col., Cam. Eng.

Industrial Revolution in Eng. in 18th and 19th Cents.* iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

G. S. Callender.

Econ. Hist. of U. S.*

 

Edward Cummings.

Princ. of Sociol.* iii, 30.

 

Edward Cummings and John Cummings.

Soc. and Econ. Conditions of Workingmen.* iii, 30.

 

John Cummings.

Statistics, Theory, Methods, Practice.*

(Of last three courses, two only will be given in 1898-9.)

 

F. Russell.

Gen. Anthropol.* —?

 

 

VANDERBILT.
2 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Frederick W. Moore, Adj. Prof. of Hist. and Econ.
A.B., Yale, ’86, and Ph.D., ’90

 

Chas. F. Emerick, Asst. in Economics.
A.B., Wittenberg, ’89; Ph.M., Mich., ’95; Ph.D., Columbia, ’97.

Theory of Pol. Econ. Growth of Corporate Industry. iii, 32.
A Study of Socialism.* iii, 16.

 

 

WELLESLEY.
o Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Katharine Coman, Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Econ.
Ph.B., Mich., ’80.

Indust. Hist. of U. S.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
[Indust. Hist. of Eng.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.]
Statistical Study of Problems in the U.S. iii, 17, S.-Ja.

 

Emily Greene Balch, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Bryn Mawr.

Socialism.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Evolution and Present Conditions of Wage Labor.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.
Social Economics.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.; also F.-Jun.

 

 

WESTERN RESERVE.
4 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

S. F. Weston, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. and Soc. Sci.
A.B., Antioch, ’79, and A.M., ’85; Asst. in Economics, Columbia, ’92-4.

Social Theories.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Pauperism and Charities.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Money and Banking.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
U.S. Tariff and Revenue System. iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Economic History of England.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Economic History of United States.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
The State.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Civil Government.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Social Problems.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Economic Theories. iii, 36.

 

 

WISCONSIN.
24 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Location at State capital gives special facilities for studying the State’s activities and methods of administration. Field work in charitable and correctional institutions in Madison and Chicago. Opportunity for continuous practical work during summer months.

 

Richard T. Ely, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Director of the Sch. of Econ., Pol. Science and Hist.
A.B., Columbia, ’76; Ph.D., Heidelberg, ‘79; LL.D., Hobart, ’92;
Chair of Pol. Econ., Johns Hopkins, ’81-’92.

Distribution of Wealth. iii, 72, S.-Jun. (This course is to run through ’98- ’99, and ’99-1900.)
Public Finance. iii, 18, S.-F.
Taxation and Am. Public Finance. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
[Social Ethics. ii, 18, S.-F.]
[Socialism. ii, 18, S.-F.
Economic Seminary. Recent Devel. of Econ. Theory. ii, 36. (With Prof. Scott and Dr. Jones.)

 

William A. Scott, Prof. of Econ. Hist. and Theory.
A.B., Rochester, ‘86; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’92.
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Univ. So. Dak., ’87-’90; Instr. in Hist., Johns Hopkins, ’91-2;

[Theories of Value. ii, 18, S.-F.]
Theories of Rent, Wages, Profits, and Interest. ii, 36, S.-F.
[Theories of Production and Consumption. ii, 18, F.-Jun.]
Classical Economists. iii, 18, F.-Jun.

 

Edward D. Jones, Instr. in Econ. and Statistics.
B.S., Ohio Wesleyan Univ., ’92; Halle and Berlin, ’93-4; Ph.D., Univ. of Wisconsin, ’95.

Economic Geography. ii, 18, S.-F.
Statistics. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
Charity and Crime. iii, 18, S.-F.

 

Balthasar H. Meyer, Instr. in Sociol. and Transportation.
B.L., Univ. of Wis., ’94; Berlin, ’94-5; Fel. Univ. of Wis., ’95-7; Ph.D., Univ. of Wis., ’97.

Elements of Sociology.* iii, 18, S.-F.
Psychological Sociologists.* ii, 18, S.-F.
Modern Sociological Thought. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
Transportation. ii, 18, F.-Jun.

 

Frank C. Sharp, Asst. Prof. of Philos.
A.B., Amherst, ’87; Ph.D., Berlin, ’92.

Social Ethics. ii, 18, F.-Jun.
Readings in Ger. Social Philos. ii, 18, S.-F.

 

 

YALE.
43 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Pol. Science Club meets fortnightly. Club Room with Library for Graduate Students.

 

W. G. Sumner, Prof. of Pol. and Soc. Sci.
A.B., Yale, ’63; LL.D., Tenn., ’84.

Anthropology. ii, 32.
Systematic Societology. ii, 32.
[Indust. Rev. Renaissance Period. ii,32.]
[Begin. of Indust. Organization. ii,32.]
Science of Society.* (German.) ii, 32.

 

H. W. Farnam, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Yale, ’74; R.P.D., Strassburg, ’78.

[Pauperism. ii, O.-D.]
Modern Organiza. of Labor. ii, 20, Ja.-Jun.]
Princs. Pub. Finance. ii, 32.

 

A. T. Hadley, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Yale, 76, and A.M., ’87.

Econ. Problems of Corporations. i, 32.
Relat. between Econ. and Ethics. ii, 32.
Railroad Transportation.* ii, 32.

 

A. T. Hadley and Irving Fisher.

Economics (gen. course).* iii, 32.

 

W. F. Blackman, Prof. of Christian Ethics.
A.B., Oberlin, ’77; D.B., Yale, ’80; Ph.D., Cornell, ’93.

Social Science. ii, 32.
Lit. of Social. ii, 12, O.-D.
Soc. Study of Family. i, 12, O.-D.
Soc. Teach. and Influence of Christianity. i, 32.

 

J. C. Schwab, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Science.
A.B., Yale, ’86, and A.M., ’88; Ph. D., Göttingen, ’89.

Finance. ii, 32.
U.S. Indust. Hist. ii, 32.
U.S. Financial Hist. i, 32.
Finances of Confed. States, 1861-65. i, 32.

 

Irving Fisher, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B. Yale, ’88, and Ph.D., ’91.

Principles of Economics (adv). ii, 32.
Statistics. ii, 20, Ja.-Jun.
Vital Statistics and Life Insurance. ii, 12, O.-D.

____________________

Source:  Graduate Courses 1898-99: A Handbook for Graduate Students. (6th edition). (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1899), pp. 80-90.

Categories
Chicago Columbia Courses Harvard

Comparison of Course Offerings. Chicago, Columbia, Harvard ca. 1893-94

Compilations of graduate courses in all fields were published by a Committee of the Graduate Club of Harvard in cooperation with committees of similar clubs at other universities for the last six academic years of the 19th century:

1893-94 edition
1894-95 edition
1895-96 edition
1896-97 edition
1897-98 edition
1898-99 edition

After the sixth edition for 1898-99, the “The publication of the compendium of graduate courses has, for the present at least, been abandoned. This decision was made by the convention after hearing the report of a very careful investigation of the subject by a special committee appointed at the convention of 1897. It was shown that the very
limited number of copies of the Handbook sold did not warrant the continuance of such an expensive publication.” 1899-1900 edition, pp. 3-4.

Here I have selected the course listings from the 1893-94 edition, pp. 47-49. I’ve checked the course listings for Chicago and found they correspond to the course offerings for 1892-93, hence I put “ca.” in the title to this posting. I have rearranged the order to approximate matching course content across the universities.

The cells in the table provide the following information:

  • Instructor
  • Course title
  • Hours per week, Weeks per course, Usual months offered.

An asterisk means the course in question was also open to undergraduates.

Chicago

 Columbia

Harvard
A. C. Miller
Princip. pol econ.
5, 24, Jul.-D.		 Richmond Mayo-Smith
Histor. and pract. pol. econ.
3, 30		 F. W. Taussig
Econom. theory from Adam Smith till present.
3, 31.
A. C. Miller
Adv. pol. econ.
5, 12, Ja.-Mr.
William Caldwell
Descrip. pol. econ.
4, 12, Ja.-Mr.
J. Laurence Laughlin
Hist. pol. econ.
4, 12, A.-Ju.		 W. J. Ashley
El. econm. opinion, down to Adam Smith*
William Caldwell
Hist. pol. econ.
4, 24, Ja.-Ju.
William Caldwell
Scope and method pol. econ.
4, 12, A.-Ju.
Laughlin
Money and pract. Economics.
4, 24, O.-Mr.		 C. F. Dunbar
Banking and hist. of B.*
3, 15, F.-My.
Dr. G. E. Hill
Banking.
4, 12.		 C. F. Dunbar
Internat. paymts. and flow of precious metals.*
3, 16, O.-Ja.
A. C. Miller
Finance.
4, 12, O.-D.		 E. R. A. Seligman
Science of finance.
2, 30.
A. C. Miller
Financ. hist. U.S.
4, 12, A.-Ju.		 E. R. A. Seligman
Financ. hist. U.S.
2, 14, F.-My.		 C. F. Dunbar
Hist. finance legis. in U.S.*
3, 16, O.-Ja.
Dr. G. E. Hill
Railway transportation.
4, 24, O.-Mr.		 E. R. A. Seligman
Railroad probs.
2, 16, O.-Ja.		 F. W. Taussig
Railway transport.
3, 16, O.-Ja.
Dr. G. E. Hill
Indust. and econ. hist.
4, 24, Ja.-Ju.		 W. J. Ashley
Dev. of land-tenures, agrarian condition in Europe.*
1, 31.
William Caldwell
Econ. factors in civilize.
4, 12.		 C. B. Spahr
Distrib. Am. Wealth.
1, 30.
Edward Cummings
Principles of social.; Dev. of mod. state and its soc. functs.*
2,31.
Dr. G. E. Hill
Tariff hist. U.S.
4, 12, A. –Ju.		 F. W. Taussig
Hist. tariff legis. U.S.
2-3, 15, F.-My.
E. W. Bemis
Social economics.
4, 12, A.-Ju.		 F. H. Giddings
Sociology.
2, 16, O.-Ja.		 Edward Cummings
Soc. and econom. cond. of working-men.*
3, 31.
William Caldwell
Social econ., soc. reforms.
4, 12, Jul.-S.		 F. H. Giddings
Origins of family, clan, tribe.
2, 14, O.-Ja.
F. H. Giddings
Crime and penology.
2, 14, F.-My.
T. B. Veblen
Socialism.
4, 24, Ja.-Ju.		 Richmond Mayo-Smith
Communistic and socialist. Theories
2,30.		 Edward Cummings
Ideal soc. reconstr. from Plato to pres.*
1-2, 31.
T. B. Veblen
Am. agriculture.
4, 12, O.-D.
Dr. J. A. Hourwich
Statistics (el.).
4, 12, O.-D.
Dr. J. A. Hourwich
Statistics (adv.).
4, 12, Ja-Mr.		 Richmond Mayo-Smith
Statistical sci.
2, 30.
Laughlin
Econom. sem.
4, 30, O.-Ju.		 Richmond Mayo-Smith
Sem. in pol. econ. and soc. sci.		 All instructors
Seminary in economics.
1,31.
A. C. Miller
Sem. in finance.
4, 36, O.-Ju.