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Columbia. Economics Ph.D. Alumnus, Henry Raymond Mussey. 1905

Time to meet another economics Ph.D. alumnus.

This post provides a chronology of the life and career of Henry R. Mussey who received his graduate economics (and sociology) training at Columbia University. His useful editing skills landed him jobs twice at The Nation where he served as managing editor for a number of years. A man of convictions sufficiently strong to quietly resign his Columbia/Barnard position in protest of the dismissal of psychology professor James McKeen Cattell and English/comparative literature assistant professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana in 1917 for allegedly disseminating “doctrines tending to encourage a spirit of disloyalty to the Government of the United States.” Historian Charles Beard’s resignation also in protest of these dismissals was both public and fiery. It is not clear why Mussey did not create more of a fuss, but I would guess his personality was the opposite of a fist-pounding, door-slamming alpha-academic. 

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Other posts with Henry R. Mussey related content

His 1910 essay “Economics in the College Course.”

Civil rights activist’s Virginia Foster Durr’s recollection of “Professor Muzzy” at Wellesley College in the early 1920s.

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Henry Raymond Mussey
Timeline

1875. December 7. Born in Atkinson, Illinois to parents William Alvord Mussey (1839-1926) and Louise Nowers (1845-1928).

Began his collegiate studies at the Geneseo Collegiate Institute, Illinois.

1900. A.B. Beloit.

Fun fact.  In 1899 H.R. Mussey (’00) played the role of Antigone. Performances of Greek dramas given in English were a staple of Beloit College life.
Source: Edward Dwight Eaton, Historical sketches of Beloit College, (Second edition, 1935), p. 234

1901-02. Presented a paper “The Theory of Monopolies” in John Bates Clark seminar in political economy and finance that met every other week.

1902. Fellow in the Columbia Department of Economics, appointed instructor in Economics to replace A.M. Day who had resigned to work for the new Tenement House Commission of New York City. “Mr. Mussey has already acquired much popularity and confidence among the students in his classes.” Columbia Daily Spectator, Vol. XLV, No. 42 (21 March 1902), p. 1.

1903. The “Fake” Instalment Business. New York: The University Settlement Society.

1903-05. Assistant Professor of Economics and Industry in New York University School of Commerce .
Source: Barnard College, Morterboard, 1912, p. 28.

1905. Ph.D., Columbia University. Thesis: Combination in the Mining Industry: A Study of Concentration in Lake Superior Iron Ore Production. (vol. XIX, No. 3) New York: Columbia University Press.

1905. Engaged to Miss Mabel Hay Barrows of New York. Ca. 1902 she directed a revival production of the Greek play The Ajax of Sophocles at the university. Winter 1904-05 Ajax performed in New York. Also given in different colleges (Manhattan, Chicago, University of California) travelling as far West as California. “Mr. Mussey accompanied the players as general director of stage manager. He is professor of economics and history in New York university.” The Minneapolis Journal (Jan 24, 1905, p. 11).

“The music for the occasion has been composed by Miss Constance Mills and the costumes worn by the actors and singers have been copied form Greek vase paintings. Preceding the idyls a chorus of maidens will sing the oldest piece of Greek music of which both words and notes are preserved—the Delphic Hymn to Apollo. The production will be rendered further interesting by three Greek dances, one of the religious type, one mimetic in character, and the other a reminiscence of the nymphs of sea and land, which will be given between the scenes from Theocritus.”
Source: Brooklyn Life (February 11, 1905, p. 32).

1905. June 28. Married Mabel Hay Barrows (1874-1931) in Georgeville, Quebec. One son.

1905-07. Associate Professor of Economics at Bryn Mawr College.
Source: Barnard College, Morterboard, 1912, p. 28.

1907-09. Assistant Professor of Sociology in the University of Pennsylvania.
Source: Barnard College, Morterboard, 1912, p. 28.

1908. Passport application (May 6). Permanent residence given as Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Occupation university professor. Passport to be sent to Loan Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

1909-1917. On the faculty of Barnard College.

1910. Economics in the College Course. Educational Review, Vol. XL (October, 1910), pp. 239-249.

1910. Drs. Agger and Mussey project. “Intersection debate” conducted by the Barnard Literary Association. Teams selected of four students from each class to debate, “Resolved that the common ownership of all the means of production will promote social welfare.”

1911. Adjunct Professor of Economics.
Source: Barnard College, Morterboard, 1911, p. 27.

1911. Henry Raymond Mussey, editor. The Reform of the Currency. In the Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 1, no. 2, (January 1911).

1912. Assistant Professor of Economics, Barnard College.
Source: Barnard College, Morterboard, 1912, p. 28). Under his faculty portrait: “A smile that puts to flight all care and troubles, withal it teaches us of poverty and rents.”

1912. [identified as Associate Professor of Economics, Columbia University] Mussey, Henry Raymond. “Discussion of Investments on Instalments.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 2, no. 2, 1912, pp. 107–08.
JSTOR https://doi.org/10.2307/1171942

1916. Passport application (January 17). Permanent residence Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Plan to leave from the port of Seattle on the Awa Maru on March 7, 1916 to travel and study in Japan and China.

1916. Associate Professor of Economics in Columbia University, representing Beloit College at Vassar College Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration

1917. “took part in the arranging the program of a convention of the academy at Long Beach, L.I. in May, 1917, which caused comment because of alleged pacifist and pro-German speeches.” From Mussey’s New York Times obituary (February 11, 1940), p. 48

Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, Vol. VII, Nos. 2,3 (July 1917). Edited by Henry Raymond Mussey and Stephen Pierce Duggan.

Part I. 1. The Democratic Ideal in World Organization; 2. Future Pan-American Relations.
Part II. 3. Future Relations with the Far East; 4. Investments and Concessions as Causes of International Conflict.

1917. Associate Professor of Economics on the Barnard College Foundation. Tendered resignation to be effective at the convenience of the University.
Columbia Daily Spectator, Vol. XLI, No. 47 (4 December 1917), p. 1

“Rumours that circulated about the University yesterday to the effect that Professor Henry Raymond Mussey, Associate Professor of Economics on the Barnard Foundation, had tendered his resignation because of his sympathy with Professor Beard’s recent similar action were thoroly dispelled by various authorities on the campus, including Professor Mussey himself.
Source: Columbia Daily Spectator, Vol. XLI, No. 48 (5 December 1917), p. 1

 

“Although Dr. Mussey refused to comment at the time, it was reported that the resignation was designed as a protest against the dismissal by the university of two other faculty members [James McKeen Cattell and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana]”
From New York Times obituary (February 11, 1940), p. 48

1918. Edited National Conference on War Economy. Vol. VIII, No. 1 (July 1918) of the Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York.

1918-20. Managing editor of The Nation.

1922. Joins the Wellesley College faculty.

PROFESSOR HENRY R. MUSSEY TO TEACH HERE
Appointed to Position in Economics Department
The Wellesley News (January 26, 1922), p. 2.

                  Dr. Henry R. Mussey has recently been appointed a member of the Department of Economics and Sociology, and is to come to Wellesley at the beginning of the second semester.

                  Dr. Mussey has had a distinguished career as teacher in several of the colleges of highest standing. He has been at various times Assistant Professor of Economics and Industry in New York University School of Commerce, Assistant Professor of Sociology in the University of Pennsylvania, Associate Professor of Economics at Bryn Mawr College, and Associate Professor of Economics at Barnard and Columbia.

                  For the past four years Dr. Mussey has given his time to journalism and public affairs, serving successively as managing editor of the Nation and of the Searchlight, and as executive secretary of the People’s Legislative Service at Washington.

                  Wellesley is fortunate in having the first fruits of Dr. Mussey’s extra-academic experience.

“Through the studies which I have recently made in Washington of American shipping interests and the Merchant Marine,” said Mr. Mussey, new professor in the Department of Economics….[made] during the time he was conducting investigations for senators and congressmen at Washington, just before he joined the faculty of Wellesley College.”
Source: The Wellesley News (February 23, 1922), p. 5.

1922-1929. Joined Wellesley College February 1922, left in 1929 to serve as Managing Editor of The Nation. Returned to Wellesley in 1931. The Wellesley News (February 15, 1940)

1929-31. Returns to The Nation as managing editor.

1930. Mussey prepared survey “for the League for Independent Political Action in which need for the formation of a new political party to deal with unemployment was set forth.” From New York Times obituary (February 11, 1940), p. 48

THIRD PARTY PLANS ARE LAID BY GROUP
League for Independent Political Action, Headed by Columbia Professor, Is Formed.
By the Associated Press.

NEW, YORK, September 9. Formation of the League for Independent Political Action, to help in organizing a new national political party, was announced yesterday. Prof. John Dewey of Columbia University is chairman.

The announcement said a national committee of 100 had been formed to start the movement opposing the Republican and Democratic parties.

Among the league’s aims, according to the announcement, are public ownership of public utilities, unemployment and health Insurance, old age pensions, relief for the farmer on, virtually a free trade basis, high progressive taxes on incomes, inheritances and increases in land values; abolition of “yellow dog” contracts and injunctions in labor disputes, independence of the Philippines and non-restriction of Negro and immigrant labor suffrage.

Officers include James Maurer, president of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor; Zona Gale, of Wisconsin, author; Paul H. Douglas, professor of industrial relations, University of Chicago, and W. E. B. Dubois of New York, Negro educator, vice presidents.
Source: Evening Star, Washigton, D.C. (September 9, 1929), p. 16

1931. Returns to Wellesley College. [The Wellesley News (February 15, 1940)]

1931. Mussey’s wife, Mabel Hay Barrows, died at Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz. November 30.

“Doctor and Mrs Mussey were abroad for a year, and she was taken suddenly sick while travelling through Germany.” Boston Globe (December 7, 1931), p. 11.

Date of death from American Consular Service, Report of the Death of an American Citizen. Cause of death: Intestinal Ulcers and intestinal complications as certified by attending physician (Duodenal Ulcer). Cremated.

1934. July 15. Married Miss Sara Corbett.

1936. “helped organize in Boston the Massachusetts Society for Freedom in Teaching.” From New York Times obituary (February 11, 1940), p. 48

1940. February 10. Henry Raymond Mussey, A. Barton Hepburn professor of economics, died in Wellesley, Massachusetts.

Image Source: Bryn Mawr College Yearbook, Class of 1907.

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Bryn Mawr Columbia Economists Gender Stanford

Columbia. Economics M.A. alumna, Guggenheim Fellow. Katharine Snodgrass, 1918

 

Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has sought from time to time (more accurately, from post to post) to contribute to the cause of documenting the careers of women economists who have historically been kept far from the academic and professional limelight. Scrolling through the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellows in economics, I stumbled across Katharine Snodgrass and I figured that she fit the bill. Good enough to be awarded a Guggenheim fellowship yet a name unknown to me (and I am hardly sticking my neck out when I hazard a guess that very few economists today would have heard of her). So what became of Katharine Snodgrass, born May 8 or 9, 1893 in Marion, Indiana?

It is a sad story, but instead let us begin with what I have been able to learn about her life and career. 

Her story in the history of economics met a tragic end. Two local newspaper accounts of her suicide on September 25, 1930 (only nine days after her early return from England) complete this post. 

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From: Bryn Mawr College Calendar, Register of Alumnae and Former Students (1920), p. 154.

Snodgrass, Katharine. 26 Grove Street, New York City

Prepared by the Shortridge High School, Indianapolis.

Bryn Mawr College

Maria Hopper Sophomore Scholar, 1912-13
Anna Hallowell Memorial Scholar, 1913-14.
A.B. 1915, group, English and French.

A.M., Columbia University in Economics, 1918.

Statistical Work, State Charities Aid Association, New York City, 1915-17

Statistician, War Industries Board, Washington, 1918-19

Research Assistant, Federal Reserve Board, New York City, 1919

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From: Membership listing from the American Statistical Association, 1922, p. 27.

Miss Katharine Snodgrass. Research Department, Chemical National Bank, 270 Broadway, New York City.

From: Membership listing from the American Statistical Association, 1922, pp. 56, 60.

 Note: International etc. International Price Indexes. Publications of the American Statistical Association, Vol. XVII. No. 131 (1920-1921).

A New Price Index for Great Britain. Publications of the American Statistical Association, Vol. XVIII. No. 138 (1922-1922).

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From: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Katharine Snodgrass, Fellow 1930.

Katharine Snodgrass

Fellow: Awarded 1930

Field of Study: Economics

Competition: US & Canada

As published in the Foundation’s Report for 1929–30:

Snodgrass, Katharine:  Appointed to make a study of the dietary fats of Northern Europe, with particular reference to the displacement of dairy fats by vegetable fats, being a study in the economics of food substitution; tenure, nine months from June 15, 1930.

Education:

Bryn Mawr College, A.B., 1915;
Columbia University, A.M., 1918;
Stanford University, 1928-29.

Employment:

Research Assistant, 1918–19, War Industries Board;
Research Assistant, 1919–22, Federal Reserve Board;
Associate Editor, 1923, New York Journal of Commerce;
Research Associate, 1924–29, Food Research Institute, Stanford University.

Publications:

“Price of Wool and Wool Products,” 1919;
“Copra and Coconut Oil,” 1928;
“Margarine as a Butter Substitute” (in collaboration), 1930.
Articles in Wheat Studies, Stanford University, Food Research Institute.

Source:  John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Katharine Snodgrass, Fellow 1930.

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Guggenheim Grant Financed European Research Trip Cut Short

Katharine Snodgrass was listed as outward passenger from Southampton (New York via Cherbourg) on the United States Lines “Leviathan” August 28, 1930 departure. [Not clear was the voyage cancelled, or was she unable to embark.]

Katharine Snodgrass arrived 16 September 1930 in New York from London on the S.S. Minnekahda. Her ship departed London on Sept. 6, 1930.

California “U” Teacher Found Dead in Her Home (sic)

Minneapolis, Sept. 25. (UP)—Katherine Snodgrass, 35, University of California instructor (sic), was found dead today below her open fourth floor window at the university hospital here.
Miss Snodgrass was visiting her sister, Mrs. Margaret Harding, member of the University of Minnesota teaching staff on a leave of absence from the California school [Stanford!].
Miss Snodgrass was suffering from an acute nervous ailment and had been placed in the university hospital for treatment. The coroner’s verdict was suicide.

St. Cloud Times. (25, September 1930), p. 17.

Woman Dies in Four-Story Leap

Despondent because of her illness, Miss Katherine Snodgrass, 35-year-old patient at University hospital, leaped to her death from a fourth floor window of the institution early today. The woman, formerly an instructor at the University of California [sic], came here for treatment two weeks ago because a sister is a member of the faculty at the university here. Miss Snodgrass suffered a breakdown while touring Europe.

Attendants saw Miss Snodgrass at 2 a.m. and two hours later, when a nurse again entered her room, she was missing. Search disclosed the body in a court below the window. She had died of a skull fracture.

The Minneapolis Star (25 September 1930), p. 12.

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Brookings Bryn Mawr Economists Gender Radcliffe Wisconsin

Brookings. Economics PhD Alumna, Helen Everett, 1924

 

Today we rejoin our series, “Get to Know an Economics PhD Alumna.”

Helen Meiklejohn née Everett (1891-1982) was the daughter of a Brown University philosophy professor, Walter Goodnow Everett. Helen received her A.B. from Bryn Mawr (1915), A.M. from Radcliffe (1918), and was among the first (!) PhDs awarded at Brookings (1924).

Helen Everett’s personal academic ambitions appear to have immediately taken a back seat to those of her husband, Alexander Meikeljohn, who had been a professor of philosophy and former colleague of Helen’s father at Brown. He actually knew her as a child. Before Helen and Alexander married in 1926, he had already served as Dean of Brown University (1901-1912) and as President of Amherst College (1912-1924). He was professor of philosophy at Wisconsin (1926-1938). He established the Experimental College of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1927-32). The Experimental College is considered “the forebearer of the Integrated Liberal Studies program at Wisconsin“. Alexander Meikeljohn had made a name for himself as a dynamic and passionate educational reformer and his picture was even on the cover of Time magazine (October 1, 1928). After Wisconsin’s Experimental College was closed in 1932 in no small part because of the fiscal austerity induced by the great depression, in 1938 Helen and Alexander switched full-time to his next big project for adult education, the San Francisco School of Social Studies that ended with WWII. Besides his legacy as an educational reformer, an even greater fame was achieved through his unconditional advocacy of free speech during the McCarthy era. He was selected for the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy–the award was presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson after Kennedy’s assassination.

Joseph Tussman (center) with Alec and Helen Meiklejohn, Berkeley 1961. Photo by David Tussman.

Since this is a post about Helen Everett, we move on to some details of her life and career. A casual newspaper search turned up numerous instances of Helen Meiklejohn speaking at a wide variety of progressive social and economic policy events after her marriage but the only post-marriage publication to have received any note was her chapter on pricing policy in the dress industry (see below).

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Born in Providence, R.I. on December 8, 1891 to Walter G. Everett and Harriet Mansfield Cleveland.

Died in Berkeley, CA on August 3, 1982.

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Education

1915. A.B., Bryn Mawr

1918. A. M. Radcliffe

1924. Ph.D. Robert Brookings Graduate School  of Poitics and Economics

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Employment

  • Vassar College. [1918/19(?)-1920] Instructor of Economics.
  • American Association for Labor Legislation in New York.
  • “Helen Everett left Vassar last June, worked a month as a factory worker in Cleveland in order to make reports to the Consumers’ League, and sailed in September for England, where she is studying at the London School of Economics.”
    Source: Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 1921, p. 27.
  • Institute of Economics (Washington, D.C.) [ca. 1924-26]
  • “Helen Everett Meiklejohn, wife of Alexander Meiklejohn of the University of Wisconsin, has been added to the staff of associate editors responsible for books on economics and political science, published by W. W. Norton & Co. “
    Source: July 1, 1928. Wisconsin State Journal p. 1.
  • San Francisco School of Social Studies

“Tussman: … Now, Meiklejohn had started before the war, he had started the San Francisco school of social studies. He was a great believer in adult education. It was a free-wheeling enterprise which had classes for working people, mostly, not devoted to career stuff, just general social theory and philosophy. We read things like Veblen, a good deal. And at one point, although I was still a graduate student, he asked me to teach a couple of classes. So I would drive out with Helen, his wife, who was a PhD in economics, and very bright, and another two guys, to Santa Rosa, where once a week we taught a class in Santa Rosa, and then drove back here to Berkeley, and once a week I met a class in San Francisco. I was doing that until the war. During the war the enterprise came to an end, but it was a rather interesting quixotic venture.”
Source: Lisa Rubens, Interviews from 2004 conducted with Joseph Tussman: Philosopher, Professor, Educator. University of California. The Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office. Berkeley, 2012.

  • Research Economist, Consumer Needs Unit, Office of Price Administration.
    Source: The Boston Globe, 26 February 1945, p. 11.

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Foreign Travel

I.

Arrived from Plymouth on S.S. Nieuw Amsterdam in Port of New York City on November 17, 1920.

[Her passport application was dated August 24, 1920 to leave New York on the S.S. Olympic on September 18, 1920 for the purpose of study in Great Britain, France, and Italy.]

II.

[From passport application filed June 1, 1922 in Berlin, Germany]

England. July 1921 to December 1921.
France. December 1921 to May 1922.
Germany (Berlin). May 1922 to September 1922.

Return September 23, 1922 Port of N.Y.C. [travelling with her parents]

“The Class Editor [1913] had news of Helen Everett indirectly the other day. She (the c.e.) sat next to two Vassar Seniors at luncheon, who, on finding that their neighbor was a Bryn Mawr alumna, immediately asked if she knew “Miss Everett.” On replying in the affirmative a most enthusiastic account of Helen’s career as an instructor at Vassar followed, ending with an expression of deep regret that she was no longer there. Helen is studying economics in London this winter, according to these same Vassar Seniors.”
Source: Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin, 1922, p. 27.

III.

Return from England (via Southampton to port of N.Y.C.) on October 23, 1925 S.S. Berengaria. [Alexander Meiklejohn travelled with her according to the ship manifest. They were married Wednesday, June 9, 1926 in Boston. (pre-honeymoon?)]

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Publications identified (to date)

Everett, Helen. 1924. The Reorganization of the British Coal Industry. Ph.D. thesis, Robert Brookings.

——. 1925. Book Review of “The Women’s Garment Workers: A History of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union.” American Economic Review 15(3) (September): 524–5.

——, with Isador Lubin [Lubin had been a student of Veblen’s at Missouri, had worked with Veblen at the wartime Food Administration, and with Mitchell in the Prices Section of the WIB.”]. The British Coal Dilemma. (New York, Macmillan, 1927).

——. Book Review of “A Theory of the Labor Movement” by Selig Perlman. New York: Macmillan, 1928. Social Service Review Vol. 3, No. 3 (Sept. 1929), pp. 523-525.

——. Book Review of “British Industry Today” by Ben M. Selekman and Sylvia Kopald Selekman. New York: Harper & Bros., 1929.

—— (Chapter on the dress industry), in Walton Hamilton (principal author, Gasoline industry.), Mark Adams (automobile industry), Albert Abrahamson (automobile tires), Irene Till, George Marshall (cottonseed industry) and Helen Meiklejohn. Price and Price Policies. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1938.  Vol. 7 of Reports prepared for the President’s Cabinet Committee on Price Policy.   [industries covered by other authors: whiskey and milk].

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Survived the Derailment of the Streamliner “City of San Francisco”
August 12, 1939 in Carlin, Nevada

…Mrs. Helen C. Meiklejohn, of 1525 LaLoma Avenue, Berkeley, told the same story as she smiled through bandages on her nose. Mrs. Meiklejohn, whose husband, Alexander, is connected with the University of Wisconsin, was in her berth but not asleep when the crash came.
She was thrown into the aisles, banging her nose and eyes, and then remained pinned for hours while volunteer workers tried to release her.
“I never was so glad to see anyone as I was the cowboy who finally climbed in and freed me. I had been bleeding all the while, though it wasn’t serious and I never was unconscious. The cowboys helped me climb out of the train and up to a girder to land.”

Source: Oakland Tribune, August 14, 1939, p. 3

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Helen Meiklejohn, Obituary

BERKELEY — A private family memorial service is pending for Helen Everett Meiklejohn, prominent professional economist and educator who had been a Berkeley resident since 1934.

A native of Providence R.I., Mrs. Meiklejohn died Aug. 3 [1982] in a Berkeley hospital. She was 89.

Mrs. Meiklejohn was the widow of Alexander Meiklejohn, noted educator and civil libertarian, and the youngest daughter of Walter Goodrow Everett, professor of philosophy at Brown University.

She graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1915 and held advanced degrees in Economics from Radcliffe and Washington University of St Louis [Note: the Brookings PhD program was originally part of the Washington University Program]. She taught at Vassar College and worked on the staff of the Brooking Institution in Washington D.C.

She was co-author, with Isador Lubin, of “The British Coal Dilemma” and published articles in a number of professional journals.

She married Mr. Meiklejohn in 1926 and lived in Madison, Wis., for a number of years before moving to Berkeley, where she and her husband founded and taught in the San Francisco School of Social Studies. She was a member of the Council on the National Institution of Mental Health and was for many years an active participant in Planned Parenthood.

She is survived by four stepchildren, Ann Stout, of Richmond, Kenneth Meiklejohn, of Alexandria, Va., Donald Meiklejohn, of Syracuse, N.Y., and Gordon Meiklejohn, of Denver Colo., a niece, Mrs. John Nason, of Keene, N.Y., and two nephews, George and Douglas Mercer.

Source: Obituary. Helen Meiklejohn. The Berkeley Gazette (August 11, 1982), p. 2.

Categories
Bryn Mawr Columbia Economists Gender Policy Social Work Yale

Yale. Economics Ph.D. Alumna, Kate Holladay Claghorn, 1896

 

Today’s post adds another woman to the series “Get to Know an Economics Ph.D. alumna”. Kate Holladay Claghorn studied political economy under Franklin H. Giddings at Bryn Mawr followed by coursework with William G. Sumner and Arthur T. Hadley at Yale in industrial history, advanced economics, political science, and anthropology. I have not been able to find a digital link to her 1896 Yale Ph.D. thesis “Law, Nature, and Convention: A Study in Political Theory”, but much of her published work is easily accessible now on line.

Fun Fact: Kate Holladay Claghorn was a boarder in the John R. Commons home while she worked for him on the immigration sections of the Final Report of the Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX (1902). (Source: John R. Commons, Myself, pp. 68, 76.)

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Kate Holladay Claghorn
Life and Career

1863. Born Dec. 12 in Aurora, Illinois

Brooklyn Heights Seminary

1892. A.B., Bryn Mawr

1892-93. Graduate work at Bryn Mawr with Professor Franklin H. Giddings, professor of political economy

1896. Ph.D. Yale University. Professors Sumner and Hadley. Studied industrial history, advanced economics, political science, and anthropology

1898 to 1900 she acted as Secretary-Treasurer of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae.

1900-01. Assisted John Rogers Commons in his study of immigration for the United States Census Bureau 1902. Expert in the United States Industrial Commission.

1901-1902 was research worker for the Economic Year Book.

1902. Division of Methods and Results, United States Census.

1902-1905. Assistant registrar. New York City Tenement House Department.

1905. Acting Registrar. New York City Tenement House Department.

1906-1912. Registrar. New York City Tenement House Department.

1909. Claghorn was one of 60 signers, 19 of whom were women, of the “Call for the Lincoln Emancipation Conference to Discuss Means for Securing Political and Civil Equality for the Negro” written by Oswald Garrison Villard, which became the founding document of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

1912-1932. Instructor and head of the Department of Social Research, New York School of Social Work.

1918. First woman to be elected Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

1932. Retired.

1938. Died of a cerebral hemorrhage May 22 in Greenwich where she was living.
Buried with her parents in Maple Grove Cemetery, Kew Gardens, N.Y.

Source for most items above: Yale University Obituary Record, p. 231.

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Obituary

New York, March 24.—Miss Kate Holladay Claghorn, author and sociologist, who was a member of the faculty of the New York School of Social Work from 1912 to 1932, died Tuesday night at her home in Greenwich, Conn.

Source: The Times-Tribune (Scranton, Pennsylvania), Thursday, May 24, 1938, p. 2.

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Graduate School Alumnae Directory,
Yale University
[1920]

Kate Holladay Claghorn, B.A. Bryn Mawr College 1892.

Miss Claghorn received her Doctor’s degree in 1896. From 1898 to 1900 she acted as Secretary-Treasurer of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. From 1900 to 1901 she was Expert in the United States Industrial Commission, and in 1901-1902 was research worker for the Economic Year Book. In 1902 she worked in the Division of Methods and Results, United States Census; in 1902-1906 she was Assistant Registrar, and in 1906-1912, Registrar, of the Tenement House Department of New York City. Since 1912 she has been head of the Research Department of the New York School of Social Work.

Her dissertation is entitled “Law, Nature, and Convention: A Study in Political Theory.” She has also written “Juvenile Delinquency in Rural New York,” issued as Children’s Bureau Publication, No. 32.

Source: Alumnae Graduate School, Yale University, 1894-1920. New Haven: Yale University, 1920, p. 46.

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Writers of the Day
[1897]

Kate Holladay Claghorn, whose scholarly paper, “Burke: a Centenary Perspective,” in the July Atlantic [Volume 80, No. 477 (July, 1897), pp. 84-95], shows both breadth of knowledge and maturity of thought, has only recently begun to write for publication, having but lately completed a college course. She graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1892, spent a year in graduate study at that institution, and then went to Yale, where she entered the graduate school, taking the degree of Ph.D. in 1896. There is an interesting fact connected with this graduation at Yale. Although Yale had granted degrees to women in 1894 and 1895, in 1896 women took part for the first time in the public commencement exercises, walking in the procession about the campus, sitting in Battell Chapel with the other candidates, and going upon the platform to receive diplomas. As Miss Claghorn happened by chance to head the line of women as they passed up to the platform, she was, it turned out, the first woman to receive as a reward for regular academic work done in the university an academic degree publicly from the hand of the president. Miss Claghorn’s particular interests are in the general field of the social sciences. At Bryn Mawr she was under the especial direction of Professor Franklin H. Giddings, then professor of political economy there, now professor of sociology at Columbia University. At Yale she studied under Professors Sumner and Hadley, following courses that they gave in industrial history, advanced economics, political science, and anthropology. Her thesis for the doctorate was a study in political theory, entitled “Law, Nature, and Convention.” While at Yale Miss Claghorn contributed to the Outlook a short article on Bryn Mawr. In the Yale Review for February, 1896 [Vol. IV. No. 4, pp. 426-440], she had an article entitled “The Ethics of Copyright.” Last winter she contributed to the Outlook five articles on “College Training for Women,” and in May she published, through Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., a book under the same title, “College Training for Women,” in which the matter printed in the Outlook is incorporated, in revised form, but which contains so much additional matter as to be practically quite a new production.

Source: The Writer, Vol. 10, No. 7 (July, 1897), pp. 102-103.

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A Card Index That Santa Claus Might Follow
[1912]

Miss Kate Claghorn is holding down a man’s job in the tenement house department because there was no man smart enough to fill it. Twice she stood the test of an examination framed in Columbia University, which was designed, if anything, to eliminate women from the competition, but which in the end eliminated the men. The position of registrar of records is one of the “fat” jobs. It has the handsome little salary of $3,000 attached to it, and it takes the statistical mind of a thinking machine to do the work that goes along with it.

An inkling of the intricacy of Miss Claghorn’s work can be got from the fact that recently she finished, in six months, a complete survey of all the five boroughs of New York City, recording on cards for instant reference the condition of every dwelling and tenement house in the city. Not a roof was passed by. Santa Claus himself might follow Miss Claghorn’s card index and no one would be overlooked at Christmas time.

Source: From Frank Parker Stockbridge. “A Woman Who Spends Over Forty Million Dollars Each Year and Some Others Who Hold Positions of Financial Power and Moral Responsibility in the Government of New York City.” The American City, vol. 6. No. 6 (June, 1912), p.816.

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Woman’s Who’s Who of America
[1914]

Claghorn, Kate Holladay, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N.Y.

Lecturer, teacher: b. Aurora, Ill. (came to N.Y. City in infancy); dau. Charles and Martha Holladay; ed. Bryn Mawr, A.B. ’92; Yale, Ph.D. ’96. Engaged in research work for U.S. Industrial Comm’n, 1890-1901; in U.S. Census Office, 1902; ass’t registrar of records, 1902-06; registrar Tenement House Dep’t, City of N.Y., 1906-12; lecturer on permanent staff N.Y. School of Philanthropy, 1912—. Author: College Training for Women, 1897; also contributor to magazines. Mem. Women’s Political Union, N.Y. Mem. Am. Economic Ass’n, Am. Statistical Ass’n, Soc. For Italian Immigrants, Little Italy Ass’n, Women’s Univ. Club. Recreation: Music.

Source: Woman’s Who’s Who of America, 1914-1915, John William Leonard, ed. New York: American Commonwealth Company (1914), p. 178.

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DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
[1923-1924]

Miss Claghorn

The task of social research is to collect and arrange the facts needed as a basis for dealing with social problems either of the individual or the group.

Opportunities for Employment

  1. Field investigators and research workers in the Federal Service, as for example in the Bureau of Labor Statistics or in the Children’s Bureau of the Department of Labor, in State or Municipal Service, in organizations interested in housing or Americanization, or in some one of the various investigations or surveys undertaken under the direction of private individuals or committees, or foundations.
  2. Statisticians, in the Federal, State or Municipal Service, or in private organizations engaged in social work.
  3. Teachers of social statistics.

The demand for trained workers in this field is not yet so strong or so steady as in some others, but there are indications that the demand is growing and that students with special qualifications for this kind of work and special interest in it may be encouraged to prepare for it.

Requirements for the Diploma in this Field

Methods of Social Research (Soc. Res. 1, 2 and 3), The Method of Social Case Work (S.C.W. 1), field work in the Department of Social Case Work (S.C.W. 301) 2 days a week for one Quarter. Social Work and Social Progress (S.C.W. 3), Vocational Course in Social Research for 3 Quarters (S.C.W. 201), and additional course to total 84 points.

Soc. Res. 1. Methods of Social Research, 2 points, Fall Quarter. Miss Claghorn.

The planning of an investigation, the framing of schedules or questionnaires, the construction of statistical tables and simple diagrams.

Soc. Res. 2. Methods of Social Research, 2 points, Winter and Spring Quarters. Miss Claghorn.

Simple forms of analysis of statistical material, graphs, ratios, averages, measures of dispersion.

Soc. Res. 3. Methods of Social Research, 2 points, Spring Quarter. Miss Claghorn.

Elementary theory of probability, fitting of data to the normal curve, fitting to trend lines, correlation, linear and non-linear, reliability of measures.

Soc. Res. 4. The Immigrant, 2 points, Fall Quarter. Miss Claghorn.

Soc. Res. 5. The Immigrant, 2 points, Winter Quarter. Miss Claghorn.

To deal with people successfully, it is necessary to know something of what they are and what they think and feel. A large proportion of the persons with whom social agencies come in contact are foreigners of many different varieties, each with peculiar habits and characteristics which largely determine their reactions to the new environment. As a help toward understanding our foreign peoples, this course undertakes the study of the racial heritages, economic background, and the social institutions of the more important immigrant groups from Europe and the Near East.

Soc. Res. 201. Vocational Course, Social Investigation, Fall Winter and Spring Quarters. Miss Claghorn.

Study and practice of methods of social investigation in some special field selected according to the needs of the student or group of students electing this course. In the past, studies have been made in this Department in immigrant life, housing, and juvenile delinquency.

Soc. Res. 301. Field Work, 4 points.

Two days a week for one Quarter in some agency carrying on social research may be arranged in accordance with the special needs of the student.

Source: Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, the New York School of Social Work, General Announcement 1923-1924 (April Bulletin), pp. 30-31.

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Students that have received the Degree of Bachelor of Arts from Bryn Mawr College

Kate Holladay Claghorn. Group, Greek and Latin.

Leonia, N.J. Prepared by Mr. Caskie Harrison, Brooklyn, New York City: passed examination covering the Freshman year in Columbia College, 1888-89. A.B., 1892; Ph.D., Yale University, 1896. Graduate Student in Sociology, Bryn Mawr College, 1892-93; Graduate Student in Political Science, Yale University, 1893-95, and University Scholar, 1894-95; Secretary-Treasurer of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 1898-1900.

Source: Program Bryn Mawr College 1900-01, p. 89.

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Partial List of publications (with links)

Kate Holladay Claghorn. College Training for Women. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1897.

___________. “Occupation for the [woman] college graduate,” (Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Publications, series 3, no. 3 (February, 1900), pp. 62-66. 1900).

___________. “The problem of occupation for college women,” Educational Review, Vol. XV (March, 1898), pp. 217-230.
Appears to be same publication as (Association of Collegiate Alumnae, Publications Series 2, no. 66).

Final Report of the Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX (1902).

___________. “Slavs, Magyars and Some Others in the New Immigration”. Charities Vol. Xiii, No. 10 (Dec. 3, 1904), pp. 199-205.

___________. “The Limitations of Statistics,” Review of William H. Allen Efficient Democracy. In Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, New Series, No. 81 (Vol. XI) March, 1908. Pages 97-104.

___________. “The Use and Misuse of Statistics in Social Work.” In Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, New Series, No. 82 (Vol. XI) June, 1908. Pages 150-167.

___________. “Record Keeping as an Aid to Enforcement” in Housing and Town Planning, Carol Aronovici, ed. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science (1914), pp.117-124.

___________. Juvenile Delinquency in Rural New York. U. S. Department of Labor. Children’s Bureau, no. 32, 1918.

___________. The Immigrant’s Day in Court. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1923.

___________.  Statistical Department of the Municipal Court of Philadelphia.  A Report by the Bureau of Municipal Research of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Thomas Skelton Harrison Foundation, 1931.

Further publications can be found in the longer bibliography provided in the Bibliography of Female Economic Thought, Kirsten K. Madden, Janet A. Seiz and Michèle Pujol, editors. London: Routledge, 2004, pp. 107-108.

Image Source: Frank Parker Stockbridge. “A Woman Who Spends Over Forty Million Dollars Each Year and Some Others Who Hold Positions of Financial Power and Moral Responsibility in the Government of New York City.” The American City, vol. 6. No. 6 (June, 1912), pp 814-. [photo of Kate Holladay Claghorn on page 816].

 

 

 

Categories
Bryn Mawr Chicago Economists Gender Home Economics Illinois Radcliffe

Bryn Mawr. Economics Ph.D. Alumna. Lorinda Jane Perry, 1913.

 

This new entry in the series “Meet an economics Ph.D. alumna/us” features the 1913 Bryn Mawr Ph.D., Lorinda Jane Perry. Details about the last 25 years of her life are relatively scarce compared to the events leading up to her last academic position as an associate professor at Hunter College in New York City, i.e. up through the first half of the 1920s. She apparently left economics to go to the Law School at the University of Chicago and as of the 1940 Census was sharing a home in Chicago with four likewise single siblings (a former member of the Illinois Legislature, an attorney, a urologist in private practice and a medical doctor working in the Health Department). 

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Lorinda Jane Perry
Timeline

1884. Born December 23rd in Melvin, Illinois.

1900-1904. Illinois State Normal University.

From the Index, 1904 Yearbook of I.S.N.U.

While in high school I burned with a desire to know all of the latest slang. But that fire has been quenched. Now I can’t bear such expressions as “Oh! Deah,” or “By Jinks” and others. Now I see the wrong and wish to form a society for the “Purification of the American Girl’s Language.” I have not outlined my course of action, but hope some day to sing with the poet:

“Hail to the graduating girl, who is sweeter far than some,
Who when she talks, speaks no slang and chews no chewing gum.”

Between 1904 and 1906. Lorinda Perry taught in country schools near Melvin and Monmouth, Ill.

1906-1909. A.B. in Economics and History at the University of Illinois.

1909-1910. A.M. University of Illinois. The History of the Lake Shipping Trade of Chicago. Simon Litman, thesis supervisor.

1910-11. Women’s Educational and Industrial Union Fellowship at Radcliffe.

A fellowship of $500.00 established and maintained by the Massachusetts Federation of Women’s Clubs and the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union, 1905-1909, has been continued by the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union for the year 1910-11. This fellowship is offered to a graduate student who has been recommended by the Professors of Economics in Radcliffe College. The holder of the fellowship must devote one year to research under the Department of Research of the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union with a stipend of $500, and one year to graduate courses at Radcliffe College with the usual tuition fees as stated in the Radcliffe College catalogue; or she may devote one-half time to research work at the Union and one-half time to graduate courses at the College for two years, with a stipend of $300 per year. Applications for the year 1911-12 should be made before May 1, 1911, through the Dean of Radcliffe College.
The fellowship was awarded in 1905-07 to Caroline Manning (Carleton College) A.B. 1898, (Radcliffe) A.M. 1907; in 1907-08 to Grace Faulkner Ward (Smith) A.B. 1900; in 1908-10 to Edith Gertrude Reeves (University of South Dakota) A.B. 1906, (Radcliffe) A. B. 1907, A.M. 1910; in 1910-11 to Lorinda Perry (University of Illinois) A.B. 1909, A.M. 1910.
Source: Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Radcliffe College 1909-10, p. 66.

1911-13. Graduate Student at Bryn Mawr College. Fellow in the Department of Research, Women’s Educational and Industrial Union.

1913. Ph.D. Bryn Mawr. Millinery as a Trade for Women. New York: Longmans, Green, and Company. Susan Myra Kingsbury and Marion Parris Smith, dissertation supervisors.

[From the Preface, written by Susan M. Kingsbury, pp. viii-iv]

“In the fall of 1910, Miss Lorinda Perry, a graduate of the University of Illinois, 1909, securing a Master’s degree in 1910, and Miss Elizabeth Riedell, a graduate of Vassar College, 1904, were awarded Fellowships in the Department of Research of the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union and selected for investigation the subject of Millinery as a Trade for Women. During the year employers and employees were interviewed, and the results secured from the former were analyzed and interpreted by Miss Perry, from the latter by Miss Riedell.

In the years 1911 to 1913, Miss Perry held a Fellowship at Bryn Mawr College and under the direction of Dr. Marion Parris Smith, Associate Professor of Economics, continued the study of the millinery trade in Philadelphia. Miss Perry’s discussion of the trade in the two cities was accepted by Bryn Mawr College in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in May, 1913. In Philadelphia the field work was conducted by the Consumers’ League and at their expense under Miss Perry’s direct supervision. Fortunately the information on the trade in Boston was brought up to date by the courtesy of a number of Boston employers who permitted their entire pay rolls to be copied from their books by the secretaries of our Research Department. Tabulations of this data and retabulations of the earlier Boston material by our secretaries enabled Miss Perry to unify the two studies and to revise most of her earlier work and that prepared by Miss Riedell. Those sections dealing with the effect of seasons on Boston employees and on Boston workers in the trade as secured from personal interviews are therefore the combined work of the two students.

The method of attack, the range of inquiry and the extent of returns in the investigation are all presented in the introductory chapter. As this was one of the first studies of the type by the department and indeed in the country, the schedules were far from perfect resulting in an incompleteness which in later studies of the series has been avoided. It is to be regretted that the opportunity to use pay rolls came only within the last year so that detailed information as to wages was not obtained from the workers who were visited in their homes, as was done in the study of The Boot and Shoe Industry in Massachusetts as a Vocation for Women. It is also unfortunate that pay rolls could not be secured in Philadelphia.

Prepared for the purpose of affording students training in social investigation, the study must lack in finish of presentation and completeness of interpretation; but the work has been carefully supervised and supplemented by every means available to the Research Department. In order that the survey may serve as large a group as possible, the material is often presented in much greater detail and the tables arranged with much smaller class intervals than might at first appear necessary or desirable, although discussions in the text often deal with larger groupings. Indeed in many tables the facts are presented for each case, especially where subclassification has made the number considered too small for generalization. We hope that agencies interested in a study of minimum wage laws, in other regulation of working conditions by legislation, in vocational guidance and placement, in industrial education, and especially, in awakening the public conscience may each find here data which can be rearranged or grouped so as to form a basis upon which to act.”

1914-1916. Head of Department of Political and Social Sciences at Rockford College

1916. Dissertation published The Millinery in Boston and Philadelphia: A Study of Women in Industry. Binghamton,New York: Vail-Ballou.

1916-1920. Associate in Department of Household Science. University of Illinois.

DR . PERRY TO GIVE COURSE IN HOUSEHOLD ACCOUNTING

Dr . Lorinda Perry, associate in home economics, will have charge of a class in household accounting to be given under the auspices of the Home Improvement association of Champaign . The course will be open to members of the association only, but membership in the organization is open to any who wish to join. The object of the course is to teach the women how to place their homes on a business basis.

Source: Daily Illini, March 8, 1919, p. 5.

1917-1918. “Some Recent Magazine Articles on the Standard of Living,” Journal of Home Economics. Vol. 9 (December 1917), pp. 550-558. Concluding Part. Vol. 10 (January 1918), pp. 9-17.

1919. Taught in Chicago according to report in the Daily Illini, Nov. 22, 1919, p. 8.

1920. Appointed Associate Professor of Economics at Hunter College, New York City.

Ca. 1928. J.D. University of Chicago.

1926-27 Registration of Second Year Student, Lorinda Perry, Resident Autumn, Winter, Spring Quarters.
Source: University of Chicago, The Law School, 1927-28. In Announcements Vol. XXVII, no. 22 (May 10, 1927). p. 20.

1931. [Miss Lorinda Perry of Chicago] while in Melvin during the Thanksgiving season, learned that she had been successful in passing the state bar examination”. The Paxton Record (Illinois), Dec. 3, 1931, p. 10.

1940. U.S. census. Living with brothers and sisters, in Chicago Ward 5, University Ave. No occupation listed either for her or her older sister Josephine (who had twice been elected to the Legislature of Illinois from the Fifth district from 1930 to 1934).

1951. Died August 30th in Chicago, Illinois. Last residing at 6221 University Ave., Chicago.

 

Principal Source: Obituary in The Paxton Record (Illinois), September 6, 1951, p. 1.

Image Source: from the Holton/Kinney/Foster/Watson family tree posted at ancestry.com.

 

 

Categories
Bryn Mawr Columbia Economists

Columbia. Economics Ph.D. alumnus, later leading librarian Charles C. Williamson, 1907

 

An earlier blog post listed the undergraduate and graduate economics courses taught at Bryn Mawr in 1909/10. One of the instructors was Marion Parris and the other was Charles Clarence Williamson, a Columbia economics Ph.D. graduate (1907), who only briefly taught economics but was to go on to a very distinguished career as a librarian, first at the New York Public Library and later as the director of the Columbia University Libraries and dean of the Columbia School of Library Service.

So now we know what happened to the economics Ph.D., Charles Clarence Williamson…economics’ loss was library sciences’ gain.

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From Williamson’s brief stint teaching economics

Charles Clarence Williamson, Ph.D., Associate in Economics and Politics.

A.B., Western Reserve University, 1904; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1907. Assistant in Economics and Graduate Student, Western Reserve University, First Semester, 1904-05; Scholar in Political Economy, University of Wisconsin, 1904-05; Graduate Student, University of Wisconsin, 1905-06; University Fellow in Political Economy, Columbia University, 1906-07; Research Assistant of the Carnegie Institution, 1905-07.

Source: Bryn Mawr College Calendar. Undergraduate and Graduate Courses, 1909. Vol. II, Part 3, (May, 1909), pp. 13.

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Life and career dates

1877. January 26, born in Salem, Ohio.
1904. A.B., Western Reserve University.
1907. Ph.D., Columbia University.
1907. June 22. Married Bertha L. Torrey in Cleveland, Ohio.
1907-1911. Bryn Mawr.
1911. Appointed head of a new Division of Economics and Sociology at the New York Public Library.
1913. August 15. Birth of daughter, Cornell Williamson, in Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.
1914. Municipal reference librarian of New York City.
1918. Selective service registration lists employer as Carnegie Corporation, occupation “statistician”.
1921. Having returned to the New York Public Library, left to join staff of Rockefeller Foundation.
1921. Report written for the Carnegie Foundation, published 1923 as Training for Library Service.
1926-43. Director of the Columbia University Libraries and dean of the Columbia School of Library Service.
1939. September 16. Death of wife, Bertha.
1940. August 28, married to Genevieve Austen Hodge.

“Upon retirement he remained active in educational circles as a member of the Greenwich Association for the Public Schools and as consultant to the Connecticut Commission for Educational Television.”

1965. January 11, died in Greenwich, Connecticut.

Source: Columbia University Archives. Guide to the Charles Clarence Williamson Papers. Also data found at ancestry.com.

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Biographical material
[not consulted]

Williamson’s life and library career: The Greatest of Greatness: The Life and Work of Charles C. Williamson (1877-1965) by Paul A. Winckler (Scarecrow Press, 1992). Winckler also wrote the entry for Williamson in the Dictionary of American Library Biography (Libraries Unlimited, 1978)

People: Charles Williamson. Wilson Library Bulletin, Vol. 39 (February 1965), p. 439.

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Publications

Williamson, Charles Clarence. The Finances of Cleveland. Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law Vol. XXV, No. 3 (1907).

________________________. A Readers’ Guide to the Addresses and Proceedings of the Annual Conferences on State and Local Taxation. National Tax Association, 1913.

________________________. A List of Selected References on the Minimum Wage, in State of New York, Third Report of the Factory Investigating Commission, 1914. PP. 387-413.

________________________. Training for Library Service. Report prepared for the Carnegie Corporation of New York. New York: 1923.

 

Image Source: Portrait of Charles Clarence Williamson. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Information School Collection. Portraits of Librarians, United States.

 

Categories
Bryn Mawr Economists Gender

Bryn Mawr. Economics Ph.D. Alumna, Marion Parris, 1908

 

Searching the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division for economist portraits, I came across the above picture of Bryn Mawr professor Marion Parris. Figuring there is always room at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror’s series “Get to know an economics Ph.D. alumna”, I did a quick day’s work surfing familiar and new internet beaches in search of any information about Marion Parris.

Her career path was fairly simple. She was a star economics student who graduated from Bryn Mawr in 1901 to go on to get her Ph.D. in economics there and later to join its faculty where her husband also taught–history professor William Roy Smith. Shortly following her husband’s death in 1938, she resigned her Bryn Mawr professorship.

She was awarded the Bryn Mawr European Fellowship that she used to attend the University of Vienna. “It is awarded annually to a member of the graduating class of Bryn Mawr College on the ground of excellence in scholarship. The fellowship is intended to defray the expenses of one year’s study and residence at some foreign university, English or Continental. The choice of a university may be determined by the holder’s own preference, subject to the approval of the Faculty.” [Bryn Mawr College Calendar. Undergraduate and Graduate Courses, 1909. Vol. II, Part 3, (May, 1909), p. 65.]

Vitals: Born Marion Nora Parris on 22 May 1879 in New York City. Died 20 December 1968 in Mount Vernon, New York. Married in New York, June 1912. No children.

The previous post lists the courses Marion Parris taught in 1909-10.

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Publications

Parris, Marion. Total Utility and the Economic Judgment Compared with Their Ethical Counterparts. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Co., 1909. [Her Ph.D. dissertation]

__________. Review of “The Common Sense of Political Economy” by P. H. Wicksteed.  American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals Vol. 37 (January/June 1911), pp. 574-75.

__________. Review of Individualism by Warner Fite. Four Lectures on the Significance of Consciousness for Social Relations. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1911. American Economic Review (June 1911) pp. 312-314.

__________. Review of Valuation: its Nature and Laws by Wilbur Marshall Urban. London: Swan Sonnenschein and Company; New York, Macmillan Company, 1909. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, No. 1 (March 1911), pp. 169-171.

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Newspaper Report from Australia (1934)

Distinguished American Woman
Professor Marion Parris Smith, of Bryn Mawr

Professor of economics at Bryn Mawr, the famous American women’s college in Pennsylvania, Professor Marion Parris Smith is visiting Melbourne at present with her husband, Professor William Roy Smith, who is professor of history at Bryn Mawr. Possessed of an exceptionally attractive personality and with a ready and sympathetic interest in all outside affairs, Professor Marion Parris Smith’s interest in economics has extended from her college work to national affairs. As economic adviser for Montgomery county she is in close touch with the progress of the National Recovery Act—N.R.A.—which she believes to be based on sound fundamental principles. “Conditions vary so much that I cannot generalize about its success,” she said. “I am entirely in sympathy, and I believe that its success will mean more scope for individual initiative. It will only be a question of playing the same game with different rules. One of the greatest difficulties has been in obtaining agreements between States to obtain uniform conditions. Last year the Minister for Labour (Miss Frances Perkins) was working on this problem of ‘bootleg labour.’” The term “bootleg,” she explained, was used now to describe anything illicit.

“The results of the N.R.A. will probably turn out to be uneven in their effect,” she said. “So much depends on individual conditions, but already the industrial east and the south are showing amazing improvements.”

Professor Smith is keenly interested in studying the manner in which other countries are meeting the depression, and 45[?] huge volumes are the result of a collection of clippings from foreign papers relating to depression which she began in 1929 when she and her husband were in Egypt. The clippings have been indexed under broad headings, such as tariffs and international trade, agricultural depression, and the consumer, and next year Professor Smith’s advance students will begin the task of editing them. It is possible that her research work will be published later in book form.

“I am convinced that the ‘domestic allotment system’ which has been established by the Bureau of Agriculture to cut down over-production is a great thing,” Professor Smith said. “The farmers have had no relief since 1920. Although we have had co-operative systems in distribution the same system has never been applied to production before. I like it because it will be done by the people on the spot, elected by the farmers themselves.”

Professor Marion Smith is herself a graduate of Bryn Mawr. She did her post-graduate course at the University of Vienna—the first foreign woman to take the course in economics there—prefacing it by a six months course in languages at the University of Jena.

Until the depression Professor Smith found it easy to obtain positions for all her post-graduate students, most of whom take up research work along specialized lines. One of her students is economic adviser to the tariff committee in Washington; another is economic secretary to the president of one of the largest banks in New York. The graduates—the alumnae—take an important part in the life of Bryn Mawr. They have raised three large endowments, and some of the finest buildings at the college stand to their credit. Many of America’s distinguished women are among the college graduates—Margaret Barnes, whose novel, “Years of Grace,” was awarded a Pulitzer Prize; Miriam O’Brien, who holds a woman’s record for rock climbing; and Katharine Hepburn, the film actress, among them.

Source: The Argus, 31 July 1934, p. 10.

Image Source: Marion Parris Smith ca. 1916 from the Bain Collection in Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.

Categories
Bryn Mawr Economics Programs Gender

Bryn Mawr. Undergraduate and graduate economic courses, Williamson and Parris, 1909

 

This post resulted from my search for biographical/career information concerning the Bryn Mawr economics Ph.D. alumna, Marion Parris. Next post will be devoted to biographical detail. This post gives us a snap-shot of the Bryn Mawr undergraduate and graduate economics programs as of 1909/10 which is just after Marion Parris’ fellowship to study at the University of Vienna. 

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Economics and Politics Faculty

Charles Clarence Williamson, Ph.D., Associate in Economics and Politics.

A.B., Western Reserve University, 1904; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1907. Assistant in Economics and Graduate Student, Western Reserve University, First Semester, 1904-05; Scholar in Political Economy, University of Wisconsin, 1904-05; Graduate Student, University of Wisconsin, 1905-06; University Fellow in Political Economy, Columbia University, 1906-07; Research Assistant of the Carnegie Institution, 1905-07.

Marion Parris, A.B., Associate in Economics and Politics.

A.B., Bryn Mawr College, 1901. Graduate student, Bryn Mawr College, 1902-05. Fellow in Economics and Politics, 1905-06; Bryn Mawr College Research Fellow and Student in Economics and Politics, University of Vienna, 1906-07.

 

Undergraduate and Graduate Instruction in Economics and Politics.

The instruction in this department is under the direction of Dr. Charles Clarence Williamson, Associate in Economics and Politics, and Miss Marion Parris, Associate in Economics and Politics. The instruction offered by this department covers twenty-three hours of lectures and recitations a week; it includes ten hours a week of undergraduate minor and major work; two hours a week of free elective work; five hours a week of post-major work open only to graduates and to undergraduates who have completed the major course in economics and politics; and six hours a week of graduate work.

The object of the undergraduate courses in economics and politics is three-fold: first, to trace the history of economic and political thought; second, to describe the development of economic and political institutions; and third, to consider the practical economic and political questions of the day. Instruction is given by lectures. The lectures are supplemented by private reading, by oral and written quizzes, by written theses and reports, and by such special class-room exercises as the different subjects require.

 

First Year.
(Minor Course.)
(Given in each year.)

1st Semester.

Introduction to Economics, Miss Parris.

Five hours a week.

The objects of this course are to introduce the students to the economic problems in the modern state, to familiarise them with the main problems in economic science, and to train them to think clearly on economic subjects. The main work of the semester is the study of the nature and extent of supply, including a brief outline of economic geography, the nature and laws of demand, an introduction to the theory of wants, value and fixing of price, and the theory of economic institutions, methods of production, methods of exchange, international exchange, and transportation problems. The lectures are supplemented by a large amount of reading from standard economic authors. Numerous short papers are required and oral and written quizzes are frequently held.

 

2nd Semester.

Introduction to Politics, Dr. Williamson.

Five hours a week.

This is a study of the organisation and workings of American political institutions, as much use being made of historical and comparative materials as the limits of the course permit. The legislative, executive and judicial branches of the national and state governments are studied, with some attention to their origin and development, and with special reference to their efficiency and amenability to popular control. Lectures are given on the organisation and legislative methods of the United States Senate and House of Representatives, the election and powers of the president, the civil service and the federal courts. A brief time is allotted to a similar study of the state governments, after which problems of municipal government, political parties, suffrage and elections are treated. Lastly, the functions of the modern state are examined with special reference to the contentions of individualism and socialism.

 

Second Year.
(Given in each year)

1st Semester.

Social Politics, Dr. Williamson.

Five hours a week.

The work of the preceding year is continued by a thorough study of the economic position of the working classes under the industrial regime. The rise of the problem is traced; radical and conservative programmes of reform are examined; the arguments for and against state action are discussed in connection with a concrete study of legislation in various countries designed to ameliorate the conditions of employment and to promote the economic and social well-being of the weaker classes of society. The methods of securing legal enactment, constitutional hindrances, and the difficulties of enforcing factory laws are treated with special reference to the experience of American states. The chief topics taken up are the industrial revolution and the factory system, socialism and the labor movement, labor organisations and the methods of securing industrial peace, the labor of women and children, factory inspection, employers’ liability, workmen’s insurance, and industrial education.

 

2nd Semester.

History of Economic Thought, Miss Parris.

Five hours a week.

The object of this course is twofold. First, to trace the development of certain of the most fundamental concepts in modern economic theory, such as the theories of value, concepts of capital and interest, rent, wages, monopoly, etc., in order to appreciate critically modern economic theory. Secondly, by relating economic thinking to the political and economic history, and to the religious and philosophical thinking of the successive historical epochs studied, to give the student a proper historical background for further study.

The students will be required to read critically portions of Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics in translation, also selections from the mediaeval canonistic writers: Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, Vol. I; Ricardo’s Principles of Political Economy and Taxation; Malthus’s Principles of Population; and selections from Senior’s Political Economy, John Stuart Mills’s Principles of Political Economy, and Jevons’s Political Economy. Numerous short papers, written quizzes, and one report on some specially assigned subject will be required.

Group: Economics and Politics, with History, or with Law, or with Philosophy.

Free Elective Courses.

Methods of Social Research, Miss Parris.

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1909-10 and again in 1911-12.)

The course begins with a brief account of modern institutions for social research and social reform. Various methods of social research will then be studied and reports required on special problems in social statistics, and the collection and graphical representation of material. Booth’s Life and Labour in London, Bailey’s Modern Social Conditions and Henderson’s Modern Methods of Charity will be used as text-books. The course is open only to those students who have attended the minor course in economics and politics.

 

Municipal Government, Dr. Williamson.

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1910-11.)

The course consists of a general survey of the more important problems of American city government. The chief topics treated are, the origin of the city, the growth of urban population, with its economic and political results, the position of the city is the state government, political parties and municipal government, municipal elections, and the municipal functions, such as police and fire protection, sanitation, and education. The policy of municipal ownership of public utilities will be examined in its various aspects. This course is open only to those students who have attended the minor course in economics and politics.

 

Post-major Courses.

The post major courses are designed to bridge over the interval between the ordinary undergraduate studies and graduate work. As the amount of time given to undergraduate subjects differs in different colleges graduate students frequently find it advisable to elect some of these courses.

Public Economy, Dr. Williamson.

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1908-09 and again in 1910-11.)

This course begins with a discussion of the nature of the public economy and its relation to private economics. After tracing the development of the public economy, theories of the economic activity of the modern state are examined. This is followed by a discussion of public expenditure, its growth in modern democratic societies, and its social and industrial effects. A rapid survey of the history and theories of taxation serves as an introduction to a special study of the problems of federal, state, and local taxation in the United States, comparisons being made with the leading foreign countries. Attention is also called to the nature and significance of other forms of public revenue. The course concludes with a discussion of the theory of public credit and the policy of national and local governments in regard to public debts. This course was given as a course of three hours a week in 1908-09.

 

Industrial Problems, Dr. Williamson.

Three hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1909-10 and again in 1911-12.)

The lectures of this course deal with certain economic problems which involve political action. Among the more important subjects taken up are the following: problems of money and banking; the commercial policy of the principal countries with special reference to the tariff situation in the United States; the rise of the transportation problem and a comparison of the methods of government control in use in various countries; industrial combinations, their development and their relation to the state. Typical combinations will be studied and the results of anti-trust legislation examined. The aim is to put before the student the significant facts of our commercial and industrial development, accompanied by an economic analysis of the problems created and a discussion of the political factors to be reckoned with in their solution.

 

Theoretical Sociology, Miss Parris.

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1908-09 and again in 1909-10.)

This course is designed to introduce the students to the problems of modern sociology. The first semester’s work will be a history of sociological theory. The students will read selections from Auguste Comte, Herbert Spenser, Professor Giddings, and others. In the second semester the various social problems confronting the modern state will be considered, such as the congestion of population, housing and transportation problems in American and Continental cities, immigration and race problems in America, the standard of living among various economic groups, etc.

The lectures are supplemented by written reports on specially assigned reading and by written and oral quizzes.

 

The History of Political Theory, Miss Parris.

Three hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1910-11.)

The object of this course is to trace the history of certain political concepts, such as the ideas of liberty, sovereignty, state, government, etc. The first semester will be devoted to ancient and mediaeval political theory. In the second semester modern political theory will be studied. The following books will be read during the year: Plato’s Republic; Aristotle’s Politics; Machiavelli’s Prince; Hobbes’ Leviathan; Locke’s Essays on Government; Rousseau’s Social Contract; Burgess’s Political Science and Constitutional Law.

 

Graduate Courses.

Six hours a week of seminary work and graduate lectures are offered each year to graduate students of economics and politics accompanied by the direction of private reading and original research, and the courses are varied from year to year so that they may be pursued by students through three or more consecutive years. The books needed by the graduate students are collected in the seminary library of the department. No undergraduates are admitted to graduate courses or to the seminary library, but the post-major courses of the department amounting to five hours a week may be elected by graduate students.

 

Economic Seminary, Dr. Williamson.

Three hours a week throughout the year.

The methods of instruction in the seminary are designed to guide advanced students in special research work along the lines indicated by the titles of the courses. Some lectures are given but the main attention is devoted to the presentation and criticism of the results of studies made by the students themselves.

In 1908-09 the seminary is devoted to a study of selected topics in the financial and industrial history of the United States.

In 1909-10 the government of American cities will be the principal subject for the work of the seminary.

In 1910-11 labor problems will be the subject for seminary study. The lectures will trace the rise of the problem, the history and functions of labor organisations, and certain aspects of labor legislation. The seminary will meet two hours a week in this year.

 

Seminary in the Theory of Value, Miss Parris

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1908-09.)

This course is a critical study of modern theories of value. A short historical introduction serves as a review of the principal economic theories of value in the English and German schools. The main work of the year is a study of the modern German and Austrian writers. The works of Ehrenfels, Meinong, Kraus, Kreibig, and Chuel are studied and criticised.

 

Seminary in Utilitarianism in Economics, Miss Parris.

Two hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1909-10 and again in 1911-12.)

The object of this course is to study the influence of utilitarian philosophy and ethics in shaping the economic theory of the English classical school. Paley, Bentham, Adam Smith, James Mill, Ricardo, Malthus, and John Stuart Mill are read critically.

 

Seminary in Capital and Interest, Miss Parris.

Three hours a week throughout the year.

(Given in 1910-11.)

The theories of capital of modern German, American, and Italian economists are studied and critically compared.

 

Economic Journal Club, Dr. Williamson and Miss Parris.

Two hours once a fortnight throughout the year.

At the meetings recent books and articles are reviewed and the results of special investigations are presented for discussion, comment, and criticism.

 

Source: Bryn Mawr College Calendar. Undergraduate and Graduate Courses, 1909. Vol. II, Part 3, (May, 1909), pp. 13, 130-134.

 

 

Categories
Bryn Mawr Columbia Economists Gender

Columbia. Economics Ph.D. alumna. Mildred B. Northrop, 1938

 

For this post I have put together a timeline for the life and career of the Columbia University economics Ph.D (1938), Mildred Benedict Northrop. Other than her dissertation (cited below), I could find little of substantive research by her. Nonetheless she did attract an obituary notice by the New York Times (see below) and I was able to find an instance of Congressional testimony given by her in 1948:

United States Senate. Eightieth Congress, Second Session. Extending Authority to Negotiate Trade Agreements. Hearings before the Committee on Finance on H. R. 6566. Washington, D.C.: June 1-5, 1948. [Incidentally Alger Hiss testified at those hearings.]

During the twenty-five years that she was on the faculty at Bryn Mawr College, Northrop taught a broad portfolio of courses that included industrial organization, Keynesian macroeconomics, international economics, comparative economic organization, history of economic thought, and development of underdeveloped areas.

For a backgrounder on women researchers at Bryn Mawr before Mildred Northrop, see:

Mary Ann Dzuback. Women and Social Research at Bryn Mawr College, 1915-40. History of Education Quarterly,  Vol. 33, No. 4, Special Issue on the History of Women and Education (Winter, 1993), pp. 579-608.

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Mildred Benedict Northrop, life and career

1899. July 12. Born in Kansas City, Missouri.

1922. A.B. University of Missouri

From University of Missouri yearbook: 1922 Savitar, p. 55.

1923. A.M. University of Missouri

1923-26. Executive Secretary of the Social Service League, Easton, Pennsylvania

1926-31. Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Economics and Sociology, Hood College

1931-34. Instructor in Economics, Hunter College

1934-35. Fellow of The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.

1935-38. Division of Research and Statistics, United States Treasury Department

1938. Ph.D., Columbia University. Thesis adviser: James W. Angell

Published Ph.D. dissertation Control Policies of the Reichsbank, 1924-1933 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938).

1938-39. Lecturer in Economics, Bryn Mawr College

1939-41. Assistant Professor in Economics, Bryn Mawr College

1941. Associate Professor (elect), Bryn Mawr College

War service: chief of export-import branch of the War Production Board; Foreign Economic Administration

1945-46. Adviser to State Department’s Office of Finance and Development Policy

1946-47. Acting Director of the Carola Woerishoffer Graduate Department of Social Economy and Social Research, Bryn Mawr College

1948-49. Professor (elect), Bryn Mawr College

1949-. Professor, Bryn Mawr College

1949-50. Leave of absence.

1963. November 19. Died in Bryn Mawr. According to the coroner’s report (November 20, 1963), the immediate cause of death was pneumonia that was due to burns to over 30% of her body resulting from a fire from smoking in bed.

___________________

Mildred Benedict Northrop, Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Associate Professor-elect of Economics.

A.B. University of Missouri 1922 and M.A. 1923; Ph.D. Columbia University 1938. Executive Secretary of the Social Service League, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1923-26; Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Economics and Sociology, Hood College, 1926-31; Instructor in Economics, Hunter College, 1931-34; Fellow of The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1934-35; Division of Research and Statistics, United States Treasury Department, 1935-38. Lecturer in Economics, Bryn Mawr College, 1938-39, Assistant Professor, 1939-41 and Associate Professor-elect 1941.

Source: Bryn Mawr College Catalogue and Calendar, 1941-1943, p. 20.

___________________

Northrop’s entry in the AEA Handbook, 1956

NORTHROP, Mildred Benedict, Bryn Mawr Col., Bryn Mawr, Pa. (1942) Bryn Mawr Col. Prof., teach., dept. head, res.; b. 1899; A.B., 1922, M.A., 1923, Missouri; Ph.D., 1938, Columbia. Fields 9ab, 3b, 2c. Doc. Dis. Control policies of the Reichsbank, 1924-33 (Columbia Univ. Press, 1938). Dir. Amer. Men of Sci., III, Dir. Of Amer. Schol.

Source: Handbook of the American Economic Association in American Economic Review, Vol. 47, No. 4 (July, 1956), p. 220.

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Obituary. New York Times.

Dr. Mildred B. Northrop, Economist at Bryn Mawr.

Bryn Mawr, Pa., Nov. 19—Dr. Mildred B. Northrop, chairman of the department of economics at Bryn Mawr College, died today in Bryn Mawr Hospital after a brief illness.

Dr. Northrop joined the Bryn Mawr faculty in 1938. She taught previously at Hood and Hunter Colleges.

She was born in Kansas City, Mo., and was graduated from the University of Missouri in 1922. The following year she earned a master’s degree there. She received her doctorate from Columbia University in 1938.

During World War II, Dr. Northrop was chief of the export-import branch of the War Production Board and an adviser to the Foreign Economic Administration. In 1945 and 1946 she was adviser to the State Department’s Office of Finance and Development Policy.

Dr. Northrop is survived by a brother Eugene S. Northrop, of Darien, Conn., and a sister, Mrs. Robert D. Ayars of Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Source: New York Times (November 20, 1963), p. 43.

Image Source: Bryn Mawr Yearbook 1942.

Categories
Bryn Mawr Columbia Economists Germany Pennsylvania

Columbia. Appointments of H. L. Moore, H. R. Seager, and A. S. Johnson, 1902

 

 

Memorial minutes of the Columbia University Faculty of Political Science for both Henry L. Moore and Henry R. Seager have been transcribed earlier here at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. This post takes us back to the start of their Columbia University careers, namely the 1902-03 academic year. Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith’s suicide in November 1901 left a significant gap in Columbia’s economics faculty which was then closed with the appointment of Henry L. Moore.

_______________________

Columbia Announcement of the appointments of Henry L. Moore (Prof.) and Henry R. Seager (Adjunct Prof.), 1902

It seems fitting to introduce to the acquaintance of the readers of the QUARTERLY those who come from other universities to occupy professors’ chairs in our own. Professors Moore and Seager enter the service of the University in the School of Political Science…

Professor Henry L. Moore, who comes to us from Smith College, is thirty-two years of age; a native of Maryland and a graduate of Randolph-Macon College in Virginia. His special training in economics was received at the Johns Hopkins University, from which he received, in 1896, the degree of Ph.D., and in Vienna, where he was a pupil of Professor Karl [sic, “Carl”] Menger. He was appointed to an instructorship in economics in the Johns Hopkins University in 1896, and to a professorship in Smith College in 1897, though he continued after this, for a time, to give, in the Johns Hopkins University, lectures which treated of the application of mathematical principles to economic problems.

His chief published work is an essay on Von Thünen’s “Theory of Natural Wages,” which, beside throwing new light on a scientific problem, offers to the English reading student the best introduction to the study of the works of Von Thünen and of the extensive literature which has grown up about them.

Henry R. Seager, the new adjunct-professor of political economy, was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1890. During the next four years he studied at Johns Hopkins, Halle, Berlin, Vienna and the University of Pennsylvania, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from the last-named institution in 1894. From that date he was on the teaching force of the University of Pennsylvania, holding successively the titles of instructor and assistant professor of economics, till he accepted the call to Columbia. Professor Seager was for three years Secretary of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and in 1900 he became editor-in-chief of the Annals, the magazine published by the Academy. His publications in periodicals have been numerous, and his more important works include “The Finances of Pennsylvania,” “The Teaching of Economics at Berlin and Vienna,” [JPE, March 1893] “The Fallacy of Saving,” and “The Teaching of Economics and Economic History.”

Source: Columbia University Quarterly, v. 4, June 1902, pp. 293-94.

_______________________

Announcement of the Columbia appointments of Henry R. Seager (Adjunct Prof.) and Alvin Saunders Johnson (Reader), 1902

Columbia University.- Doctor Henry R. Seager has resigned his position of Assistant Professor of Political Economy at the University of Pennsylvania, and has accepted the position of Adjunct Professor of Political Economy in Columbia University. His duties in Columbia University will begin with the opening of the coming academic year.

Mr. Seager has published the following papers:

“German Universities and German Student Life.” The Inlander, June, 1892.

“Economics at Berlin and Vienna.” Journal of Political Economy, March, 1893.

“Philippovich’s Grundriss der Politischen-Oekonomie.” ANNALS, July, 1893.

“Pennsylvania Tax Conference.” Ibid., March, 1894.

“Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.” Ibid., March, 1895.

“Malloch’s Labour and the Popular Welfare, and Dyer’s The Evolution of Industry.” The Citizen, June, 1895.

“Cunningham’s Outlines of English Industrial History.” ANNALS, January, 1896.

“Bruce’s Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century.” Ibid., 1896.

“The Fallacy of Saving.” Supplement to Economic Studies, American Economic Association, April, 1896.

“Smart’s Studies in Economics.” The Citizen, August, 1896.

“Stray Impressions of Oxford.” The Pennsylvanian, February, 1897.

“Higgs’ The Physiocrats.” ANNALS, July, 1897.

“Gibbins’ Industry in England.” Ibid., September, 1897.

“Bullock’s Introduction to the Study of Economics.” Ibid., November, 1897.

“The Consumers’ League.” Bulletin of American Academy, April, 1898.

“George’s Political Economy.” Political Science Quarterly, December, 1898.

“Devine’s Economics.” ANNALS, March, 1899.

“Hull’s The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty.” Ibid., May, 1900.

“Smart’s The Distribution of Income.” Ibid., July, 1900.

“Clark’s The Distribution of Wealth: A Theory of Wages, Interest and Profits.” Ibid., September, 1900.

Editorial. Ibid., January, 1901.

“Meeting of American Economic Association.” Ibid., March1901.

“Professor Patten’s Theory of Prosperity.” Ibid., March, 1902.

Editorial. Ibid.

“Meeting of American Economic Association.” Ibid.

“Crowell’s The Distribution and Marketing of Farm Products.” Report of United States Industrial Commission, Vol. VI, 1901. Political Science Quarterly, March, 1902.

Mr. Alvin Saunders Johnson, at present Reader in Economics at Bryn Mawr College, Pa., has been appointed Tutor in Economics at Columbia University, New York City. His work in Columbia will begin at the opening of the coming academic year.

Source: Personal Notes, Annals of the American Academy, Vol. 19 (May, 1902), pp. 103-104.

Image Sources: Henry Moore (left) Smith College, Classbook of 1902, p. 11. and Henry Seager (right) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.