The topics and references for the course “Contemporary Theories of Social Reform” taught by Jessica B. Peixotto in the economics department of the University of California (Berkeley) in 1906 come from that early era when sociology and social policy were still established fields within economics departments. Peixotto was the second woman to have been awarded a Ph.D. at the University of California as well as to have become the first woman to attain the rank of full-professor there. Two short biographies have been included in this post.
The printed syllabus to her course runs 29 pages and the entire list of topics and references that make up the syllabus have been transcribed (OCR + copy/paste) for this post. I have corrected many typos I have found, but I’ll warn users that while I have tried to keep new typos from adding to the noise, I am sure that many typos remain, especially from the original typesetting. Caveat lector!
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Jessica Blanche Peixotto, Economics: Berkeley
1864-1941
Professor of Social Economics, Emeritus
Jessica Blanche Peixotto, born in New York, October 9, 1864, essentially belonged to California–to both the State and the University. She came to the state in her early childhood, and her connection with the University lasted from her enrollment in 1891 until her death, October 19, 1941, a full fifty years. Graduated in 1894, awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1900 (the second woman to receive this distinction), made a member of the teaching staff in 1904, in 1918 given the full rank of professor (the first woman thus honored), in 1936 she received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
Miss Peixotto’s career covered three fields. As a writer she published French Revolution and Modern French Socialism (1901), Getting and Spending at the Professional Standard of Living (1927), and numerous reports and articles in periodicals.
In the field of public service she was a member of the Berkeley Commission of Public Charities (1910-1913), and of the State Board of Charities and Corrections (1912-1924). On the latter board she served as chairman of the Committee on Children, and of the Committee on Research. During the first World War she served with the Council of National Defense as a member of a subcommittee of Women in Industry, and of the Committee on Child Welfare of the General Medical Board. In 1918 she received the more important appointment as Executive Chairman of the Committee on Child Welfare of the Women’s Committee of the Council, and later in the same year she was Chief of the Child Conservation Section.
But most to be remembered is her distinguished service in the University of California. The courses she offered included Contemporary Socialism, Control of Poverty, The Child and the State, the Household as an Economic Agent, and Crime as a Social Problem. In the later years of her teaching her interest shifted somewhat to problems of the consumer and general economic theory, culminating in a graduate seminar on the History of Economic Thought. Unstinting in the time and attention given to the advanced courses, she stimulated and inspired her students, proof of which is given in their contributions to the memorial volume, Essays in Social Economics, published in her honor in 1935 by the University of California Press.
In addition to formal instruction, Miss Peixotto served both the University and the community by organizing the first training in California for social work. This developed, in 1917, into a professional and graduate curriculum in the Department of Economics, later to become the Department of Social Welfare.
In 1923, under her chairmanship, the Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics was established at the University. This chairmanship she held until she was made Professor Emeritus in 1935.
The University as a whole, and more especially those in the Department of Economics, have been enriched by association with Dr. Peixotto. She was primarily an economist and insisted on laying a firm basis of economics for all her social work. But, as Professor Wesley Mitchell said in the memorial volume, her interests were so wideranging that her instruction has given intellectual stimulus not only to social workers and sociologists but also to psychologists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, economists, statisticians, and lawyers.
Fitly was she characterized in the citation when given the honorary degree of LL.D.: “Chosen counselor of the State in matters concerning the protection of children and the care of the unfortunate; social economist marshaling stubborn facts in the service of mankind; comrade among students, inspiring teacher, true lover of humanity.”
Source: University of California. In Memoriam, 1941. pp. 24-25.
Image Source: University of California archive picture of Jessica Blanche Peixotto (UARC PIC 1300:004) from webpage “Women at CAL: When California Passed the Woman Suffrage Amendment, 1910-1914/Room 3“.
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JESSICA BLANCHE PEIXOTTO
1864 – 1941
by Judith R. Baskin
Jessica Blanche Peixotto, a member of a prominent Sephardic family distinguished for its long history of intellectual, philanthropic, and cultural contributions to the United States, broke gender boundaries throughout her career as a social economist and university professor. She was born in 1864 in New York City, the only daughter and oldest child of Raphael Peixotto, a prosperous Ohioan involved in trade with the South, and Myrtilla Jessica (Davis) Peixotto, originally of Virginia. In 1870, Raphael Peixotto moved his family and business to San Francisco. Jessica Peixotto’s four brothers were Edgar, a San Francisco attorney; Ernest Clifford, an artist and author; Eustace, director of public school athletics in San Francisco; and Sidney Salzado, a social worker.
After high school graduation in 1880, Peixotto acquiesced to family disapproval of her ambitions for higher education, continuing her studies at home through private instruction. In 1891, however, she enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley, receiving a bachelor’s degree in 1894, and continued on to graduate study in political science and economics. She received a Ph.D. in 1900, the second given to a woman at the University of California. Peixotto’s thesis The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism, published in 1901, was based on independent research undertaken at the Sorbonne in 1896–1897.
In 1904, Jessica Peixotto joined the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley as a lecturer in sociology. Her appointment was soon transferred to the economics department, where she taught until her retirement in 1935. In 1918, Peixotto was the first woman to earn the rank of full professor at Berkeley. Her service as head of her department was also a first for a woman there. National honors include her election as vice president of the American Economic Association in 1928. Following her retirement, Peixotto received honorary doctorates in law from Mills College in 1935 and from the University of California in 1936.
Peixotto’s published works include Getting and Spending at the Professional Standard of Living: A Study of the Costs of Living an Academic Life (1927), and Cost of Living Studies. II. How Workers Spend a Living Wage: A Study of the Incomes and Expenditures of Eighty-Two Typographers’ Families in San Francisco (1929). A collection of papers and comments Essays in Social Economics in Honor of Jessica Blanche Peixotto (1935) provides full details of her life and published writings.
Throughout her career, Peixotto was deeply committed to social causes, serving for twelve years on the California State Board of Charities and Correction. During World War I, she worked in Washington, first as executive chairperson of the child welfare department of the Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, and then as chief of the council’s child conservation section. She was also a member of the Consumers’ Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration in 1933. At the University of California, Peixotto founded a program within the economics department that ultimately led to a professional school of social work.
Jessica Peixotto died in October 1941. While proud of her Jewish background, she was not involved in the Jewish community or any Jewish causes. Her funeral service, followed by cremation, was conducted by a representative of the Unitarian Society, together with the vice president and provost of the University of California.
Source: Jessica Blanche Peixotto webpage at the Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
TOPICS AND REFERENCES FOR
ECONOMICS 42
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF SOCIAL REFORM
BERKELEY: THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1906
PLAN OF THE COURSE:
-
- — The Subject in General.
- — Contemporary Political Socialism.
- — Critical Discussion of the Doctrines of Marxism.
- — Communism and Anarchism.
- — Social Reform Movements with Less Extensive Programs.
- — Utopianism.
PART I.— THE SUBJECT IN GENERAL.
- Nature and Scope of the Subject.
- Definition.
- Classification,—its Difficulties, its Necessity.
General Bibliography:
Bibliographies:
Stammhammer: Bibliographie des Socialismus u. Communismus. Jena, Fischer, Bd. I, 1898; Bd. II, 1900.
Documente des Sozialismus, edited by Ed. Bernstein. Berlin, 1901 and succeeding years.
Encyclopedias:
Bliss: Encyclopedia of Social Reform. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1897.
Stegman and Hugo: Handbuch des Socialismus. Zürich, Verlags-Magazin, 1897.
General Studies:
Biederman, Karl: Vorlesungen über Sozialismus und Sozialpolitik. Breslau, Schottlander, 1900.
Bourguin, Maurice: Les systèmes socialistes et l’évolution économique. Paris, Colin, 1904.
Brooks, John Graham: The Social Unrest. Macmillan, N. Y., 1903.
Diehl, Karl: Über Sozialismus, Kommunismus u. Anarchismus. Jena, Fischer, 1906.
Ely, Richard T.: The Labor Movement in America. N. Y., Crowell & Co., 1886.
Ely, Richard T.: French and German Socialism in Modern Times. N. Y., Harper & Bros., 1883.
Socialism and Social Reform. N. Y., T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1894.
Graham, W.: Socialism, New and Old. London, Kegan Paul, 1891.
Herkner, Heinrich: Die Arbeiterfrage. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1902.
Kirkup, T.: History of Socialism. London, Black, 1900.
Laveleye, Emile de: Le Socialisme Contemporain. Alcan, Paris, 1886. (Eng. trans.: The Socialism of To-day, by G. H. Orpen, London, Field & Tuer, 1885.)
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul: Le Collectivisme, examen critique du nouveau socialisme. Paris, Guillaumin, 1885.
Essais sur la Répartition des Richesses et sur la Tendance à une moindre Inégalité des Conditions. Paris, Guillaumin, 1888.
La Question Ouvrier aux XIX Siècle. Paris, Charpentier, 1882.
Menger, Anton: Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag. Stuttgart, Cotta, 1886. (Eng. trans.: The Right to the Whole Product of Labor, Macmillan, 1899.)
Pareto, V.: Les Systèmes Socialistes. Giard et Brière, Paris, 1902. 2 vols.
Pesch, Heinrich: Liberalismus, Socialismus, und christliche Gesellschaftsordnung. Freiburg i. Br., Herd’sche Verlagshandlung, 3 Bde., 1893-1900. (See particularly 3rd vol.)
Rae, John: Contemporary Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1898.
Schäffle, Dr. A. E. F.: Die Quintessenz des Socialismus. Gotha., Perthes, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Quintessence of Socialism.)
The Impossibility of a Social Democracy, being a supplement to the “Quintessence of Socialism,” with a preface by Bernard Bosanquet. London, S. Sonnenschein, 1892.
Sombart, Werner: Sozialismus und soziale Bewegung. Fünfte Auflage, 1905. (Eng. trans, of 1st edition: Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century. N. Y., Putnam, 1898.)
PART II.— CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SOCIALISM.
1. Marxism.
(a) The Theory.
1a. Its statement by the founders.
Engels, Friedrich: Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1894.
Marx, Karl: Das Kapital. Hamburg, Meissner, 1882-98. Ill Bde. (Eng. trans.: Capital, London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. Students pressed for time may, without great disadvantage, consult Aveling, Edw.: “The Student’s Marx, an Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx’s ‘Capital.’” London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1892.)
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Fr.: Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848. (This remains the “Bible” of socialism, and should be carefully read by every student.)
Lassalle, Ferdinand: Reden und Schriften. 3 Bde., herausgegeben von Ed. Bernstein, Berlin, Verlag Vorwärts, 1891. (Eng. trans.: of the “Arbeiterprogramm” by Peters, “Working-man’s Programme and Addresses.” N. Y., International Publishing Co., 1898.)
Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels und Ferdinand Lassalle. Herausgegeben von Franz Mehring, Stuttgart, Dietz, 1901-4. 4 Bde. (A collection of the greatest interest to students of the writings of these three founders of the Marxian movement.)
2a. Modern presentations of the theory.
Bernstein, Ed.: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1899.
Blatchford, Robert: Merrie England. Chicago, Chas. Kerr, & Co.
Deville, Gabriel: Principes Socialistes. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1896.
Ensor, R. C. K.: Modern Socialism. Harper & Bros., N. Y., 1904.
Fabian Essays in Socialism. London, Fabian Society, 1890.
Fabian Tracts (1-126), 1884-1906. Notably Nos. 5, 13, 15, 51, 69, 72.
Ghent, J. Wm.: Mass and Class. N. Y., London, Macmillan, 1904.
Guesde, Jules: Quatre ans de Lutte de classe à la Chambre.
Guesde, J., et Lafargue. P.: Le Program du Parti Ouvrier, son Histoire, ses Considérations, ses Articles. Lille, Imprimerie du Parti Ouvrier, 1894.
Hyndman, H. M.: The Economics of Socialism. London, Twentieth Century Press, 1896.
Kautsky, Karl: Das Erfurter Programm in seinen grundsätzlichen Theilen erlaütert. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1892.
Die Soziale Revolution. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1903. (Eng. trans.: The Social Revolution. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)
Kautsky, K., und Schönlank, Bruno: Grundsätze und Forderungen der Sozialdemokratie. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1892.
Labriola, A.: Socialisme et Philosophie. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1899.
Liebknecht, Wm.: Was die Socialdemokraten sind und was Sie wollen. Chemnitz, Albin Langer, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Socialism, What It Is and What It Seeks to Accomplish. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)
Menger, Anton: Neue Staatslehre. Jena, Fischer, 1903.
Neue Sittenlehre. Jena, Fischer, 1905.
Mills, W. T.: The Struggle for Existence. Chicago, International School of Social Economy, 1904.
Morris, Wm., and Bax, E. B.: Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1897.
Spargo, John: Socialism. N. Y., Macmillan, 1906.
Yandervelde, Emile: Le Collectivisme. Bruxelles, Au Journal du Peuple, 1896.
Le Collectivisme et la Révolution Industrielle. Paris, Librairie Georges Bellais, 1900. (Eng. trans.: Collectivism and Industrial Revolution. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Standard Socialist Series No. 2.)
(b) The makers and propagators of the theory.
On Karl Marx:
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen V.: Zum Abschluss des Marxischen Systems. Berlin, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Karl Marx and the close of his system. London, Fisher Unwin, 1898.)
Engels, Fr.: Karl Marx. (Handwörterbuch d. Staatswiss, IV, 1892.)
Liebknecht, Wm.: Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis. Nürnberg, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Karl Marx. Standard Socialist Series No, 1, Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)
Liebknecht über Marx. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 15, 1896-97.)
Lafargue, P.: Karl Marx, Persönliche Erinnerungen. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 9, 1890-91.)
Mehring, Franz: Aus dem literarischen Nachlass, etc. Bd. I, pp. 1-57.
Nieuwenhuis, Domela: Karl Marx in Memoriam. Amsterdam.
Chapters in Kirkup, Rae, Russell, Sombart, etc
On Engels:
Kautsky, K.: Friedrich Engels und das Milizsystem. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 17, 1898-99.)
Friedrich Engels. (Züricher Socialdemokrat, Nos. 45-50, 1887.) (Eng. trans.: Fr. Engels, his Life, Work, and Writings. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)
Sombart, W.: Friedrich Engels, 1820-95, Ein Blatt zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Socialismus. Berlin, 1895.
On Ferdinand Lassalle:
Becker, B.: Die Arbeiteragitations Lassalle, 1875.
Bernstein, Ed.: Ferdinand Lassalle und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte der Sozialdemokratie in “Reden und Schriften,” Bd. I, pp. 5-189. (Eng. trans.: Ferdinand Lassalle as a social reformer. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1893.)
Dawson, W. H.: German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1888.
Meredith, George: The Tragic Comedians.
Chapters in Kirkup, Rae, Russell, Sombart, etc.
(c) German Social Democracy (Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands).
1c. History of its development as a political party.
Bouffé, Gaston: Le Parti socialiste allemande, son évolution. Paris, A. Chevalier Marescq, 1903.
Bourdeau, J.: Le socialisme allemand et le nihilisme russe. Paris, Alcan, 1892.
Mehring, F.: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1897-98. (Geschichte des Socialismus in Einzeldarstellung. Bd. 3.)
Milhaud, E.: La démocratie socialiste allemande. Paris, Alcan, 1903.
Russell, Bertrand: German Social Democracy. London, Longmans, 1896, pp. 69-116.
Stegman und Hugo: Articles — International Arbeiterassociation, Sozialistischen Arbeiterpartei, Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands.
Sombart: Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 201-208.
2c. Party organization. — Program. —Party tactics. —Methods of propaganda.
Bernstein, Ed.: Die heutige Sozialdemokratie in Theorie u. Praxis. Munich, Beck & Co., 1906.
Mehring, F.: op. cit.
Milhaud, E.: op. cit., pp. 51-181.
Russell, B.: op. cit., pp. 116-143.
Stegman u. Hugo: Articles — Taktik, Program.
To follow the movement at first hand, consult:
Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Parteitags der Socialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from Halle (1890) to Jena (1905). Of these, that of Erfurt (1891), Dresden (1903), and Jena (1905) are of special interest.
Vorwärts. Berlin. Central official organ (daily).
Neue Zeit. Stuttgart, Dietz. Official magazine ed. by K. Kautsky (weekly).
Socialistische Monatshefte. Berlin. Publication representing the less radical group (monthly).
In Freien Stunden and Die Neue Welt. Literary publications which make a dignified attempt to spread artistic and intellectual ideals among the working classes.
Wahre Jacob. Stuttgart. Comic paper with no mean influence.
Die Gleichheit. (Interests of women workers), ed. by Clara Zetkin.
3c. The party in action today.
Revisionism. — Internationalism. — The agrarian question. — Relation to coöperation. — To trade-unionism. — Anti-semitism. — Syndicalism.
Bebel, A.: Unsere Ziele. Berlin, Buchhandlung “Vorwärts,” 1903.
Göhre, Paul: Die Agrarische Gefahr. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1902.
Kautsky, K.: Der Parlementarismus, die Volksgesetzgebung u. die Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1893.
Mehring, F.: op, cit.,
Milhaud, E.: op. cit., pp. 181-517.
Russell, B.: op. cit., pp. 143-171.
4c. Austrian movement.
Stegman u. Hugo: Article, Oesterreich.
Deutsch, J.: Zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Ungarn. (Die Zeit, Nr. 162. Wein, Nov. 6, 1897.)
Gumplowicz, Ladisl: Mouvement social. Autriche (Rev. internat. de sociologie, II, 1894).
Kcral, August: Zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung Oesterreichs, 1867-94. Berlin, 1894.
Navay, L.: Die Arbeiterfrage in Alfeld mit besonderen Rucksicht auf die Arbeiterverhältnisse im Comitate Cznad. (Zeitschrift f. Volkwirtschaft, Soz. Pol. u. Verwalt, VI, 1897.)
Schatzl, J.: Die Corruption in der oesterreichischen Socialdemokratie. Wien (Leipzig, Liter. Anst., A. Schulze), 1896.
Schlesinger-Eckstein, T.: Die erste Konferenz deutscher Sozialdemokratinnen in Oesterreich (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 16, 1897-98).
(d) Marxism in Latin Countries.
1d. France.
History of the growth of the Marxian movement in France. — Factions. — Programs. — Municipal Socialism in France. — Social influence. — Agrarian question.
Coubertin, Pierre de: France under the Third Republic, translated by I. F. Hapgood. New York, 1897, Ch. XIV.
Gaillard, Louis: La royaume socialiste, choses vues. Paris, Darajan, 1902.
Histoire socialiste (1789-1900) sous la direction de Jean Jaurès. Paris, Rouff, 1901.
Jaurès, Jean: Action Socialiste. Paris, Bellais (undated).
Lafargue, Paul: Die socialistiche Bewegung in Frankreich, 1876-90. (Neue Zeit, 1890.)
Socialism in France, 1876-96 (Fortnightly Rev., 1897, Sept.).
Laviron, P. E.: Le socialisme français et le collectivisme allemand. Paris, Allemane, 1895.
Lecky, W. H.: Democracy and Liberty. New York, 1896. Vol. II, pp. 224-369.
Louis, P.: Les Etapes du socialisme. Paris, Charpentier, 1903, pp. 235 et sq.
Métin, A.: La formation de la démocratie socialiste française.
Millerand, A.: Le socialisme réformiste français. Paris, Bellais, 1903.
Peixotto, J. B.: French Revolution and Modern French Socialism. New York, Crowell & Co., 1901. Ch. VI.
Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed., 1906. Pp. 208-214.
For movement at first hand, read:
Reports of the Congrès Generales des Organizations Socialistes. Paris, 1900, and succeeding years.
La Petite République. (Moderate group.) Paris (daily).
L ‘Humanité. Jaurès, editor. Paris. (Daily.)
La Revue Socialiste. Organ of Integral Socialists. (Monthly.)
Le Mouvement Socialiste. Organ of the radical group. (Fortnightly).
2d. Italy.
Marxism as it has become a political party in Italy. — The present political situation. — Special traits.
Gnocchi-Viani, O.: Dal mazzmianismo al socialismo. Colle, 1893.
Groppali, Alessandro: Le mouvement social en Italie (extrait de la Rev. Internat. de sociologie). Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.
Loria, A.: II movemento operaio.
Nerbini: Cinquante Anni di socialismo nella Italia. Firenze, 1888.
Nitti, F. S.: Le mouvement économique et social en Italie en 1891. (Rev. sociale et politique, année 2, 1892.)
Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed. Pp. 235-239.
Der gegenwartige Stand der italienischen Arbeiterbewegung (Socialpol. Zentralbl. I, 1892).
Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des italienischen Proletariats. (Arch. f. soc. Gesetzg. Bd. 6, 1893; Bd. 8, 1895.)
For first hand insight:
Bolletino della Direzione del Partito Socialista Italiano. Rome. (Monthly.)
Reports of meetings of congresses at Rome (1900), Imola (1902), Bologna (1904).
Avanti. Official organ of the radical socialists, editor, Enrico Ferri. Rome. (Daily.)
Nuova Antologia. Rome. (Monthly.)
L’Asino. Rome. (Comic weekly.)
Il Seme. Publication of the moderate group. Rome. (Fortnightly.)
3d. Spain.
General aspects of the movement in Spain.
Die sociale Bewegung in Spanien. (Jahrb. f. Socialwissenschaft, 1. u. 2, Zurich, 1879 and ’80).
Iglesias, Pablo: Die sozialistiche Arbeiterpartei in Spanien. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)
Maze-Sencien, G.: Le socialisme en Espagne. (Extrait de la Rev. pol. et parl., 1898, aout et sept.). Paris, Davy, 1898.
Posada, A.: L’évolution sociale en Espagne, 1894 et 1895. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1896.
Le mouvement social en Espagne, 1896. (Extrait de la Revue internat. de sociologie.) Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.
Le parti socialiste ouvrier Espagnol au congrès international de Paris de 1900. Madrid, Teodoro, 1901.
Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Spanien.
(e) Marxism in other Continental Countries.
1e. Belgium.
History and distinctive character of Belgian socialist movement.
Bertrand, Louis: Histoire de la Coöpération en Belgiqae. Bruxelles, 2 v.
Destrée, J., and Vandervelde, E.: Le Socialisme en Belgique. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1903.
Deutscher, Paul: The Socialist Movement in Belgium. The Workingmen’s Party (Free Review, 1896, March).
Sombart, W.: Sozialismus. 5th ed. Pp. 229-233.
Consult further:
Reports of Congrès du Parti ouvrier for 1885, and succeeding years.
Le Peuple. (Party organ.) Brussels. (Daily.)
2e. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Baug, Gus.: Ein Blick auf die Geschichte der dänischen Sozialdemokratie. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 16, 1897-98.)
Jensen, Ad.: Le Socialisme en Danemark. Rev. d’économpolitique, X, 1896, June.
Knussden, Olsen S. and Olsen M.: Bericht der Sozialdemokratie in Dänemark. Bruxelles, P. Weissenbruch, 1891.
Lindeberg, F.: Die Arbeiterbewegung Dänemarks. (Schweiz. Blätter f. Wirtsch. u. Soz. Pol., Jhrg. 6, 1898.)
Martinet, C: Le socialisme en Danemark. Paris, Société d’éditions scientifique, 1893.
Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed., 1906. Pp. 233 et sq.
Stegman u. Hugo: Arts. Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden.
3e. Switzerland.
Berghoff-Ising, Dr. Frz.: Die socialistische Arbeiterbewegung in der Schweiz. Leipzig, Duncker, Humboldt, 1895.
Die neuere socialistische Bewegung in der Schweiz. (Schmoller’s Jahrb. f. Gesetzg., Jhrg. 17, 1893.)
Le socialisme en Suisse. (Extrait de la Revue d’Econ. pol. X, 1896.) Paris, Larose, 1896.
Chez nous en Suisse ou les libertés helvétiques mises à nus. Génève, 1899.
Lang, Otto: Der Socialismus in der Schweiz. Berlin, Verlag der Socialistischen Monatshefte, 1902.
Müller, H.: Die schweizerische Socialdemokratie. (Schweiz. Blätter f. Wirtschaft u. Soz.-Pol., Jhrg. 6, 1898.)
4e. Russia.
Plechanoff, G.: Die Sozialpolitischen Zustande Russland im Jahre 1890. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 9, 1890-91.)
Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Russland.
Winiarsky, L.: Der Sozialismus in Russischen-Polen. Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)
(f) Marxism Under Anglo-Saxon Influence.
1f. Marxist movement in England.
The development of the present movement in England.— The Social Democrats. — Fabianism. — Independent Labor Party. — Socialism in the Colonies.
Bernstein, Ed.: Politische Partei u. wirtschaftliche Interessen in England. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 15, 1896-97.)
Herron, G. D.: Impressions of the English Labor Movement. (Commons, 1898, Jan.)
Laveleye, E. de: Socialism of Today. 1885. Appendix.
Marx-Aveling, Eleanor: Die Arbeiterclassen-Bewegung in England. Nürnberg, Wörlein u. Co., 1895.
Métin, A.: Le socialisme en Angleterre. Paris, Alcan, 1897.
Un socialisme sans doctrine (on Australia and New Zealand). Paris, Alcan, 1901.
Shaw, B.: Fabian Socialism, What It Is and What It Has Done. Fabian Tract No. 41.
Verhaegan, P.: Socialistes anglais. Paris, Larose, 1898.
Webb, Sidney: Socialism in England. American Economic Association, 1889, April.
Woods, R. A.: English Social Movements. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895, pp. 38-78.
For the movement at first hand:
Clarion. Ed. by Robert Blatchford. London. (Weekly.)
Justice. Organ of Social Democratic Federation. London. (Weekly.)
Labor Leader. Official organ of I. L. P. (Monthly.)
Fabian News. Organ of Fabian Society. London. (Monthly.)
Reformer’s Year-Book.
2f. American Marxism.
The history of political socialism in the United States. — Distinctive traits. — Tendencies.
Ely, Richard T.: Labor Movement in America. N. Y., Crowell & Co., 1886.
Engels, Fr.: The Working-Class Movement in America. London, 1888.
Hilquit, Morris: History of Socialism in the United States. N. Y., Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1902.
Kerby, W. J.: Le Socialisme aux Etats-Unis. Bruxelles, (Goemaere, 1897.
Mills, W. T.: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. XLV.
Martiis: Il Socialismo negli Stati Uniti. 1891.
Walterhausen: Der moderne Socialismus in den Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika. 1890.
Sombart, W.: The historical development of the American proletariat. (Inter. Soc. Rev., Nov., 1905.)
For the movement at first hand:
Socialist Party Proceedings at National Convention, Chicago, 1904. Issued by National Committee, 269 Dearborn street, Chicago.
Party programmes (to be found annually in most American Almanacs).
Party magazines and newspapers, of which the best are, perhaps:
The Worker. New York. (Daily.)
Appeal to Reason (somewhat “yellow” journal). J. A. Wayland, editor. Girard, Kansas. (Daily.)
International Socialist Review. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Monthly.)
Wilshire’s Magazine. New York, Wilshire Publishing Co. (Monthly.)
2. Non-Marxist Political Socialist Movements.
(a) Christian Socialism.
1a. Catholic Socialism.
Its founders. — Its special aims and its influence in the leading countries of the world.
Hitz, F.: Die Quintessenz der sociale Frage. Paderbom, Bonifacius, Dr., 1877.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole: La papauté, le socialisme et la démocratie. Paris, Calmann Lévy, 1892. (Eng. trans.: Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy.)
Nitti, F. S.: Il socialismo cattolico. Torino, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Catholic Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895.)
Soderni, E.: Socialism and Catholicism. Longmans, 1896.
Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Christlicher Socialismus.
Valez, A.: Le socialisme catholique en France. Montauban, Granié, 1892.
Etudes sociales catholiques. Paris, A. Schulz et Friburg, 1892.
Best known periodicals:
Christlich-Sociale Blätter.
Revue du christianisme pratique.
La Réforme sociale (school of Le Play).
2a. “Christian” or Evangelical Socialism.
Its distinctive characteristics and political status in the several leading nations of the world.
Behrends, A. J. F.: Socialism and Christianity. N. T., Baker & Taylor, 1886.
Carter, J.: Christian Socialism in England. London, 1891.
Göhre, Paul: Die Evangelische-soziale Bewegung. Leipzig, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Evangelical-Social Movement in Germany, Its History and Aims. London, Ideal Public Union, 1898.)
Headlam, Rev. S. D.: Christian Socialism. Fabian Tract No. 42.
Kaufman, M.: Christian Socialism. London, Kegan Paul, 1888.
Naumann, P.: National-Socialen Katechismus. Berlin, Buchverlag der “Zeit,” 1897.
New Christian Socialism. (Quarterly Rev., 1894, July.)
Stöcker, Adf.: Selbsthülfe! Staatshülfe! Gotteshülfe! Essen, Gladbach, 1891.
Stubbs, C. W.: A Creed for Christian Socialists. London, Reeves, 1897.
Best known periodicals:
Church Reformer (London).
Christian Socialist (London).
Die Zeit (organ für nationales Sozialismus auf christliche Grundlage, Berlin).
Hilfe (Frankfurt, a. M.)
Revue du Christianisme social.
See also “Arbeiterbibliothek” (Göttinger), ed. by P. Naumann.
3a. The problem of Christian Socialism.
Adler, Felix: Life and Destiny. N. Y., McClure, Phillips & Co., 1905. Esp. pp. 75-141.
Clifford, Dr. John: Socialism and the Teaching of Christ. Fabian Tract No. 78.
Mathews, Shailer: The Social Teachings of Jesus.
Peabody, Francis G.: Jesus Christ and the Social Question. Macmillan, 1903.
Religion of an Educated Man.
Stubbs, Rev. C. W.: Christ and Economics. Isbister, 1893.
(b) “Philanthropic” Socialism.
What it is, and how it may, or may not, be political socialism. — Some of the representatives of this type of socialism. — Its influence.
Bernstein, Ed.: Zur Frage— Socialliberalismus oder Collectivismus. Berlin, 1900.
Brooks, John G.: The Social Problem. N. Y., Macmillan, 1902.
Hobhouse, L. T.: The Labor Movement. Fischer, Unwin & Co., 1898.
Hobson, J. A.: The Social Problem. N. Y., Pott, 1902.
Kelly, Edmond: Government or Human Evolution. Longmans, N. Y., 1900-01. 2 vols.
Kirkup, T.: History of Socialism. Pp. 273-311.
Wells, H. G.: Mankind in the Making. London, Chapman and Hall, 1904.
(c) State Socialism.
What it is and what sets it apart from the Marxist and other movements. — Katheder-Sozialismus.
Block, Maurice: Quintessence of State Socialism.
Bryce, R. J.: A Short Study of State Socialism. London, E. Baynes & Co., 1903.
Dawson, W. H.: Bismarck and State Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1890.
Kautsky, K.: Vollmar und der Staatssozialismus. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)
Laveleye, Ch.: Socialism of Today. Ch. XII.
Métin, A.: Un Socialisme sans doctrine. Paris, Alcan, 1901.
Millerand, A.: Le socialisme réformiste.
Smith, Hubert L.: Economic Aspects of State Socialism. London, Simpkin, 1887.
Wagner, A.: Vortrag über Sozialismus, Sozialdemokratie, Katheder und Staatssozialismus. Berlin, Vaterländ. Verl. Anst. in Komm., 1894.
Die akademischer Nationalökonomie u. die Socialismus. Berlin, Becker, 1895.
PART III.— CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF THE DOCTRINE OF MARXIAN SOCIALISM.
1. Marxist Analysis of Industrial Society.
(a) Marxist Classification of the Factors in Industrial Life.
Labor and proletariat. — Capital and bourgeoisie, and whether these terms are, and can be, used interchangeably.
Kautsky, K.: The Social Revolution, esp. sec. 43.
Marx, K.: Communist Manifesto. Passim.
The “leisure class,” what socialists mean by it, and how they regard it.
See, besides writings of socialists previously cited:
Lafargue, Paul: Le droit à la paresse. Lille, Delory, 1891.
Massart, J., et Vandervelde, E.: Parasitisme organique et parasitisme social. Paris, Reinwald, Schleicher Frères, 1898. (Eng. trans.: Parasitism, organic and social. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895.)
Students will do well to read in this connection:
Veblen, Thorstein: Theory of the Leisure Class. N. Y., Macmillan, 1902.
(b) Surplus Value.
The Theory.
Aveling, Edw.: Students’ Marx. Pp. 1-48.
Bernstein, Ed.: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 37-46.
Kautsky, K.: Karl Marx’s Oekonomische Lehre. Pp. 3-116.
Marx, K.: Capital. I, pp. 1-311.
Validity of the theory. — Its relation to orthodox economic findings. — How far it is fundamental to socialistic economic theory.
Böhm-Bawerk: Karl Marx and the Close of His System.
(c) Law of Concentration of Capital.
What it is.
Marx, K.: Capital. Pp. 625-736.
Aveling, Edw.: Students’ Marx. Pp. 138-157.
Kautsky, K.: Marx’s Oekonomische Lehren. Pp. 116-177.
Vandervelde, E.: Collectivism and Industrial Evolution. Pt. 1.
How far dispassionate investigation validates this law.
Bourguin, M.: Les systèmes socialistes. Ch. XI, Ch. XII, Ch. XIII, Annexes III, IV, V.
The Trusts in socialist theory.
Lafargue. P.: Les Trusts Américains. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.
Lloyd, H.: Wealth Against Commonwealth. Harper, 1894.
Macrosty, H. W.: Trusts and the State. Richards, 1901.
Vail, Chas.: The Trust Question. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Library of Socialism No. 21.)
Mills, Walter Thomas: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. X.
Socialist attitude toward mechanical production. — Question of house industry vs. factory labor.
(d) Theory of Commercial Crises.
Socialist explanation of them. — Comparison of this explanation with other ways of accounting for them.
Bernstein, Ed.: Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 66-83.
Kautsky, K.: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 86-104, 177-252.
(e) Theory of Increasing Misery.
What it is. — How far it is based on fact.
In addition to bibliography previously cited, see:
Why Are the Many Poor? Fabian Tract No. 1.
How far Marxian reformers expect the elimination of pauperism, and how far these expectations seem justified. — The question of unemployed in socialist theory.
Bebel, A.: Die Frau u. der Sozialismus, passim.
Kautsky, K.: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 104-166.
Renard, G.: Le régime socialiste. Pp. 152-186.
(f) The General Strike.
The conception viewed historically, and in contemporary socialist usage. — Objects.
Bernstein, Ed.: Der Strike als Politischer Kampfmittel. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 12, 1893-94.)
La Grève Générale et le Socialisme. Enquête Intérnationale. Paris, Odéon, 1904. (June, July, Aug. and Sept. Nos. of “Le Mouvement Socialiste.”)
Protokoll über die Verhandlung des Parteitags der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands. Jena, 1905.
(g) Canons of Distribution.
Whether any are to be found in Marxist and related socialist theory, and if so, how far and in what way they promise more general enjoyment of the results of social production. — Whether socialist schemes expect to increase production, or control consumption. — Whether Marxists aim at distributive justice. — Economic efficiency under socialism.
(h) Competition.
Whether socialists expect the elimination of competition. — The claim that competition involves waste. — How far it is true. — Whether it is possible to eliminate competition from human affairs. — Whether it should be eliminated if it could be. — Whether industrial development is actually tending to diminish competition.
Kelly, Ed,: Government or Human Evolution. II, pp. 273-293.
Reeves, Sidney: The Cost of Competition. McClure, Phillips & Co., 1906.
2. Marxist Political Theory.
(a) The State in Socialist Interpretation.
What the State is held to be.— Its origin.— Its end.— The range of functions ascribed to it.
Deville, G.: Principes Socialistes. Pp. 174-181.
Renard, Georges: Le régime socialiste. Pp. 61-125.
(b) The Individual and His Rights.
Natural rights in Marxian theory. — Rights of the individual specifically or implicitly demanded by all socialists. — The grounds on which the demand for rights is formulated. — How far the word “natural” has disappeared.
Lafargue, P.: Le Droit à la paresse, passim.
Renard, G.: Le Régime socialiste. Alcan, 1904, pp. 24-61.
For views kindred to Marxian see, by way of comparison:
Hobson, J. A.: Social Problem. Bk. II, Chs. I and II.
Kelly, E.: Government or Human Evolution. I, Ch. I.
Menger, A.: Right to the Whole Product of Labor. Pp. 1-40.
Ritchie, D. G.: Natural Rights. London, 1895.
(c) Doctrine of Property.
The theory usually adopted as to the origin and function of property. — The changes in property relations which socialists have in view.
Lafargue, Paul: Evolution of Property from Savagery to Civilization. Swan Sonnenschein, 1891.
Lafargue, Paul, et Guyot, Yves: La propriété communiste par P. Lafargue; réfutation par Guyot. Paris, Delgrave, 1895.
Laveleye, Em. de: De la propriété et ses formes primitives. Paris, Baillière, 1874. (Eng. trans, by G. R. L. Marriott, London, 1878.)
Menger, A.: Right to the Whole Product of Labor. Pp. 157-175.
Willoughby, W. W.: Social Justice. London, Macmillan, 1900. Ch. IV.
(d) Social Democracy.
As to the form of government socialists propose. — What “social democracy” means additional to democracy. — Whether socialist understanding of democracy is the usual one. — Whether the democratic form of government is fundamental to a socialist state. — Whether economic freedom is the means to democracy, or democracy the means to economic freedom, and what economic freedom means.
Bernstein, Ed.: Vorausaetzungen des Socialismus. Pp. 118-140.
(e) Tendency to Belief in Decentralization.
Some reasons for this tendency. — The effects of the doctrine.
(f) Internationalism.
Its nature. — Its present popularity. — Whether adhesion to the doctrine implies diminished patriotism.
Jaurès, J.: Patriotisme et Internationalisme. Lille, Delory (undated.)
Renard, G.: Régime socialiste. Alcan, 1904. Pp. 68-74.
(g) The Family.
Socialist ways of accounting for its origin and its political and social function. — How socialists relate the institution of the family to the status of woman. — The relation between child and parent in the socialist theory.
Bebel, A.: Die Frau und der Sozialismus. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Woman in the Past, Present, and Future, of which many popular editions.)
Engels, F.: Der Ursprung der Familie. Zürich, Verlags-Magazin, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Origin of the Family. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)
Pearson, Karl: Ethic of Freethought. London, Black, 1901. Pp. 354-431.
Russell, B. and A.: German Social Democracy. Pp. 175-195.
Mills, Walter Thomas: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. XI.
3. Marx’s Doctrine of Social Progress.
(a) The Ultimate Premises of Socialism.
As to whether there are any fixed premises, and whether these premises are those which socialists themselves define. — Whether pessimism or optimism is at the bottom of the movement. — The controversy between materialism and idealism.
Bernstein, Ed.: Das realistische und das idealistische Moment in Socialismus (in “Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus, pp. 262-287.)
Engels, Fr.: Eugen Duhrings Umwalzung der Wissenschaft.
Jaurès, J., et Fafargue, P.: Idéalisme et Matérialisme. Paris, 1895. (Publications du groupe des étudiantes collectivistes.)
Labriola, A.: Socialisme et Philosophie. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1899.
Marx, K.: “Holy Family” in “Aus dem literarischen Nachlass,” etc.
Pearson, K.: Ethic of Freethought. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1901. Pp. 301-354.
(b) The Materialistic Conception of History.
The doctrine. — Its antecedents, and how far the theory is the special property of socialists. — The several forms in which the theory is taught. — Validity of the theory. — Its influence outside of socialist circles.
Barthe, P.: Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Pp. 303-353.
Calwer, Rich.: Das Kommunistiche Manifest u. die heutige Sozialdemokratie. Braunschweig, Gunther, 1894.
Engels, Fr.: Feuerbach, the Roots of the Socialist Philosophy.
Ferri, Enrico: Socialismo e Scienza positiva. Roma, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Socialism and Positive Science.)
Labriola, A.: Saggi intorna alla concezione materialistica della Storia. Loescher, 1902. (Eng. trans.: Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History.)
Loria, A.: Analisi della Proprietà Capitalista. Torino, Bocca, 1889.
Marx, K.: Misère de la Philosophie.
Communist Manifesto.
Masaryk, T. G.: [Die philosophischen und sociologischen] Grundlagen des Marxismus. Vienna, Könegen, 1899.
Seignobos, Ch.: La méthode historique appliquée aux sciences sociales. Alcan, 1901. Pp. 259-269.
Seligman, E. R. A.: Economic Interpretation of History. Macmillan, 1902.
Stein, Ludwig: Die soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie. Stuttgart, Enke, 1903. Pp. 302-312.
Weisengrün, Paul: Der Marxismus. Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1900. Pp. 36-212.
(c) Class Struggle.
The doctrine in exact terms. — The social classes it defines, and the basis used to distinguish these. — The contradictions involved in the theory of class struggle. — Whether there is a class struggle on the lines defined by Marxists, or on any lines.
Barthe, P.: Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Pp. 336-346.
Bauer, A.: Les Classes Sociales. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1902.
Bernstein, Ed.: Klassenkampf-Dogma u. Klassenkampf-Wirklichkeit. Zur Geschichte u. Theorie des Socialismus, pp. 382-406.
Kautsky, K,: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 31-86.
Marx, K.: Communist Manifesto.
Novikow, J.: Les luttes entre les sociétés humaines et leurs phases successives. Paris, Alcan, 1896.
Noyes, W. H.: The Evolution of the Class Struggle. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Library of Socialism.)
Simon, A.: Class Struggle. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago. (Madden Lib. No. 2.)
Veblen, Thorstein: Theory of Business Enterprise. Macmillan. Esp. Chs. VI, VII, IX, X.
4. Consideration of the Leading Objections to Socialism.
Brünhuber, M.: Die heutige Sozialdemokratie. Fischer, Jena, 1906.
Clark, W.: The Limits of Collectivism (Contemporary Review, 1893).
Donisthorpe, W.: Individualism— A System of Politics. Macmillan, 1889.
Gilman, N. P.: Socialism and the American Spirit. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893.
Gladden, W.: Applied Christianity. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886. (Essay on The Strength and Weakness of Socialism.)
Guyot, Yves: La tyrannie socialiste. Paris, Delagrave, 1893. (Eng trans.: The Tyranny of Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1894.)
Mackay, J., and others: A Plea for Liberty. Murray, 1892.
Mallock, W. H.: Classes and Masses. London, 1896.
Aristocracy and Evolution. N. Y., 1898.
Morley, John: Compromise. 2nd ed. rev. London, 1877.
Nicholson, J. Shield: Historical Progress and Ideal Socialism. London, Black, 1894.
Richter, Eugene: Die Sozialdemokraten, was sie wollen und was sie werken. Berlin, 1878.
Richter, Eugene: Socialdemokratische Zukunftsbilder. Berlin, Verlag “Fortschritt,” A. G., 1890. (Eng. trans.: Pictures of the Socialist Future. 1894. Sonnenschein.
Say, Léon: Contre le Socialisme. Paris, Leroy, 1896.
Schäffle, A. E. F.: The Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Spencer, Herbert: The Man versus the State.
Sumner, W. G.: What Social Classes Owe Each Other. N. Y., 1884.
Thiers, A.: Du droit de propriété. 2 vols. Paris, Didot, 1841. (Eng. trans.: Rights of Property.)
PART IV.— COMMUNISM AND ANARCHISM.
1. Communism.
Some notable recent attempts at communism. — General type of social organization under communism. — Psychology of the communist. — Tendencies and average results of communistic experiments.
Broome, Isaac: The Last Days of the Ruskin Coöperative Association.
Bulletin of U. S. Labor Dept. (article on Coöperative Communities in the U. S., by Rev. Alex. Kent).
Eastlake, Allan: Oneida Community. Redway, 1900.
Nordhoff, C: Communistic Societies of the U. S. London, Murray, 1875.
Winchell, Alex. C: Communism in America. (North American Review, 1888, May.)
2. Anarchism.
(a) Classification.
The several types of anarchism, and their representatives.
Bakounine, Michel: Oeuvres (especially Dieu et I’Etat).
Grave, Jean: La société mourante et l’anarchie. Paris, 1893.
La société future. Stock, 1895.
L’Individu et la société. 1897. 2nd ed.
L ‘Anarchie, son but, ses moyens. Paris, Stock, 1899.
Hertzka, Theodore: Freiland. (Translated by A. Ransom, N. Y., 1891.)
Kropotkin, Peter H.: La conquête du pain. Paris, 1892.
Parôles d’un révolutionaire.
Autour d’une vie. Paris, 1903. 2 vols. 1899(?).
L’anarchie, sa philosophie, son idéal. 1905(?).
Memoires d’un révolutionaire.
Fields, Factories, and Workshops. London, S. Sonnenschein, 1901.
Malato, Ch.: De la commune à l’anarchie. Paris, Stock, 1894.
Mackay, John: Der Anarchisten.
Michel, Louis: La Commune. Paris, Stock, 1898.
Most, Johann Joseph: Die Lösung der sociale Frage. 1876. Memoiren, 2 Bde., N. Y., 1903.
Reclus, Elisée: L’évolution, la révolution et l’idéale anarchique. Paris, 1902.
Spencer, Herbert: Social Statistics (1st ed., containing chapter on right of individual to ignore the State).
Tucker, Benj.: Instead of a Book. N. Y., Tucker, 1893. (Reprinted under the title “State, Socialism, and Anarchism.” London, Reeves, 1895.)
Yarros, Victor: Anarchism, Its Aims and Methods. Boston, 1887.
(b) The Theory in Practice.
The programmes. — Organization. — Methods of propaganda. — The relation of anarchism to socialism. — To individualism. — Herbert Spencer and anarchism. — Psychology of the anarchist.
Bernstein, Ed.: Die sociale Doktrin des Anarchismus (in Neue Zeit, Jahrg. 10, Bd. 1-2).
Basch, V.: L ‘individualisme anarchiste. Alcan, 1904.
Dubois, Felix: Le péril anarchiste. Paris, 1894. (Eng. trans.: The Anarchist Peril. Unwin, 1894.)
Garan, J.: L’anarchie et les anarchistes. Paris, 1885.
Ghio, Paul: L’anarchie aux Etats Unis. Paris, Colin, 1903.
Hamon, A.: Le psychology de l’anarchiste socialiste. Paris, Stock, 1895.
Lombroso, Cesare: Gli anarchici. Turin, 1894.
Plechanoff, G.: Anarchismus und Sozialismus. Berlin, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Anarchism and Socialism. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)
Shaw, Bernard: The Impossibilities of Anarchism. Fabian Tract No. 46.
Simons, A. M.: Socialism vs. Anarchy. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)
Zenker, E. V.: Der Anarchismus. Kritische Geschichte der anarchistischen Theorien. Jena, 1895. (Eng. trans.: Anarchism, a Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory. Putnam, 1897.)
PART V.— SOCIAL REFORMS WITH LESS EXTENSIVE PROBLEMS.
1. Land Nationalization and Single Tax.
The doctrine. — Methods of reform proposed. — The founder of the Single Tax movement, and some facts of his life which throw light on his theories. — Economic and social results expected. — Critical examination of the doctrine. — Relation of socialists to these movements.
An Essay on the Right of Property in Land. 1782. Reprinted, London, 1891, under the title “Birthright in Land.”
Cox, H.: Land Nationalization. London, Methuen, 1892.
Dawson, W. H.: Unearned Increment. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1890.
Hobson: Coöperation in the Land.
Moore: Back to the Land.
Simons, A. M.: Single Tax vs. Socialism, Chicago, Chas, H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)
Stubbs, C. W.: Land and the Laborer. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1891,
Thackeray, S. W.: The Land and the Community. N. Y., Appleton & Co., 1889.
Among good criticisms of the theory:
Hobson, J. A.: The Influence of Henry George in England. (Fortnightly Review, 1897, December.)
Schäffle, A.: Inkorporation des Hypothekencredits. Tübigen, 1883.
Smart, W.: Taxation of Land Values and the Single Tax.
Walker, Francis A.: Land and Its Rent. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1883. Pp. 141-182.
Publications of the “Land and Property Defense League.”
2. Coöperation.
Coöperation from the social reform point of view. — Coöperation and communism. — Coöperation and profit sharing. — The several kinds of coöperative societies. — The status of the coöperative movement in the leading nations of Europe and America. — The outlook for coöperation. — Arguments in favor of the movement. — Its weaknesses. — Socialists’ attitude toward it.
Bertrand, Louis: Histoire de la coöpération en Belgique.
Gide, Ch.: La Coöpération. Paris, Librarie de la société du Recueil genéral des lois et des arrêts et du Journal du palais. 1900.
Holyoake, G. J.: History of Coöperation in England. London, 1875-85. 2 vols.
Hughes, Thomas, and Neale, Edward V.: A Manual for Coöperators. Manchester, 1888.
Hubert-Valleroux, P.: La Coöpération. Paris, 1904.
Jones, Benjamin: Coöperative Production. Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1894.
Pissamiglio: Distributive Coöperative Societies.
Van Marken: Industrial Social Organization. Delft., 1901.
Wright, Carrol D.: Manual of Distributive Coöperation. Boston, 1885.
On relation to Social Democracy:
Anseele, E.: “Socialism and Coöperation” in Ensor. Modern Socialism, pp. 284-301.
Gerhard, Adele: Konsumgenossenschaft und Sozialdemokratie. Nürnberg, Wörlein u. Co., 1895.
Kautsky, K.: Konsumverein u. Arbeiterbewegung. (Wiener Arbeiterbibliothek, Heft. 1) Vienna, 1897.
Milhaud, Ed.: La démocratie socialiste allemande. Pp. 442-517.
Reports and publications:
Annual reports of Coöperative Unions, of Coöperative Wholesale, of “Vooruit,” Maison du Peuple, etc.
Annual reports of Registrar of Friendly Societies.
Coöperative News, Manchester.
3. Trade-Unionism.
How far trade-unionism may justifiably be included in a study of social reform movements. — The objects of trade-unionism, and how these objects compare with the primary aims of other social reform movements. — The exact distinction between the “industrial democracy” this movement represents, and “social democracy,” and, in general, the relation between trade-unionism and socialism.
Herkner, Heinrich: Die Arbeiterfrage. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1902.
Lange, Friedrich A.: Die Arbeiterfrage. Winterthur, 1879.
London, Jack: The Scab. Chicago, Chas. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)
Nicholson, J. S.: Strikes and Social Problems. (Essay on Labor Combinations and Competition.)
Troeltseh, W., and Hirschfeld, P.: Die deutschen Sozialdemokratischen Gewerkschaften. Berlin, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1906.
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: Industrial Democracy. 2 vols.
PART VI.— UTOPIANISM.
- The relation of Utopianism to social reform. — The types of Utopian writings. — Some leading modern examples of Utopian plans, and their place in current reform movements. — The question of the utility of Utopianism.
Bellamy, Ed.: Looking Backward. 1870. London, Reeves & Co., 1888.
Equality. New York, Appleton, 1897.
Ellis, Havelock: The Nineteenth Century, an Utopian Retrospect. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1901.
Hertzka, Theodor: Freiland. (Eng. trans.: Freeland. Translated by A. Ransom. N. Y., 1891.)
Hobson, J. A.: Edward Bellamy and the Utopian Romance. (Humanitarian, 1898. Vol. 13.)
Howells, W. D.: A Traveller from Altruria.
Kaufmann, M.: Utopias from Sir Thomas Moore to Karl Marx:. London, Paul, 1879.
Morris, Wm.: News from Nowhere. Longmans, 1896.
Wells, H. G.: A Modern Utopia. Chapman & Hall, 1905.
Source: University of California, Department of Economics. Topics and References for Economics 42: Contemporary Theories of Social Reform. Berkeley: The University Press, 1906. 29 pages.