Cambridge. Local Examinations Syndicate’s Political Economy and Logic Exams, 1870-72

This post provides three years’ worth of exams for the subjects of political economy and logic that constituted Group D of a battery of exams created and graded by fellows and tutors of the University of Cambridge that were taken by women wishing to become teachers and needed to have their educational achievements certified. The volume from which the following information has been transcribed covers the period 1870-1872. Miscellaneous examination rules/procedures and examiners’ reports have been included as well. Texts by John Stuart Mill,  John Elliott Cairnes and Adam Smith were the primary material for the political economy examinations with John Stuart Mill’s Logic and works by Richard Whately, William Thomson and Alexander Bain covered in the logic examinations.

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Backstory of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate.

Cambridge Assessment was established as the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) by the University of Cambridge in 1858. [It was] set up to administer local examinations for students who were not members of the University of Cambridge, with the aim of raising standards in education. [UCLES] also inspected schools.

[…]

1858

UCLES, The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate was formed to set school leaving examinations for non-members of the university. The Syndicate comprised thirteen university academics (one as Secretary) who would set regulations, write question papers, preside over examinations, mark scripts and make the awards. The examinations were held in December to avoid conflict with the Oxford Examinations in July and the first centres were in Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, Grantham, Liverpool, London and Norwich.

1862

It was decided that the Syndicate’s remit be extended to offer inspections to schools as part of the examination programme offered by the University of Cambridge.

1864

The first overseas examinations were held by UCLES in Trinidad where six candidates took the Cambridge Senior Examinations.

1868

After a successful trial in 1863 by candidates from the North London Collegiate School and a subsequent petition to the University, girls were officially allowed to enter for the Cambridge Local Examinations on the same basis as boys.

1869

The Higher Local Examinations were introduced, initially for women over eighteen who wished to become teachers. Although the HLE was discontinued in 1922 it had, by then, spawned the Certificate of Proficiency in English, the longest surviving of all UCLES examinations.

http://web.archive.org/web/20200719152624/https://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/our-heritage/

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University of Cambridge. Examination for Women.
Examination Papers for the Examination held in July, 1870
with lists of Syndics and Examiners
to which are added the Regulations for the Examination in 1871.

Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, 1870.

https://archive.org/details/examinationforw00unkngoog/page/n7/mode/2up

EXAMINATION FOR WOMEN.
[p. 4]

The following Scheme of Examinations for Women was sanctioned by Grace of the Senate, Oct, 29, 1868.

1. That an Examination be held once in every year for women who have completed 18 years of age before the 1st of January of the year in which the Examination takes place.
2. That this Examination be under the superintendence of the Syndicate constituted by Grace of the Senate February 11, 1858 for the conduct of the Examinations of Students who are not members of the University.
3. That the Examinations be held in such places as the Syndicate may approve.
4. That the Candidates be required to pay fees at the discretion of the Syndicate.
5. That every Candidate be examined in Religious Knowledge unless she declare in writing her objection to such Examination.
6. That neither the names of the Candidates nor any Class Lists be published.
7. That the Candidates who have satisfied the Examiners receive Certificates, and those who have passed the Examination with credit. Certificates of Honour.
8. That this Scheme continue in force for three years, so as to include the Examinations of 1869, 1870, and 1871.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO LOCAL COMMITTEES.
[p. 7]

1. The Examination room must be large enough to accommodate all the Candidates.
2. Desks must be provided so as to allow to all the Candidates at least four feet in length apiece, without requiring them to be seated on opposite sides.
3. The desks for drawing must be so placed that the Candidates may have the light upon their left hand, unless the room be lighted from the top.
4. A table in each of the Examination rooms, and one drawer or cupboard furnished with lock and key, will be required for the use of the Examiner.
5. Pens, ink, writing and blotting paper must be provided. The paper must be of the size called “Cambridge Scribbling Demy.” Each sheet should be cut in four, and may be ruled or not. If ruled, the ruling of each quarter-sheet should be parallel to the shorter sides. Paper of this size can be procured from Spalding and Hodge, 145, Drury Lane; King and Loder, 239, Thames Street; Batty, Partington and Son, 174, Aldersgate Street, London; and from all Stationers in Cambridge.
   The quarter-sheets must have a hole punched in the left-hand top corner, and pack thread or the metal binders sold by Perry and Co. should be provided in order to fasten each student’s papers together.
6. The Local Committee should arrange so that at least one of their number may attend in the Examination room.
   The writing-paper, &c. should be distributed for the use of the Candidates ten minutes before the hours fixed for the commencement of work.

Examiners for Political Economy and Logic for July 1870
[p. 6]

The following gentlemen were appointed by the Syndicate

Examiner in Political Economy for July 1870:  Rev. J. B. Mayor, M.A. late Fellow of St. John’s College.

Examiner in Logic: Ref. F. J. A. Hort, M.A. late Fellow of Trinity College.

Examination Questions for July, 1870

GROUP D.
Thursday, July 7, 1870. 4 to 6 ½

Political Economy.
[p. 50]

1. Classify the advantages derived from Division of Labour.
2. Distinguish between Price, Cost, Value in Use, and Value in Exchange. On what does the last depend?
3. Examine the consequences of the substitution of machinery for hand labour in general, and particularly in the case of agriculture.
4. Give an account of Cottier Tenure, explaining what is meant by Conacre and Tenant Right.
5. Give a short account of the English Poor Law at the present time. What objections have been made to it?
6. What are the principles which should guide the practice of Almsgiving?
7. What are the uses of a Circulating Medium? Point out the mischiefs arising from its depreciation. What were the French Assignats?
8. The use and abuse of Trades Unions.
9. What regulates International Values?
10. Discuss whether the expenses of a war should be met by Loan or Tax.
11. Mention the principal errors of the Political Economists who preceded Adam Smith.
12. The influence of Political Economy upon English legislation during the last forty years.

 

Wednesday, July 6, 1870. 12 to 2.

Logic.
[p. 51]

1. Distinguish the several uses of language for purposes of thought. What are meant by First and Second Intentions?
2. In what sense have words been compared to counters? Shew to what extent the comparison is just, and where it is misleading.
3. What is meant by Division in Logic? State and exemplify its rules. Give instances of cross-division.
4. Explain the saying that the subject of a judgement is in the predicate, and the predicate in the subject. Point out the various aspects of the double relation here intended.
5. Explain and exemplify the Fallacy of Interrogation. What is meant by its being classified as a Fallacy of Ambiguous Middle?
6. A. “The sky is cloudy; so we may expect rain.” B. “Yet it has been cloudy for some days, and not a drop has fallen.” A. “All the more reason for the rain to come now.” Put these three arguments into a logical form, supplying whatever is assumed; and examine the validity of each.
7. What do you understand by Deduction, and what is its use in scientific investigation?
8. Describe the characteristics of Empirical Laws. Why are they called laws, and why empirical?
9. What are the respective advantages of observation and experiment?
10. Explain distinctly what is meant by a classification according to Natural Groups. How is such a classification related to the classification involved in all use of general names?

Regulations for the Examination in 1871.
[pp. 63-66]

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
EXAMINATIONS FOR WOMEN.

There will be an Examination, commencing on Monday, July 3, 1871, open to Women who have completed the age of 18 years before Jan. 1, 1871.

Candidates will be examined in such places as the Syndics appointed by the University may determine.

The Syndicate will entertain applications from places where 25 fees at the least are guaranteed. Application must be made not later than April 1, 1871.

Before any application for an Examination can be approved, the Syndicate must be satisfied as to the following points:—

That there is a Committee of ladies who will efficiently superintend the Examination, one of whom will undertake to act as Local Secretary.

That this Committee will see that suitable accommodation can be obtained by Candidates who are strangers to the place.

That a responsible person will be at hand to receive the Examination papers from the conducting Examiner and collect the answers.

Committees wishing to have Examinations held in their several districts, may obtain all necessary information from the

Rev. G. F. BROWNE.
St Catharine’s College, Cambridge.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

1. Every one admitted to Examination will be required to pay a fee of forty shillings. After a Certificate has been obtained, the fee in any subsequent year will be twenty shillings.
2. Papers will be set in the subjects grouped and numbered as below. Every Candidate who has not already passed in group A is required to satisfy the Examiners in all the papers set in that group, with the exception that the papers in Religious Knowledge may be omitted by any Candidate who at the time of her application for admission to the Examination declares her objection to be examined in Religious Knowledge.
3. The Candidates who satisfy the Examiners will receive Certificates to that effect, and those who pass the Examination with credit, Certificates of Honour. Every Certificate will specify the subjects in which the Candidate has passed.
4. No Certificate will be granted to any Candidate who has not passed in group A and also in one of groups B, C, D and E.
5. The names of the Candidates who pass in each group will be placed alphabetically in three classes. If a Candidate specially distinguishes herself in particular parts of the Examination, the fact will be notified by endorsement on her Certificate. After each Examination notice of the result will be sent to the home of each Candidate.
6. A Candidate who passes in group A, but not in the further subjects necessary for obtaining a Certificate, will not be examined in the papers in that group in any future year in which she may go in to the Examination for the purpose of obtaining her Certificate.
7. No Candidate will be examined in more subjects than the subjoined Time-table will allow.
   After passing in group A, Candidates may be examined in other groups in subsequent years.
   A schedule of books recommended by the Syndicate is appended to each group. But it is to be understood that such schedules are not intended to limit the studies of the Candidates or the range of questions in the papers set by the Examiners.

GROUP A.

1. *Religious Knowledge.
2. Arithmetic.
3. Outlines of English History from the Norman Conquest to the reign of George IV. inclusive. Detailed knowledge of the period from the accession of Charles I. to the death of Cromwell will be required. A knowledge of Geography, so far as it bears on this subject, will be expected.
4. *English Language and Literature.
5. Every Candidate in this group will be required to write a short English Composition.

*The papers in these subjects may be taken again in subsequent years by Candidates who wish to obtain distinction in them.

GROUP B.

1. Latin. 2. Greek. 3. French. 4. German. 5. Italian.

Passages will be given for translation into English from the books mentioned in the subjoined schedule, and questions will be set on the language and subject matter of the books. In each language passages will be given for translation from some other authors, and passages of English prose for translation into each.

A knowledge of one of the five languages will enable Candidates to pass in this group. For a Certificate of Honour a knowledge of two will be required.

In the papers in French and Italian, the connexion between these languages and Latin will be included; but a knowledge of Latin will not be insisted upon as necessary for either the Pass or the Honour Certificate.

GROUP C.

1. Euclid, Books I. II. III. IV. VI. And XI. to Prop. 21 inclusive.
2. The elementary parts of Algebra; namely, the Rules for the Fundamental Operations upon Algebraical Symbols, with their proof; the solution of Simple and Quadratic Equations; Arithmetical and Geometrical Progression, Permutations and Combinations, the Binomial Theorem and the principles of Logarithms.
3. The elementary parts of Plane Trigonometry, so far as to include the solution of Triangles.
4. The simpler properties of the Conic Sections, treated either geometrically or analytically.
5. The elementary parts of Statics, including the equilibrium of Forces acting in one plane, the properties of the Centre of Gravity, the laws of Friction, and the Mechanical Powers.
6. The elementary parts of Astronomy, so far as they are necessary for the explanation of the more simple phenomena.
7. The elementary parts of Dynamics, including the laws of Motion, Gravity, and the Theory of Projectiles.

A knowledge of the first two of these subjects will be required to enable a Candidate to pass in this group. For a Certificate of Honour, a knowledge of two at least of the remaining five will be required in addition.

GROUP D.

1. Political Economy. 2. Logic.

A knowledge of one of these subjects will enable a Candidate to pass in this group. For a Certificate of Honour, a knowledge of both will be required.

GROUP E.

1. Botany. 2. Geology and Physical Geography. 3. Zoology. 4. Chemistry (theoretical and practical).

A knowledge of one of these subjects will enable a Candidate to pass in this group. For a Certificate of Honour, a knowledge of two of them will be required.

GROUP F.

1. Music 2. Drawing.

A paper will be given in the latter subject containing questions on the History of Art

Every Candidate in Drawing is required to bring with her to the Examination one finished drawing, or painting, executed by herself, of such a kind as may best shew her proficiency, and which must be described as a “study from Nature,” an “original drawing,’* or a “copy from a drawing,” as the case may be.

Two hours will be allowed for a sketch, or copy, of some portion or detail of the above work, and this exercise will be judged with the finished work.

The sketch together with the finished drawing will be sent to the Examiner in Drawing. The latter will he returned to the Candidate after inspection by him.

Candidates will also be required to draw from a model.

Proficiency in these subjects will not count towards a Certificate, but will be notified on the Certificate in cases where the Candidate obtains one.

[…]

[Readings for 1871 Examinations]

“It may be expected that about two-thirds of the questions set in each paper will have reference to the books mentioned under the Group to which it belongs.”

[…]

GROUP D.

1. Mill, Political Economy. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations.
2. Mill, Logic. Thomson, Outlines of the Laws of Thought. Whately, Logic, Books II. and III. with App. 2.

[…]

DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES.
[p. 69]

1. Be at your seat in the Examination Room five minutes before the time fixed in the preceding table for the Examination in the several subjects.
   [Note: For Group D, Logic and Geology examinations scheduled for Wednesday July 5 (1871) 12 to 2; Political economy and German examinations scheduled for Thursday, July 6 (1871), 4 to 6 ½.]
2. Write your index number in the right-hand top corner (not the one with the pinched hole) of every sheet of paper which you use, and your name as well as your number on the first sheet of each set of papers.
3. Write only on one side of the paper. Fill each sheet before you take another. Leave a blank space after each answer.
4. Answer the questions as nearly as you can in the order in which they are set, and write the number of each question before the answer.
5. As soon as notice is given (which will be five minutes before the end of the time allowed), arrange your papers in proper order, so that the first page may be at the top, see that they all have the number by which you are known written upon them, fasten them according to the direction of the Examiner, and give them unfolded to him.
6. No Candidate can be allowed to give up her papers and leave the room until half an hour has expired from the time at which the papers are given out. A paper will not be given to any Candidate who is more than half an hour late.
7. No Candidate can be allowed to remain in the Examination Room after her paper is given up to the Local Examiner.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

EXAMINATION FOR WOMEN
ABOVE EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE

Report of the Syndicate Presented to the Senate, Oct. 30, 1871 with Supplementary Tables.

Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, 1871.

https://archive.org/details/examinationforw00unkngoog/page/n89/mode/2up

GROUP D
Political Economy, Logic
[p. 4]

Number of candidates: 13

Passed in Class I: 2

Passed in Class II: 4

Passed in Class III: 5

Failed: 2

Examiners’ Comments
[p. 7]

Logic. The Examiner finds fault with the manner in which the answers were given. They were marked by a lack of decision and of terseness of expression, arising probably from the want of practice in writing out the answers to definite questions. Some Candidates wasted time in giving reasons for their inability to answer parts of the questions.

Political Economy. The Examiner reports as follows:—I think the examination in Political Economy very satisfactory on the whole. I have met with no brilliant or striking performance; but the majority of papers gave evidence of conscientious and intelligent study of the subject, and shewed an apprehension of principles lively and clear as far as it went, though not profound. There was rarely any irrelevance in the answers; but I noticed sometimes a want of proportion, a disposition to dilate at length on comparatively unimportant points, against which it may be worth while to warn Candidates.

____________________________

University of Cambridge. Examination for Women.

Examination Papers for the Examination held in July 1871
with lists of Syndics and examiners
to which are added the Regulations for the Examination in 1872.

https://archive.org/details/examinationforw00unkngoog/page/n107/mode/2up

Examiners for July 1871
[p. 8]

Logic:  [no one named]

Political Economy: [no one named]

Examination Questions for July 1871
GROUP D
[pp. 46-49]

Thursday, July 6, 1871. 4 to 6½.
Political Economy

1. Define Labour. Distinguish Productive/Unproductive Labour.
   Under which head would you class the labour of (1) Professors, (2) Policemen?
   Examine the causes of the difference of wages in different employments: explaining, for the sake of illustration,
   1. The low average wages of poets, governesses, plough-boys,
   2. The high average wages of solicitors and navvies.
2. Why do we pay no wages to Members of Parliament?
3. Define Capital. Is champagne ever Capital? Is the stock of a theatre? Explain carefully, with whatever qualifications appear necessary, the principle
   “That demand for commodities is not demand for labour.”
   Why then are wages high when trade is good? and what would be the loss to Paris if the spendthrifts of Europe ceased to go there for amusement?
4. Explain how the kind of wealth produced, and the place and manner of its production, are determined under a system of Free Competition. It has been sometimes thought that the mode of employing capital which would most benefit individual capitalists does not always coincide with that which would most benefit the state. Discuss briefly any opinions of this kind with which you are acquainted, and any legislative measures to which they have given rise.
5. Explain the distribution of wealth under a system of Free Competition. Mention any other methods of distribution that have historically existed or have been recently proposed: and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the latter.
   If the Metayer system were suddenly made compulsory in England, what would be the probable effects?
6. Compare Rent with the profit gained by a patent, and that gained by a monopoly.
   It has been said that what is ordinarily called rent is really profit on the capital that has been employed in reclaiming and improving land. Discuss this assertion.
7. Explain how, and to what extent, Exchange value can be said to be determined both by cost of production and by supply and demand. How is the value (1) of partridges, (2) of mutton, determined in England at present?
   Why is there anything peculiar in the determination of the value of foreign commodities? Sketch the probable effect on our trade with France of an immense discovery of coal in that country.
8. Discuss the changes in the relative values of different articles, due to the progress of European civilization up to the present time: inquiring how far they are to be explained by general laws and how far by special circumstances. What similar changes are to be expected in the future?
   Illustrate by referring to bullion, com, beef, cloth.
9. What restrictions are at present imposed on the lending of money or credit? Mention any other restrictions that have actually existed or have been proposed. Discuss the advisability of any of these restrictions.
10. Give general principles of taxation: and apply them to determine the propriety of

(1) The Income-tax as it at present exists.
(2) The Malt-tax.
(3) A tax on matches.

 

Wednesday, July 5, 1871. 12 to 2.
Logic

1. Why has the name of Organon been given to Logic? A recent treatise on Logic has been described as “based on a combination of the Old and the New Organon”: what do you understand by this?
2. Logic is “the science of the operations of the understanding which are subservient to the estimation of evidence.” Is this definition co-extensive with Thomson’s? Does it appear to you a satisfactory one?
3. What is Language? Shew by examples how it enables us to analyse complex impressions, and to abbreviate the processes of thought.
4. What is “a system of cognate genera”?
5. Give an account of the controversy between the Nominalists and the Realists, and explain what is meant by describing it as a question of Method rather than of Metaphysics.
6. Interpret the judgment — No tyranny is secure — according to Extension, Intension, and Denomination.
7. What is meant by the Quantification of the Predicate? What are its advantages?
8. Shew the use of the lines commencing Barbara. Construct examples of Camestres and Bokardo, and reduce them to the First Figure. Discuss the propriety of retaining the Fourth Figure, and the necessity of rules for the reduction of the Second and Third Figures.
9. Explain and exemplify the fallacy of Division, and that of Composition. To what class are they to be referred? In what way does the ambiguity of the word all sometimes give occasion to one of these fallacies?
10. Test the following by logical rules:
    1. If the parks were closed, some persons would be aggrieved: but the parks are not closed, therefore no persons are aggrieved.
    2. It is possible that John may come to-morrow ; it is very probable that William will come to-morrow ; it is absolutely certain that Thomas will come to-morrow; therefore it is probable that John, William, and Thomas will come to-morrow.
11. What is a Law of Nature? When may a Law of Nature be said to be explained? ls it possible that all the sequences of nature will ultimately be resolved into one law?
12. Discuss one of the following questions: —
    1. What makes “the Exact Sciences” exact?
    2. Are the methods of physical inquiry applicable to moral and political phenomena?
    3. Is it desirable for a scientific man to have a lively imagination ?

Readings for 1872 Examinations
GROUP D
[p. 64]

1. Political Economy. 2. Logic.

1. Mill, Political Economy. *Cairnes, Logical Method of Political Economy. *Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations(McCulloch’s edition).

2. Mill, Logic [Omitting the following: Book I. ch. 3 (except §1); Book II. Ch. 4-7; Book III. Ch. 5 §9 and note, ch. 12, ch. 18, ch 23, ch. 24 (except §1,2); Book V. ch. 3 §3-6; Book VI. Ch. 2]. Whately, Logic, Books II. And III. With App. 2. *Thomson, Outlines of the Laws of Thought. *Mansel, Prolegomena Logica. *Bain, Inductive and Deductive Logic.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
EXAMINATION FOR WOMEN

Examination Papers For the Examination Held in June 1872
to which are added The Regulations for the Examination in 1873.

https://archive.org/details/examinationforw00unkngoog/page/n178/mode/2up

Examiners for June 1872
[p. 8]

Logic: Rev. J. B. Pearson, M.A., Fellow of St John’s College.

Political Economy: Rev. W. M. Campion, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Queen’s College.

Examination Questions for June 1872
GROUP D
[pp. 51-54]

Wednesday, June 19, 1872. 12 m. to 2 p.m.
Logic

1. Assuming that Logic is correctly defined as ‘the Science of the Laws of Formal Thinking,’ investigate the relation between Logic and Psychology, and between Logic and Grammar.
2. Discuss briefly from Mill’s point of view the statements (a) that Logic is entirely conversant about language, (b) that it is the art of discovering truth, (c) that it is an a priori
3. How does Mill distinguish between abstract and concrete terms? Is the distinction as drawn by him identical with that drawn by Thomson between abstract and concrete representations? Does he regard adjectives as abstract or concrete?
4. Give an account of the logical processes known by the name of Conversion.
5. Construct original concrete syllogisms in Festino, Darapti, Bokardo. Express each according to Hamilton’s method of notation. Reduce them to the First Figure, explaining how the various letters in the words guide you in doing so.
6. Explain the terms Dilemma, Enthymeme, Sorites, Differentia, Cross-division, Undistributed Middle, Petitio Principii.
7. ‘The sole invariable antecedent of a phenomenon is probably its cause.’ Of which of Mill’s four methods of Experimental Inquiry is this a statement? Discuss its utility as an instrument for the investigation of Nature.
8. Distinguish between the Terminology and the Nomenclature of a science. Can the Terminology of a science be satisfactory, when its Nomenclature is unsatisfactory ?
9. How does Mill classify Fallacies? Give an account of the class under which he includes ‘attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same.’
10. Give Bain’s account of the method of arranging a ‘Science of Classification.’
11. State the following arguments in simple and complete logical form, test them by recognised logical rules, and give the name of the argument or fallacy as the case may be:
    (a) His imbecility of character might have been inferred from his proneness to favourites; for all weak princes have this failing.
    (b) Improbable events happen almost every day; but what happens almost every day is a very probable event ; therefore improbable events are very probable events.
    (c) By what means did he gain that high and honourable place? Certainly not by integrity and devotion to duty, for unfortunately many consummate scoundrels are successful applicants for such posts of trust.
12. Give the heads of such an essay as you would write in two hours upon the application of the Deductive Method to the Science of Society.

Thursday, June 20, 1872. 4 to 6½.
Political Economy

1. What is the province of Political Economy? What definitions of the science have been suggested? State which you prefer, and give reasons for your preference.
2. State the requisites of production; and distinguish between productive and unproductive labour.
   How would you class the labour of Actors, Literary Lecturers, Professors, Barristers?
3. Define Capital, fixed Capital, circulating Capital.
   What phenomena may be expected to be exhibited during the rapid conversion of circulating Capital into fixed Capital and to that conversion?
4. Establish the principle:
   “Demand for commodities is not demand for labour.”
   Can you mention any case in which this principle is not applicable?
5. Examine the effect on production caused by the separation of employments.
   Account for the different rates of wages in different employments, and for the different rates of gross profits in different trades.
6. What was “the mercantile system”?
   Give a brief account of the agricultural systems of Political Economy as they are described by Adam Smith.
7. State Ricardo’s theory of rent. What objections have been made to it? Examine their validity. How does Adam Smith’s theory of farm-rents differ from Ricardo’s?
8. “It may and often does happen that a country imports an article from another, though it might be possible to produce the imported article with less cost in the importing country than in that from which it is imported.”
   How do you explain this seeming paradox?
9. What is the Malthusian doctrine of population?
   What result do you consider would follow in England if the mortality among young children of the labouring class were very materially reduced?
10. “Ireland pays dearer for her imports in consequence of her absentees.”
    Establish this proposition.
11. Discuss the policy of the English poor-law from an economical point of view.
12. “There are no public institutions for the education of women, and there is accordingly nothing useless, absurd, or fantastical in the common course of their education.”
    What was Adam Smith’s opinion with respect to endowments for educational purposes? To what extent do you conceive that he was influenced in making the foregoing statement by his individual experience?
13. Discuss one of the following assertions:

(1) A country will always have as much pauperism as it chooses to pay for.
(2) Educational endowments are employed more advantageously in assisting learners than in paying teachers.

Readings for 1873 Examinations
GROUP D
[pp. 67-68]

1. Political Economy. 2. Logic.

A knowledge of one of these subjects will enable a Candidate to pass in this group. For a Certificate of Honour, a knowledge of both will be required.

1. Mill, Political Economy. *Cairnes, Logical Method of Political Economy. *Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations(McCulloch’s edition).

2. Mill, Logic [Omitting the following: Book I. ch. 3 (except §1); Book II. Ch. 4-7; Book III. Ch. 5 §9 and note, ch. 13, ch. 18, ch 23, ch. 24 (except §1,2); Book V. ch. 3 §3-6; Book VI. Ch. 2]. Whately, Logic, Books II. And III. With App. 2. *Thomson, Outlines of the Laws of Thought. *Bain, Inductive and Deductive Logic.

 

Source: Excerpts from several University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate publications.