Category: Columbia

Columbia. Kindleberger remembers Simkhovitch, mid-1930s

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-03-18

Welcome to my blog, Economics in the Rear-View Mirror. If you find this posting interesting, here is the complete list of “artifacts” from the history of economics I have assembled for you to sample or click on the search icon in the upper right to explore by name, university, or category. You can subscribe to my blog below. There is also an opportunity to comment following each posting….

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We met the curious Columbia University Professor Vladimir Gregorievitch Simkhovitch in an earlier posting. To recall briefly, Simkhovitch was a Russian born, German-trained economic historian who taught economic history and the course on socialist economics (more like anti-Marxian socialist economics) that he took over from John Bates Clark at Columbia. Milton Friedman took Simkhovitch’s economic history course.

Simkhovitch, Vladimir G. Marxism vs. Socialism. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1913. Book first published in installments 1908-12 in Political Science Quarterly.

Charles Kindleberger was both a gentleman and a scholar who was respected and loved by his colleagues and former students. Upon the occasion of his eightieth birthday (he went on to live to the age of 92), he was presented a bound volume of brief reminiscences from everybodys who are (famous) anybodys to somebodys who are (relative) nobodys but who were all touched in some way by Kindleberger.

Today’s posting provides an assist to Professor Frank Fisher, the volunteer “custodian of [part of the Kindlberger] oral tradition”. One detail gets incorrectly transmitted in the Fisher rendition—Kindleberger was never a colleague of Simkhovitch, the two of them overlapped when Kindleberger was a Columbia graduate student in the mid 1930s. In his reminiscence for the birthday volume, Fisher wrote:

“When Charlie Kindleberger retired from M.I.T., he asked at his party, “Who will tell my Simkhovitch stories?” I don’t know whether Charlie heard me, but I said I would.

Simkhovitch, who was Charlie’s colleague at Columbia, is the principal character in two stories (so far as I know). I have given both of them a good home and it seems appropriate that I should use them today.

In story number one, the young Kindleberger, having carefully planned out his lectures for the term, finds that with some time left to spare in his first lecture he has used up all the material for the course. After vamping for the rest of the lecture period, he seeks Simkhovitch’s advice and is told: “Recipe for education: take teaspoon full of ideas and five gallons water. Stir. Dispense with eye dropper.”…

…In story number two, a student is on the verge of failing his Ph.D. exams and the department is debating what to do. Simkhovitch says: “This man want degree. We got plenty degrees. Give him degree.”

Source: Excerpt from Frank Fisher’s contribution to the collection: Reminiscences of Charles P. Kindleberger on his Eightieth Birthday, October 12, 1990 in the Charles P. Kindleberger Papers, Box 24, MIT Libraries, Institute Archives and Special Collections.

Image Source: Charles Kindleberger in MIT Technique, 1950.

Tags Franklin Fisher, Kindleberger, Simkhovitch

Columbia Exam Questions Syllabus Uncategorized

Columbia. Junior Year Political Economy. Mayo-Smith, 1880

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-12

Yesterday while trawling through the Hathitrust digital library, I came across a collection published in 1882, Examination Papers Used During the Years 1877-1882 in Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Amherst and Williams Colleges. (The link takes you to the download page at archive.org)

Hoping for some political economic gold, I paged through the collection that appeared mostly focused on entrance examinations for Latin, Greek, mathematics etc., but eventually I stumbled upon a single examination in political economy for a junior year course (1880) at Columbia College.

The last question of that exam explicitly quotes from the course textbook so I went over to Google Books and searched the phrase “to secure a delusive benefit to individuals”. Sure enough, I could identify the textbook in question as the Manual of Political Economy for Schools and Colleges (3^rd ed. 1876) by James Edwin Thorold Rogers.

Now drunk on Google Books power, I text-searched Rogers’ Manual to locate the pages for answers to all the questions on the 1880 exam. You will find the corresponding page numbers in square brackets following the questions transcribed below…You’re welcome.

The course was taught by Richmond Mayo-Smith as seen in the Columbia College Handbook of Information 1880. I have included descriptive information about the junior and senior classes in history and political economy found there.

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[From the Columbia College Handbook of Information 1880]

SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

PROFESSORS

John W. Burgess, A. M., Constitutional and International History and Law	Richmond M. Smith, A.M., Political Economy and Social Science (Adjunct).
	Archibald Alexander, A.M., Ph.D., Philosophy (Adjunct).

OTHER OFFICERS

E. Munroe Smith, LL.B., J.U.D:,
Lecturer on the Roman Law

Clifford R. Bateman, LL.B.,
Lecturer on Administrative Law.

[…]

HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

1ST TERM. —German History.
2D TERM.—French History.

JUNIOR CLASS.

1ST TERM—English History.
2D TERM—Political Economy.

SENIOR CLASS.

1ST TERM—Constitutional History of the United States.
2D TERM—Constitutional Law of the United States.
ELECTIVE BOTH TERMS—Political Economy

History.—During Sophomore and the ﬁrst half of Junior year the course in history occupies two hours per week. Some text-book is used, usually those of Freeman’s Historical course for German and French history, and Green’s Short History of the English People for English history.

The instruction to the Senior Class occupies also two hours per week throughout the year, and embraces the following subjects :

I. Character and Constitution of the Colonial Governments in North America; their relation to the English Crown and Parliament; and their history to the Declaration of Independence;

II. Character and Constitution of the Continental Congress as a Revolutionary Government; its relation to the State governments and to the people of the States as a central government ; and the history of its supersedure by the Confederate form.

III. Character and Constitution of the Confederacy as a central authority ; its relation to State governments and to the individual; the historical consequence of its defects and weaknesses, and its ﬁnal supersedure by the Federal form.

IV. History of the Formation and Adoption of the Federal Constitution; nature and powers of the government which it established; its relation to the State governments and the individual citizen.

V. Interpretation of the Provisions of the Federal Constitution.

VI. History of the Development of the Federal Constitution from its adoption to the present time.

The text and reference books used in connection with this course are: Hildreth, History of the United States; Bancroft, History of the United States; Curtis, History of the Constitution; The Federalist; Story, Constitutional Law; Pomeroy, Constitutional Law; Von Holst, Constitution and Democracy in the United States; Benton, Thirty Years’ View; Jennings, Eighty Years of Republican Government in the United States; Fisher, Trial of the Constitution; Decisions of the United States Supreme Court upon all constitutional questions.

Political Economy—There are two courses in Political Economy. During the second term of Junior year it is required from all students of that class. A systematic outline of the science is given, generally with the use of a text-book, either Fawcett’s or Rogers’s Manual of Political Economy.

[Fawcett, Henry. Manual of Political Economy. 1^st ed., 1863; 2^nd ed., 1865; 3^rd ed., 1869; 4^th ed., revised and enlarged 1874; 5^th ed., revised and enlarged 1876; 6^th ed., 1883; 7^th ed., 1888; 8^th ed., 1907.

Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. A Manual of Political Economy for Schools and Colleges. First Edition, 1868; Second edition, revised, 1869; Third edition revised, 1876.]

Political Economy may be elected by the students of the Senior Class, two hours per week throughout the year. Instruction is given by lectures on the following topics:

Systems of Land Tenure, past and present, in different countries, and their economic and social effects; Science of Finance, including a consideration of Money, Paper Money, Banking, and Taxation; Financial History and present situation of England, Germany, France, and the United States. All these topics are treated historically as well as critically; and with reference to the economic development in the History of Civilization.

Three or four theses on topics assigned by the professor are required from students of this class, To furnish these students with facilities for such work, besides the books in the college library, a special library of works in the department of Political Economy has been purchased and is for the exclusive use of the students of this class.

Source: Columbia College. Handbook of Information as to the Course of Instruction, etc., etc. New York: 1880, pp. x, 41-43.

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[Examination Questions in Political Economy 1880]

COLUMBIA COLLEGE
POLITICAL ECONOMY

JUNIOR CLASS, 1880.

[Page references to Rogers’ Manual of Political Economy, 3^rd ed. 1876]

Give a history of the English Poor Laws. [p. 121 ff.]
What do you mean by Co-operation? What are the supposed advantages to the laborer? Explain the system of the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers [pp. 135-137] and of the Schultze-Delitsch Credit-Banks [p. 106-109].
What determines the rate of wages of labor, and what effect does the customary food of laborers have on their wages? [p. 65]
Explain the following sentence: “It will be clear that the machinery of a Trade’s Union cannot increase wages by depressing the profits of capital.” [p. 90]
Explain and illustrate the following: “Banks of issue find it possible to circulate a far larger amount of paper than the gold on which the paper is based.” What effect does the abstraction of gold have in such a case? [pp. 43 ff.]
What is meant by an income tax; on what part of the income should it be levied and why? [pp. 278-281]
Explain the origin of the Irish cottier system of land tenure, its evils and the proposed remedy. [pp. 175 ff.]
Explain the following sentences from the text book:
“It (Protection) inflicts actual suffering or inconvenience on the public in order to secure a delusive benefit to individuals.” “It will be clear also that the Protection cannot stimulate general industry.” “In fact, whenever it (the state) protects particular kinds of labor it diminishes capital.” “Every country enjoys a natural protection to its manufactures.” [pp. 234-235]

Source: Harry Thurston Peck (ed.), Examination Papers Used During the Years 1877-1882 in Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Amherst and Williams Colleges. New York: Gilliss Brothers, 1882, p. 57-58.

Image Source: University and their Sons. History, Influence and Characteristics of American Universities with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Alumni and Recipients of Honorary Degrees. Editor-in-chief, General Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL.D. Boston: R. Herdon Company. Vol. 2, 1899, pp. 582.

Tags Burgess, Mayo-Smith

Columbia Regulations

Columbia. Organization of Graduate Education, 1908-10.

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-07

Just want to remind/alert readers that the artifacts that I post here on Economics in the Rear-view Mirror are samples from my project on the development of graduate and undergraduate economics education in the United States from the last quarter of the 19th century up through the middle of the 20th century. Besides the syllabi and exams for particular courses, course offerings and staffing that I offer visitors to these pages, I collect and share information about rules and regulations governing the granting of degrees too.

Today’s posting comes from a Columbia University Bulletin of Information. Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy and Pure Science: Instruction for Candidates for the Degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, 1908-10. Economics found itself within the Faculty of Political Science that was embedded within the regulations of the larger university. As dull as this sort of reading is, say compared to reading 1910 economics (irony!), it was a part of the world within which young economists were methodologically reared and where they were to refine their tastes to distinguish “good” from “bad” economics as well as “interesting” from “uninteresting” economics.

Let me ask visitors who look at these century-old rules to reflect and share what seems to be the same or different from their own educational experiences. Thanks!

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10
ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

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PART I—ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

Departments. The instruction given in Columbia University is conducted by Departments created by the Statutes of the University. Of these Departments there are at present ﬁfty-nine. Every person who gives instruction is a member of some one Department; and the senior ofﬁcer of the highest rank in each Department, who is in active service, is generally its administrative head. For certain administrative purposes the Departments are grouped into Divisions.

Faculties. For legislative purposes, and for the government of the several Schools into which the University is divided, the several Faculties are established by Statute. Each Faculty is composed of the professors and adjunct professors who are assigned to it by the Trustees, and is under the immediate direction of a Dean. The President is the Chairman of each Faculty. A Department or Division may form part of one, two, or more Faculties.

University Council. The University Council is composed of the President, the Deans, and delegates elected by the Faculties. Among other duties, it determines the conditions under which are awarded the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Laws, and Doctor of Philosophy.

The Higher Degrees. For the conduct of the work leading to the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, which are for convenience termed “the higher degrees,” the Trustees have established four Faculties, in charge respectively of the Schools of Political Science (founded 1880), Philosophy (1890), Pure Science (1892), and Fine Arts (1906 — not yet completely organized). These four Faculties correspond to what in many American Universities is called a “graduate department” or “graduate school,” and are responsible for the conduct of advanced instruction not only during the academic year, but in the Summer Session of the University. Their representatives on the University Council form ex-officio a Committee on Higher Degrees, whose functions are indicated by its name. To this Committee the Council has delegated, subject to its own ﬁnal control, the current administration of its regulations.

All requests for action upon matters which under the Statutes and the Regulations of the Council are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Council itself should be addressed to the Secretary of the University Council. Requests for action upon matters falling within the jurisdiction of the several Faculties should be addressed to their respective Deans.

Freedom of Election. It should be noted that the division of the ﬁeld of graduate work among the four Faculties in no wise limits the freedom of the student to make his own combination of studies. Once matriculated as a graduate student he may be registered as a student in two or more Faculties; and in many cases such an arrangement is highly desirable.

The distribution of the work leading to the higher degrees among the Faculties, and the divisional grouping oi the Departments, are here shown:

Faculty of Political Science

Division of History, Economics, and Public Law—Departments: Economics; History; Public Law and Jurisprudence; Social Science.

Faculty of Philosophy

Division of Classical Philology—Departments: Greek; Latin (each including archaeology).

Division of Education—The Faculty of Teachers College (so far as the higher degrees are concerned).

Division of Modern Languages and Literatures—Departments: Comparative Literature; English; Germanic Languages; Romance Languages.

Division of Oriental Languages—Departments: Chinese; Indo-Iranian Languages; Semitic Languages.

Division of Philosophy, Psychology, and Anthropology—Departments: Anthropology; Philosophy; Psychology.

Faculty of Pure Science

Division of Biology—Departments: Anatomy; Bacteriology; Biological Chemistry; Botany; Embryology; Physiology; Zoology.

Division of Chemistry—Departments: Chemistry; P ysiological I Chemistry.

Division of Engineering—Departments: Civil Engineering; Electrical Engineering; Engineering Draughting; Mechanical Engineering.

Division of Geology, Geography, and Mineralogy—Departments: Geology; Geography; Mineralogy.

Division of Mathematical and Physical Science—Departments: Astronomy; Mathematics; Physics.

Division of Mining and Metallurgy—Departments: Metallurgy; Mining.

Faculty of Fine Arts

Division of Fine Arts—Departments: Architecture; Music; Design.

Announcements. Full statements concerning the courses of instruction, laboratories, seminars, etc., are contained in the “Divisional Announcements.” In these are indicated the scope and character of the several courses, the hours of attendance, etc. They may be had on application to the Secretary of the University, to whom, also, all correspondence of a general character should be addressed.

Courses in Professional Schools. Some of the subjects named above are also under the jurisdiction of the Faculties of the professional schools of the University; but of the work that may be offered towards the higher degrees only the four Faculties named here have control, and all students who intend to carry on such work, whether as candidates for higher degrees or not, are required to register under the Faculty or Faculties that have it in charge.

Consultation. Every student is responsible to the Dean of each Faculty under which he is working, for compliance with the Statutes of the University and with the Regulations of the University Council and of the Faculty. To the head of each Department under which he is studying he is responsible for fulﬁlment of all the requirements of that Department with regard to attendance upon courses, private study, and examinations. Entering students must therefore ﬁrst of all consult the Dean of each Faculty and the head of each Department under which they expect to work. It should be fully understood that it is not only the right but also the duty of every student to call upon the Dean and other officers under whom his work is to be carried on for information and guidance whenever he needs them, and that he must keep himself duly and fully informed of all that is expected of him by the Dean and the Departments concerned. The offices of the four Deans, of the Registrar, and of the Bursar are all in East Hall. Information of a general character regarding the University may be had in Room 213, Library Building.

REGISTRATION AND MATRICULATION

Registration. Registration is required when the student ﬁrst connects himself with the University, and thereafter at the beginning of each academic year. Students are admitted at any time during the academic year. To obtain full credit for residence during any half-year, they must register at the beginning of it, except that registration for the ﬁrst half-year (September to January) implies registration for the second (February to June) as well, unless the student withdraws.

Matriculation. Matriculation, i. e., admission to candidacy for degrees, is open only to graduates of colleges and scientiﬁc schools in good standing, or to those who have an equivalent training. . Professional (other than engineering) degrees do not in themselves entitle the holders to matriculation. The question whether the training of a non-graduate shall be deemed equivalent to that indicated by a ﬁrst degree is determined in every case by the Committee on Higher Degrees.

Summer Session. Certain courses given in the Summer Session of the University (see Academic Calendar) may be offered toward the higher degrees, and qualiﬁed students may matriculate as candidates therefor at the opening of the Summer Session.

Non-matriculated Students. Students of mature age who give evidence of earnest purpose and special ﬁtness may register, with permission of the Dean concerned, for any of the courses under the control of these Faculties without matriculating as candidates for a degree. By special ﬁtness, in the case of students not holding a ﬁrst degree, is meant an equipment for the course intended to be taken such as would justify candidacy for a degree if the preliminary requirements could be fully met. Of such ﬁtness the head of each Department under which the applicant wishes to study is the judge, and his approval must be expressed in writing to the Dean of the Faculty. Such students are expected to pursue seriously the work of the course for which they are enrolled, and will be required to pass examinations therein at the discretion of the professor giving the course. They may be excluded from any course which they are following if the instructor in charge be satisﬁed that proper attention is not being given to the work of the course. In general, students who do not hold the ﬁrst degree or its equivalent are recommended to register in one of the Colleges, the men in Columbia College, the women in Barnard College.

Undergraduate Courses. In these Colleges emphasis is placed upon the quality of the student’s work rather than upon the time spent in residence, and this fact, together with the opportunities offered in the Summer Session, makes it possible for a well prepared candidate to complete the requirements for the bachelor’s degree in three and one-half years, three years, or conceivably in a shorter period for students who by anticipating College work are able to enter with advanced standing

Admission of Women. Women who have the ﬁrst degree are admitted on equal terms with men, as candidates for a higher degree or as non-candidates, to all Admission courses offered under these Faculties, unless a speciﬁc statement to the contrary is made in connection with the announcement of a course.

[…]

CHARACTER OF GRADUATE WORK AND CHOICE OF SUBJECTS

Minimum Residence. The minimum period of graduate study which entitles a student to apply for the degree of Master of Arts is one year, for that of Doctor of Philosophy, two years; but these are only minimum periods, and the statements made below in connection with each degree must be carefully noted. No degree may be conferred upon any person who has not been in residence at Columbia University for a full academic year. (See page 15.)

The Essential Qualifications. The work expected of a candidate for one of the higher degrees is different in character from that usually required of undergraduates. Attendance upon courses, the acquisition of knowledge, and the consequent ability to pass examinations, are not the only requirements; and though a very considerable amount of knowledge in the special ﬁeld of work chosen and in others adjacent to it is demanded, it is not upon such attainment that the chief stress is laid. The essentials are the acquisition of the power to do independent scientiﬁc work, and the demonstration of this power by actual performance. For the assistance of the student in his own labors, instruction is given by means of lectures, in which the theoretical side of the subject, its bibliography, and its methods are set forth; and in the seminars or laboratories he is trained in the practical work of investigation, the presentation of results, and the criticism of the work of others.

Major and Minor Subjects. To secure thorough training in some one ﬁeld of research, and yet avoid over-specialization with the inevitable concomitant of deﬁcient general training, the regulations call for the selection of three “subjects” for study and eventual examination. The candidate must pursue these three subjects during the required period of residence, and the amount of work done in each subject must be satisfactory to the professor in charge. The major subject is that in connection with which the candidate for the master’s degree must prepare his essay, the candidate for the doctor’s degree his dissertation. This subject is expected to occupy approximately half of the time spent by the candidate in study for the higher degree. The ﬁrst and second minor subjects, which must stand in some reasonable connection with the major and with each other, should each occupy approximately one- quarter of this time of study. The ﬁrst minor subject will naturally be more closely connected with the major.

Courses. A “subject” must be carefully distinguished from a “course.” A subject is a ﬁeld of knowledge, in which the candidate is expected to work and to be examined; the courses of lectures, the work in laboratories, and the exercises of the seminars, are simply means of acquiring knowledge in certain parts of the ﬁeld and aids to the work of the student himself. The subjects are practically permanent, while the courses offered under each may change from year to year. The number of courses and in general the amount of work to be taken in each subject is determined, for each student, by the professor or professors in charge of that subject.

Course Records. It should be noted that the student is expected to keep his own record of courses attended. In the registration-book which is furnished him for this purpose, he enters at the beginning of each half-year the courses which he proposes to attend. At the beginning and end of each course the professor in charge certiﬁes the student’s attendance by his signature. Before presenting himself for examination for any degree, the student must submit his registration-book to the Dean of the Faculty in which his major subject lies in order that the Dean may satisfy himself that the required minimum number of courses has been attended. Lost registration-books may be replaced if the professors are able from their own records or recollection to certify attendance; but if they are unable to do this, the candidate may lose credit for attendance.

The speciﬁc regulations of the Council concerning subjects are as follows:

Immediately after registration, each student who declares himself a candidate for the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, or either of them, shall designate one principal or major subject and two subordinate or minor subjects. The choice of subjects must in every case be approved by the Dean of the Faculty under which the major subject is taken.

Choice of Subjects. When a candidate designates any subject as his major and ﬁrst minor, as permitted by the Regulations of the Faculties of Philosophy and Pure Science, no subdivision of that general subject may be chosen by him as a second minor, provided, however, that with the recommendation of the Dean and the head of the Department concerned, by a special vote of the Committee on Higher Degrees, to be taken in every such case, a candidate may be allowed to choose all his subjects under one Department.

The subjects from which the candidate’s selection must be made are:

Under the Faculty of Political Science

Group I.—History and political philosophy: (1) Ancient and oriental history; (2) mediaeval history; (3) modern European history from the opening of the 16th century; (4) American history; (5) political philosophy.

Group II.—Public law and comparative jurisprudence: (1) Constitutional law; (2) international law; (3) administrative law; (4) comparative jurisprudence.

Group III.—Economics and social science: (1) Political economy and ﬁnance; (2) sociology and statistics; (3) social economy. In his choice of subjects under this Faculty, the candidate whose major subject lies within its jurisdiction is limited by the following rules;

A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject outside of the group which includes his major subject.

A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject within the group which includes his major subject.

The candidate for the degree of Master of Arts must take, in each subject, courses occupying at least two hours weekly throughout one year. In his major subject he must also attend a Seminar.

The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must take, in his major subject, courses occupying at least four hours weekly during each required year of residence (provided that this number of hours be offered in the subject), and must also attend a Seminar during the period of residence. In each minor subject he must take courses occupying at least two hours weekly during each required year of residence.

Under the Faculty of Philosophy

I. Major Subjects: (1) Philosophy; (2) psychology; (3) anthropology; (4) education; (5) linguistics; (6) comparative literature; (7) classical archaeology and epigraphy; (8) Greek language and literature, and, incidentally, Grecian history; (9) Latin language and literature, and, incidentally, Roman history; and the following, including in each case the study of both the language and literature; (10) English; (11) Germanic; (12) Romance; (13) Sanskrit (with Pālī and Iranian); (14) Semitic; (15) Chinese.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 may be offered each as the equivalent of a major and one minor subject.

II. Minor Subjects: (1) Philosophy; (2) psychology; (3) anthropology; (4) education; ( 5) linguistics; (6) comparative literature; (7) Greek; (8) Greek archaeology; (9) Latin; (10) Roman archaeology; (11) Sanskrit; (12) Iranian; (13) English; (14) Anglo-Saxon; (15) Gothic; (16) Germanic philology; (17) German language and literature; (18) Scandinavian languages and literatures; (19) Romance philology; (20) French language and literature; (21) Spanish language and literature; (22) Italian language and literature; (23) Hebrew; (24) Arabic; (25) Assyrian; (26) Syriac; (27) Ethiopic; (28) Semitic epigraphy; (29) Turkish; (30) Armenian; (31) Chinese; (32) Coptic; (33) Celtic; (34) Comparative Religion.

A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy may, with the consent of the Dean of the Faculty and of the heads of the Departments concerned, select both minor subjects within the same Department, and may divide a minor subject, taking parts of two subjects germane to his major subject.

The choice of subjects made by a candidate must in every case have the approval of the Dean and the head of the Department under which the major subject is taken before being ﬁnally allowed.

Under the Faculty of Pure Science

(1) Anatomy; (2) astronomy; (3) bacteriology; (4) botany; (5) chemistry; (6) civil and sanitary engineering; (7) electrical engineering (8) geodesy; (9) geology; (10) mathematics; (11) mechanical engineering; (12) mechanics and electro-mechanics; (13) metallurgy; (14) mineralogy; (15) mining; (16) palaontology; (17) physics; (18) physiological chemistry; (19) physiology; (20) zoölogy .

With the consent of the Dean, the major and one minor subject may be taken under one Department. Both minor subjects may not be taken under one Department without the consent of the Faculty.

Under the Faculty of Fine Arts

For speciﬁc information see the current Announcement of that Faculty.

Change of Subjects. Minor subjects may not be changed except by permission of the Dean to be given only on the written recommendation of the heads of the Departments from which and to which the change is desired; major subjects may not be changed except by a special vote of the Faculty in each case.

Faculty Jurisdiction. The student entering Columbia University as a candidate for a higher degree should ﬁrst of all decide upon his major-subject. He will be registered under the Faculty which has charge of this subject, and will be primarily under the jurisdiction of its Dean. If he selects a minor subject or attends any course under another Faculty, he will be registered under that Faculty also, and will be subject to the jurisdiction of its Dean so far as such subject or course is concerned. It will be seen that the several Faculties have different regulations regarding the choice and combination of subjects. Regarding the interpretation and effect of these regulations the candidates will obtain all necessary information from the several Deans.

Students in Professional Schools. Students in the professional schools which form part of the University, or are in alliance with it, may, if otherwise qualiﬁed, combine work leading to the higher degrees with their professional studies; and in some subjects courses which count toward the professional degrees or certiﬁcates may be accepted as part of the work required for the higher degrees. In all such cases the professional student must register himself as a candidate for the higher degrees under one of the four non-professional Faculties, and is subject to the jurisdiction of that Faculty as regards examinations and all other matters pertaining to the higher degrees. To complete the requirements the candidate must take his major subject under one of these Faculties, and must conform to all its rules as regards examinations, essay, and dissertation; but he may offer, as the equivalent of the two minor subjects, such of his professional courses as may be approved for that purpose by the Dean of the Faculty under which the major subject is taken and by the Committee on Higher Degrees. He should, before registering consult the Dean of the non-professional Faculty under whose jurisdiction he proposes to work.

Arrangement of Work. Students who devote all their time to work under a non-professional Faculty will usually ﬁnd it advantageous to pursue the study of their major and minor subjects simultaneously. This, however, is not required, and students who are pursuing professional courses of study, or who are engaged in work outside of the University, such as teaching, may ﬁnd it advisable, or even necessary, to take up the major and minor subjects in successive years.

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

The Essay. As regards candidates for the master’s degree, the custom of the University lays proportionately more stress upon the acquisition of knowledge, as evidenced by examinations, and less upon capacity for investigation shown in seminars or laboratories and in literary production, than is the case as regards candidates for the doctor’s degree. At the same time, seminar or laboratory work must be done by the candidate, and it is expected that the master’s essay shall be something more than a restatement of things well known. [If the candidate intends or hopes to continue his work for the doctor’s degree, and if he has already selected the topic of his dissertation, it will be advantageous for him to make the master’s essay a study in the line of his future dissertation, conﬁning it to a narrow part of the ﬁeld and presenting such preliminary results as he has reached. If the essay be read in seminar (as is often the case, and is required in the Faculty of Political Science) the candidate gains the beneﬁt of discussion and criticism by his fellow- students as well as by the professor. In those subjects in which ﬁeld-work is required for a satisfactory essay, the candidate is advised to perform it before entering the University.

The speciﬁc regulations of the University Council concerning the essay are as follows:

Each candidate for the degree of Master of Arts shall present an essay on some topic previously approved by the professor in charge of his major subject. This essay must be presented not later than April 15 of the academic year in which the examination is to take place and must be accompanied by formal application for the degree. Such applications must be made on forms provided for this purpose. to be had of the Registrar. When the essay has been approved, the candidate shall ﬁle with the Registrar of the University a legibly written or typewritten copy of it. This copy is to be written on ﬁrm, strong paper, eleven by eight and a half inches in size, and a space of one and a half inches on the inner margin must be left free from writing. The title page of every such essay shall contain the words: “Submitted in partial fulﬁlment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of ——, Columbia University.”

Period of Residence. The minimum period of study for the master’s degree is one year; and if the candidate in his previous course of study has been adequately prepared for advanced work in the subjects he selects and is able to devote his entire time to university study, he will usually be able to attain the degree within that period. If the student is not adequately prepared, or if he is engaged in outside labor, such as teaching, two or more years may be necessary. The satisfactory completion of work at four consecutive Summer Sessions, or two consecutive Summer Sessions, together with the half year intervening or immediately following, will be accepted in full satisfaction of the requirements for residence and attendance for the degree of Master of Arts.

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy differ from those established for the degree of Master of Arts (which is not necessary for the acquisition of the doctor’s degree) not only as regards the amount of work, but as regards its character. In the minor subjects the difference is chieﬂy quantitative, and double the amount of work in attendance upon courses and in collateral reading will in most cases prepare the candidate for the ﬁnal test. The detailed regulations of each Department under which the candidate expects to study must be ascertained from the head of that Department. As regards the major subject the practice of the University has recently been stated in legislative form by the University Council as follows:

The general examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will not be conﬁned to the courses which the candidate has attended in Columbia University or elsewhere, or even to the ﬁeld covered by such courses. The candidate is expected to show a satisfactory grasp of his major subject as a whole, and a general acquaintance with the broader ﬁeld of knowledge of which this subject forms a part.

Examination. The general examination for the doctor’s degree is oral, and is conducted by the professors in charge of the candidate’s major and minor subjects, in the presence of the Faculty or of so many of its members as are designated or may desire to attend.

Language Requirement. The candidate for the doctor’s degree must show his ability to read French and German. When his major subject lies in the Faculty of Political Science or in the Faculty of Philosophy, ability to read Latin also is usually demanded.

The Dissertation. The candidate for the doctor’s degree must also present an acceptable dissertation embodying the results of his investigation of some The topic bearing closely upon his principal subject of study, and must defend this dissertation before the members of the Faculty or so many of them as may be designated or may desire to attend. The dissertation must be printed and 150 copies deposited with the Registrar of the University before the degree is conferred. In cases where the cost to the candidate is excessive, the number of copies to be deposited may be lessened by special vote of the Committee on Higher Degrees. Further formal requirements, established by the University Council, are as follows:

On the title-page of every such dissertation shall be printed the words: “Submitted in partial fulﬁlment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of ——, Columbia University. ”

Each dissertation shall contain upon its title-page the full name of the author; the full title of the dissertation; the year of imprint, and, if a reprint, the title, volume, and pagination of the publication from which it was reprinted; and there shall be printed and appended to each dissertation a statement of the educational institutions that the author has attended, and a list of the degrees and honors conferred upon him, as well as the titles of his previous publications.

As regards the order of time in which these requirements must be met, and as regards certain other details, the regulations and practice of the several Faculties are somewhat different.

Special Faculty Regulations. In the Faculty of Pure Science, ability to read Latin is not required. In the Faculty of Political Science this requirement may be waived when the professor in charge of the candidate’s major subject certiﬁes that ability to read Latin is not necessary for the prosecution of the candidate’s researches. In the Faculty of Philosophy also the requirement may be waived on such a certiﬁcation from the professor in charge of the major subject, but only when the major subject is psychology, anthropology, or education.

In the Faculty of Philosophy, the ability of the candidate to read French, German, and Latin (if required) must be certiﬁed by the heads of these Departments, and the examinations in these languages must be passed at least one academic year before the candidate may present himself for the oral examination on his subjects. In the Faculties of Political Science and of Pure Science, ability to read the required languages is certiﬁed by the Dean, on the report of such examiners as he may designate. In the Faculty of Political Science, the examination on the required languages may be taken a year in advance of the examination on subjects, and‘ candidates are advised to take it at such earlier time, but they are permitted to take it at the same time with the examination on subjects. In the Faculty of Pure Science, the examination on languages and that on subjects are held at the same time.

In none of the Faculties is a candidate admitted to the ﬁnal examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy except upon recommendation of the professor who has approved the topic selected for his dissertation and of the other professors in charge of his major and minor subjects. In the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, it is also requisite that the dissertation, in its completed state, should have been deﬁnitely approved. In these two Faculties the ﬁnal examination on the major and minor subjects and the defence of the dissertation must take place at the same time, but it is not required that the dissertation shall have been printed before it is defended. In the Faculty of Political Science the candidate may be admitted to examination upon his major and minor subjects before the dissertation is completed, in case the professor under whose direction he is prosecuting his investigations judges that these have been carried to such a point that a satisfactory dissertation will probably be produced. In this Faculty, the candidate is not admitted to the ﬁnal test, the defence of the dissertation, until the dissertation has been submitted in printed form.

Before the candidate is admitted to the ﬁnal oral examination in his subjects, he may be subjected to such other examinations, oral or written, as may be required by the several Departments under which he has taken subjects, and at such times as they may prescribe; and the admission of the candidate to the ﬁnal examination depends on the result of these previous examinations.

Divisional Requirements. The Divisional Announcements contain full statements of the specific requirements of the several Divisions in regard to examinations. In case of doubt the candidate should confer with the heads of the Departments concerned. The candidate who fails to secure full and precise information on all such points neglects his duty at his own risk.

Application for Examination. Applications for the ﬁnal oral examinations must be made on special forms to be procured from the Registrar. They must be ﬁled with the Registrar at least three months before one of the three dates at which diplomas are issued (viz., the ﬁrst week of October and of February respectively, and the annual commencement), in order to secure examination before that date. In the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, in which the completion of the dissertation is required before admission to the examination on subjects, the complete dissertation should be submitted (preferably in typewritten form) to the Dean not later than March 1, and must be so submitted by April 1, if the candidate desires to receive the degree at the following Commencement. In the Faculty of Political Science, candidates who have previously passed the general examination on subjects may submit printed dissertations even later than April 1, if application for admission to the defence of the dissertation has been made on that date; and if copies of the printed dissertation be submitted two weeks before the date set for its defence, and all other conditions have been fulﬁlled, the degree may be conferred at the following Commencement. All applications for the general examination must be handed to the Registrar, for transmission to the Dean of the Faculty in which the candidate’s major subject lies, and must be accompanied by the candidate’s registration- book, properly signed and attested. All fees, including the examination-fee, must be paid and the Bursar’s receipt shown to the Dean before the arrangements are made for the examination.

The Oral Examination. The oral examination in the major and minor subjects is never divided, not even when the candidate has subjects under more than one Faculty. In this case the examination is held under the auspices of the Faculty in which the candidate’s major subject lies, With the co-operation of members of the other Faculty delegated for the purpose. When a dissertation, as not unfrequently happens, touches on matters that fall within the jurisdiction of Departments in more than one Faculty, it is customary for the Dean of the examining Faculty to invite members of the other Faculty or Faculties interested to be present at the time when the dissertation is criticised and defended.

Recommendation and Award. When all these requirements have been successfully met, the candidate is recommended to the University Council, and (if the requisite number of printed copies of the dissertation have been deposited with the Registrar of the University) the Council, acting through the Committee on Higher Degrees, recommends to the President of the University that the degree of Doctor of Philosophy be awarded. Such recommendation may be made at any time during the academic year, but degrees are publicly conferred only at the annual Commencement.

In the endeavor to prepare himself to meet the formal requirements above outlined, the student will ﬁnd the following explanations and suggestions of value:

Suggestions as to Language Requirements. As regards the language requirements, it has been noted that in the Faculty of Political Science the examination may be postponed, and that in the Faculty of Pure Science it is usually postponed, until the time of the examination on the major and minor subjects. It is strongly recommended, however, that the student who is unable to read the required languages with ease should take the earliest opportunity of supplementing this defect in his preparation. In many subjects he cannot use the sources without acquaintance with Latin, and in hardly any subject can he use the necessary modern literature without ability to read French and German. Students whose preparation is defective in any of these languages will ﬁnd reading courses provided in Columbia College or Barnard College, to which they are admitted without additional fee. Courses of this character are also provided for students who ﬁnd other ancient or modern languages necessary for their researches.

The Faculty of Philosophy, as stated above, does not admit students to full candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy until the language examinations have been passed, and this must be done a full academic year before the candidates may come up for the ﬁnal examination, i.e., if the candidate intends to come up in May, by the ﬁrst week of the preceding October, and sooner in proportion if the candidate wishes to take the ﬁnal examinations earlier in the academic year.

As regards the character of the linguistic examinations it should be noted that acquaintance with the required languages is demanded, not, as in undergraduate work, from the point of view of general culture, but strictly from the utilitarian point of view. It is necessary, for example, that the mathematical student should be able to read French and German mathematical literature, and that the student of economics should be able to read the economic literature published in these languages. The student of European history must be able to read chronicles, treatises, and laws written in Latin, and the student of philosophy should be able to read mediaeval philosophical writings in the Latin in which they were written. It is not requisite, however, that any of these students shall be able to pass such examinations in Latin, French, or German as may properly be imposed upon those who are specializing in the ﬁeld of philology or of belles-lettres.

As to Preparation for Examination. As regards preparation for the general examination, candidates are warned against restricting themselves to the minimum of courses prescribed by the Departments in which they are working. It is often advisable, by way of supplement, to take one or more courses of lectures quite outside the ﬁelds covered by the subjects, and possibly under another Faculty. Very extensive private reading is almost always necessary, not only in connection with the courses taken and with the writing of the dissertation, but for general preparation. On all such points the advice of professors must be freely sought.

Choice of Topic for Dissertation. In particular, the choice of a topic for the dissertation should receive the most careful consideration; it should be made neither too early, before the student is well informed upon the general outlines and bearings of his major subject, nor so late as to result in a hurried treatment. Often a topic is suggested by the professor in charge of the subject or by some other instructor; sometimes the student’s own reading or experiments will indicate a suitable one; but in every case the approval of the topic rests with the professor in charge of the major subject.

The dissertation must be founded on the author’s own investigations, and must embody a real contribution to the knowledge of the topic or topics treated in it. No amount of erudition displayed in a dissertation will ensure its acceptance if the condition stated here be not fulﬁlled.

Consultation with Instructors. It may be noted that the most promising topics for investigation are often suggested by a combination of subjects lying under different Departments or even different Faculties. Many of the recognized ﬁelds of science are mere clearings, and pioneer work is needed between them. But even where a topic apparently lies entirely in the ﬁeld of one Faculty or in that of one Division or Department, its investigation often suggests excursions into neighboring territory. In such cases the student should bear in mind that he is entitled to information and counsel, not only from the instructor under whose immediate direction he is prosecuting his researches, nor only from the instructors whose lectures he is attending, but from any instructor in the University; and no serious student will ﬁnd that such an application is taken as intrusive. In the ﬁeld of research, instructors and students are co-laborers.

Professor in Charge of Investigations. The immediate direction of the investigation always pertains to a single professor in the Department in which the candidate’s major subject lies. To this professor the candidate should report from time to time and submit the completed dissertation, preferably in typewritten form, for preliminary judgment. The ﬁnal acceptance of the dissertation occurs only after its formal defence.

Printing of Dissertation. The printing of the dissertation, whether this precedes the defence, as is required by the Faculty of Political Science, or follows the defence, as is permitted by the Faculties of Philosophy and of Pure Science, is placed by the rules or custom of the several Faculties under the direction of the Dean or of the professor who has directed the candidate’s investigations. In every case there is some one authority through whose hands the proof- sheets must pass.

Under the rule of the Faculty of Political Science, noticed above, which permits the oral examination on subjects to be separated from the defence of the dissertation, it is possible and not unusual for candidates to complete, after the expiration of their academic residence, a dissertation which they have carried to a satisfactory stage of development during residence. The candidates who avail themselves of this privilege should remember that the rules above stated regarding the submission of the completed dissertation, preferably in typewritten form, and, after its provisional approval, the submission of the proof- sheets, continue to apply; and that disregard of these rules may entail the rejection of the printed dissertation or the reprinting of certain portions thereof. Strictly speaking, independent publication is not prohibited, but it involves unnecessary risk, and often unnecessary expense, to the candidate himself.

Series, Journals, etc. When a dissertation is accepted for publication in a scientiﬁc series or journal, edited at Columbia University or elsewhere, or in the memoirs of a scientiﬁc society, or when it is accepted and printed by a general publisher, the same practice should be followed, i.e., the proof-sheets should be sent to the professor in charge of the candidate’s investigations or to the Dean, as the rule or custom of the different Faculties may require. In all such cases the candidate must secure a sufficient number of reprints for deposit with the University, and these reprints must be furnished with the special title-page and the supplementary vita or outline of the candidate’s scholastic record which are required by the regulations of the University Council.

Size of Dissertation. No deﬁnite rule as to the extent or size of a dissertation can be laid down; a mathematical or chemical dissertation may well embody important results in 20 or 30 pages, while one on a philological or historical topic may well demand 100 or more pages. One of the mistakes most frequently made by students is the selection of too broad a topic. If then the original plan is carried out, the dissertation becomes either too bulky or too sketchy. It is likely in either case to include so much that is well known that any real contributions to knowledge which it contains are obscured. When the student perceives that he has made such a mistake, he should ask himself in what direction he has obtained results which seem new and important, and he should so narrow his plan of treatment as to conﬁne himself to this part of his ﬁeld.

Style of Dissertation. The completed dissertation must be written in a clear and acceptable style. “Fine writing ” is not expected or desired, but a slovenly style of composition, or inaccuracies of expression, will operate to the rejection of a dissertation. Technical terms must, of course, be used, and new technical terms must be coined when they are necessary, i.e., when the facts to be stated or the ideas to be presented cannot be expressed in terms intelligible to the layman without sacriﬁce of accuracy or without awkward circumlocution. The need of using technical terms, like the need of using other than verbal symbols, varies greatly in different sciences. In dealing with subjects which can be made intelligible to the layman, the use of technical terms should be avoided whenever this is possible. Above all, the candidate should eschew the not uncommon practice of giving a false air of profundity to a very simple statement by the use of Greek or Latin compounds when English words are adequate; and he should not fancy that a distinction which is of no importance becomes a contribution to science when expressed in novel technical terms which may not be needed.

Period of Candidacy. Reviewing the matters above set forth, the student will perceive that it is impossible to ﬁx upon any deﬁnite number of years as the normal time within which the degree of Doctor of Philosophy should be attained. The regulations demand a minimum period of two years of graduate study, one of which must be spent at this University, before the candidate may be admitted to the general examinations for the degree. It has been found by experience that only an exceptionally gifted student, who has devoted the later years of his undergraduate course largely to studies in the line of his subsequent graduate work, can properly prepare himself for examination on his major and minor subjects within this period; and even in such cases it has rarely happened that a satisfactory dissertation has been completed and printed before the end of a third year. In the great majority of cases three full years of work in residence at Columbia University or elsewhere have been found necessary; and in many cases where a difficult investigation has been undertaken even the best students have been unable to complete the dissertation within three years.

Credit from elsewhere for Residence. Candidates who have spent one or more years in graduate study in other universities should note that the credit given for such work is credit for time of residence only. The acquisition of the master’s degree, at Columbia University or elsewhere, or other certiﬁcation of courses successfully accomplished and examinations passed, does not exempt the candidate from any part of the examination on his subjects.

As regards the maximum period of candidacy the following regulations have been adopted by the University Council:

No person may continue to be a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1) for more than three years after residence at Columbia University has ceased; or (2) for more than six years from the time of initial registration for a higher degree.

Lapse of Candidacy and Restoration. The Committee on Higher Degrees has power to restore to candidacy persons whose time has elapsed under either of the foregoing rules; but this is done only on presentation of cogent reasons, and only for a limited period. The candidate who overruns either of the above periods will act most wisely and in not petitioning for an extension of time until his Restoration dissertation is so nearly completed that he can safely promise its submission before a deﬁnite date; for if he exceeds the extended period a request for a second extension of time is unlikely to be favorably regarded. It will also be advisable for him to obtain from the professor under whose direction he has been working a statement that his dissertation promises to be satisfactory.

Ph. D Association. All men who have received the degree of doctor of philosophy from Columbia University are eligible to membership in the Association of Doctors of Philosophy of Columbia University. The objects of the association are to bring the holders of the degree of doctor of philosophy together socially, to keep them in touch with the University and with one another, and to promote the best interests of the doctorate, of the University, and of the members of the association. Three meetings are held each year,—two during the winter and one at Commencement time. A room in East Hall has been set aside for the use of the Association.

Source: Columbia University. Bulletin of Information. Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy and Pure Science: Instruction for Candidates for the Degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, 1908-10. pp. 7-23.

Amherst Brown Bryn Mawr Columbia Cornell Harvard Indiana Johns Hopkins Michigan Nebraska Pennsylvania Princeton Smith Vassar Wellesley Williams Yale

Economics Courses at 17 U.S. Colleges and Universities 1890-91

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-06

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE,
AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
[1890-91]

Amherst College
Brown University
Bryn Mawr College
Columbia College
Cornell University
Harvard University
Johns Hopkins University
Indiana University
University of Michigan
University of Nebraska
College of New Jersey (Princeton)
University of Pennsylvania
Smith College
Vassar College
Wellesley College
Williams College
Yale University

AMHERST COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

History.—The first course extends through Junior year. It begins with an introductory outline of ancient history, in which the aim is acquaintance with the contributions of each period and people to general civilization. In the fuller study of mediaeval and modern history which follows the same aim is pursued. The political development of England and the United States receives particular attention. The second course extends through the first and second terms of Senior year. Its theme is the political and constitutional history of the United States. In each course the means of instruction are text-books, lectures, regular and frequent examinations, abstracts and essays upon topics assigned each student.

Political Economy.—The course extends through Senior year. The first term is devoted to theoretical political economy ; the second to the Labor Question, Socialism, and the relations of the state to transportation; the third to Finance, the Principles of Taxation, Public Credit, and Tariffs.

International Law.—This study is one of the electives of the third term of Senior year.

The methods of instruction in political economy and international law are like those in history.
Annual tuition fee, full college course, $110.
No scholarships nor prizes in department above mentioned.

BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(4) Political and Constitutional History of European and American States during recent years. 3 hrs., first half-year, Seniors, Prof. Jameson.
(5) History of International Law during recent years. 3 hrs., second half-year, Seniors, Prof. Jameson.
And four Honor Courses.

POLITICAL ECONOMY

(1) Elementary Course. 3 hrs., first half-year, Seniors, Mr. Fisher.
(2) Advanced Course. 3 hrs., second half-year, Seniors, Mr. Fisher.
And Honor Courses.

Tuition fee, $100.
The University has about one hundred scholarships, details concerning which can be learned from the Registrar.

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, BRYN MAWR, PA. (For Women.)

Programme for 1891 includes:

POLITICAL SCIENCE:
MINOR COURSE.

First Semester.—Political Economy.
Second Semester.—Political Institutions.

MAJOR COURSE.

First Semester.—Advanced Political Economy, Administration.
Second Semester.—International Law, and in alternate years Political Theories.

GRADUATE COURSE INCLUDES:

Modern Theories of Sociology. Franklin H. Giddings, Associate in Political Science.

Tuition irrespective of number courses attended, $100 a year.
Five fellowships are awarded annually, none, however, in foregoing studies. They entitle the holder to free tuition, a furnished room in the college buildings, and $350 yearly.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY.

University Faculty of Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(1) Mediaeval History. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Dunning.
(2) Modern History to 1815. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Goodnow.
(3) Modern History since 1815. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(4) Political and Constitutional History of Europe. 4 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Burgess.
(5) Political and Constitutional History of England to 1688. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Osgood.
(6) Political and Constitutional History of England since 1688. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Osgood.
(7) Political and Constitutional History of the United States. 4 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Burgess.
(8) History of New York State. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Mr. Whitridge.
(9) History of the Relations Between England and Ireland, 1 hour through the year, Prof. Dunning.
(10) Historical and Political Geography. 1 hour through the year, Prof. Goonnow
(11) Seminarium in European History. 2 hours through the year, Prof. Osgood.
(12) Seminarium in American History. 2 hours through the year. Prof. Burgess.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(1) Elements of Political Economy. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Osgood.
(2) Historical and Practical Political Economy. 3 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(3) History of Economic Theories. 2 hours through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(4) Socialism and Communism. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(5) Science of Finance. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(6) Financial History of the United States. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(7) Tariff History of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Prof. Seligman.
(8) State and Local Taxation. 1 hour per week through the year, Dr. Spahr.
(9) Statistics, Methods, and Results. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(10) Railroad Problems. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(11) Ethnology. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.
(12) Seminarium in Political Economy. 2 hours per week through the year, Profs. R. M. Smith and Seligman.
(13) Seminarium in Finance. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Seligman.
(14) Seminarium in Social Science and Statistics. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. R. M. Smith.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

(1) Comparative Constitutional Law of Europe and the United States. 3 hours per week. Prof. Burgess.
(2) Comparative Constitutional Law of the Commonwealths of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Dr. Bernheim.
(3) Administrative Organization and the Civil Service of Europe and the United States. 3 hours per week, 1st session, Prof. Goodnow.
(4) Administrative Action: Police Power, Education, Public Charity, Transportation, etc. 3 hours a week, 2d session. Prof. Goodnow.
(5) Local Government. 2 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Goodnow.
(6) Municipal Government. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Goodnow.
(7) Law of Taxation. 1 hour through the year, Prof. Goodnow.
(8) City and State Politics. 1 hour per week through the year, Dr. Bernheim.
(9) Seminarium in Constitutional Law. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Burgess.
(10) Seminarium in Administrative Law. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Goodnow.

DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

(1) General History of Diplomacy. 2 hours per week, 1st session, Pi of. Burgess.
(2) Diplomatic History of the United States. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Dr. Bancroft.
(3) Principles of International Law. 2 hours per week, 2d session, Prof. Burgess.
(4) Seminarium in International Law. 2 hours per week through the year. Prof. Burgess and Dr. Bancroft.

LEGAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE.

(1) History of European Law to Justinian. 2 hours a week, 1st session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(2) History of European Law from Justinian to the present day. 2 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(3) Comparative Jurisprudence. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Munroe Smith.
(4) International Private Law. 1 hour per week through the year. Prof. Munroe Smith.
(5) Seminarium in Comparative Legislation. 2 hours a week through the year, Prof. Munroe Smith.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

(1) History of Political Theories, Ancient and Mediaeval. 3 hours a week, 1st session. Prof. Dunning.
(2) History of Modern Political Theories. 3 hours a week, 2d session, Prof. Dunning.
(3) Seminarium in Political Theories of the 19th Century. 2 hours per week through the year, Prof. Dunning.

Some of the foregoing courses are given only in alternate years. During 1891-92 several new courses will be offered in History and in Sociology.

The course of study covers three years. The degree of A. B. or Ph.B. is conferred at the end of the first year, A.M. at the end of the second, and Ph.D. at the end of the third.
Tuition fee $150 a year, reducible on application to $100. Tuition fee for special courses, $10 for each one-hour course. Twenty-four University Fellowships of $500 each with free tuition, designed to foster original research, are awarded to advanced students in the University. A proportionate number are allotted to the Faculty of Political Science. Four additional fellowships of $250 each, with free tuition, are awarded annually to advanced students of Political Science. Three prize lectureships of $500 each for three years are awarded to graduates in Political Science.

For further information address the Registrar.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(4) Political and Social History of Europe During the Middle Ages. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(5) Political and Social History of Europe from the Renaissance to the French Revolution. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(6) Political and Social History of England from the Saxon Invasion to the Close of the Napoleonic Wars. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Burr.
(7) Political, Social, and Constitutional History of Europe from Beginning of French Revolution of 1789 to the Franco-German War of 1870. 1 hr. thrice a week. Several lectures in this course from ex-Pres. White and Pres. Adams.
(12) American Constitutional History and American Constitutional Law. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Tyler.
(13) American Historical Seminary for Seniors and Graduates, and for Juniors and Seniors. The original investigation of subjects in American Constitutional History. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Tyler.
(14) History of Institutions. Fall term: General principles of political organization. Winter term: Growth of the English Constitution. Spring term: Methods of municipal administration. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(15) International Law and History of Diplomacy. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(16) Literature of Political Science. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Tuttle.
(17) General Seminary. Study, from the sources, of obscure political and historical questions. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Tuttle.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(19) Elementary course. Principles of Political Economy. Banking. Financial Legislation of the United States. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Laughlin.
(20) Advanced Course. Discussion of economic writers and systems. Investigation of current economic topics: Bimetallism, Shipping, Railway Transportation. 1 hr. twice a week. Prof. Laughlin.
(21) History of Tariff Legislation of the United States. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Laughlin.
(22) Economic seminary. hrs. a week, Prof. Laughlin.

SOCIAL SCIENCE.

(26) Social Science, including the History and Management of Charitable and Penal Institutions. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Collin.

Tuition fee, $125 a year.

Fellowships, eight in number, yielding $400 for one year, or in cases of remarkable merit for two years, are offered for high proficiency in advanced study, without special reference to foregoing departments.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Department of Political Economy, 1890-91, includes:

PRIMARILY FOR UNDERGRADUATES

(1) First half-year: Mill’s Principles of Political Economy. Second half-year: Division A (Theoretical)—Mill’s Principles of Political Economy. Cairnes’ Leading Principles of Political Economy. Division B (Descriptive)—Money, Finance, Railroads; Social Questions; Laughlin’s History of Bimetallism. Dunbar’s Chapters on Banking. Hadley’s Railroad Transportation. Lectures. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Taussig, assisted by Mr, Cole.

All students in Course 1 will have the same work during the first half-year, but will be required in January to make their election between Divisions A and B for the second half- year. The work in Division A is required for admission to Course 2.

(4) Economic History of Europe and America since the Seven Years’ War. Lectures and written work. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Dunbar, assisted by Mr. Cole.

COURSES FOR GRADUATES AND UNDERGRADUATES.

(2) History of Economic Theory. Examination of Selections from Leading Writers. Socialism. 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Taussig and Mr. Brooks.
(3) Investigation and Discussion of Practical Economic Questions. 1 hr. twice a week (first half-year), counting as a half course, Mr. Brooks.
(6) History of Tariff Legislation in the United States. Half course. 1 hr. thrice a week (second half-year). Asst. Prof. Taussig.
(8) History of Financial Legislation in the United States. 1 hr. twice a week (second half-year), counting as a half-course, Prof. Dunbar.
(7) Public Finance and Banking. Leroy-Beaulieu’s Science des Finances. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Dunbar.
(9) Railway Transportation. 1 hr. twice a week (second half-year), counting as a half- course, Asst. Prof. Taussig.

PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES.

(20) Courses of Research.—Advanced Study and Research. Prof. Dunbar and Asst. Prof. Taussig.

Department of History, 1890-91, includes among Courses for Undergraduates:

(2) Constitutional Government (elementary course). Half course. 1 hr. thrice a week (first half-year), Prof. Macvane.
(9) Constitutional History of England to the Sixteenth Century. 1 hr. thrice a week, Dr. Gross.
(13) Constitutional and Political History of the United States (1783-1861). 1 hr. thrice a week, Asst. Prof. Hart.
(15) Elements of International Law. History of Treaties. 1 hr. thrice a week, Dr. Snow.
(22) Constitutional History of England to the Tudor Period, with attention to the sources. Dr. Gross.
(25) English Constitutional History from the Tudor Period to the Accession of George I. Mr. Bendelari.
(26) History of American Institutions to 1783. Asst. Prof. Channing.
(27) Constitutional Development of the United States. Discussion of Constitutional principles in connection with historical questions. Asst. Prof. Hart.
(29) Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George I. Second half- year. Prof. Macvane and Asst. Prof. Channing.
(30) Federal Government: historical and comparative. 1 hr. thrice a week (first half- year), Asst. Prof. Hart.
(31) Leading Principles of Constitutional Law: selected cases, American and English. 1 hr. thrice a week (second half-year), Prof. Macvane.
(32) The Historical Development of International Law. Dr. Snow.

And among Courses of Research:
(20b) The History of Local Government During the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain: Seminary. Dr. Gross.
(20c) English History in the Period of the Long Parliament: Seminary. Mr. Bendelari.

The full annual tuition fee of a graduate student is $150. If a student has a degree in Arts, Letters, or Science, he enters the Graduate School, and finds any Courses in Political Science open to him which there is prima facie reason to suppose him prepared to take. If he has no degree he must apply for admission as a Special Student. Good cases are always favorably acted upon. The tuition fees of special students are: For any full elective course, $45; for a half course, $25 a year.

Among Fellowships are: One having income $450, for the study of Political Economy; another, income $500, for the study of Social Science; another, income $450, for the study of Ethics in its relation to Jurisprudence or to Sociology; another, income $450, assigned to students of Constitutional or International Law.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD.

Department of History and Politics, 1890-91, includes:

GRADUATE AND ADVANCED COURSES.

(1) The Seminary of History and Politics for original investigation in American Institutional, educational, economic, and social history. Two hours weekly through the year, Dr. Herbert B. Adams.
(2) Early History of Institutions and Greek Politics. Two hours weekly, first half year. Dr. Herbert B. Adams.
(3) History of Prussia, devoting particular attention to the economic, administrative, and educational reforms instituted by Baron vom Stein. Herbert B. Adams.
(4) Lectures on Historical and Comparative Jurisprudence. Two hours weekly, through the year, Mr. Emmott.
(5) Finance and Taxation, giving special attention to taxation in American states and cities, and reviewing the tariff legislation of the United States. Two hours weekly, through the year, Dr. R. T. Ely.
(6) Economic Conference. Three out of four of these treat Adam Smith and his English and Scotch predecessors. The fourth is devoted to recent economic periodical literature. One evening each week, Dr. R. T. Ely.
(7) Dr. Woodrow Wilson gives twenty-five lectures upon Administration, beginning a new three-year series. The lectures of 1891 cover general questions of Public Law as connected with Administration, and examine the question of a professional civil service.
(8) Mr. J. M. Vincent lectures on courses of history and science of historical investigation.
(9) Dr. C. L. Smith lectures on social science.

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES.

(1) Greek and Roman History. Three hours weekly, from January until June.
(2) Outlines of European History (substitute for Course 1). Three hours weekly, from January until June, with Dr. C. L. Smith.
(3) History, Minor course: Herodotus and Thucydides, in translation. Weekly through the year, with a classical instructor.
(4) History, Minor course: Livy and Tacitus, in the original. Four times weekly, with classical instructors.
(5) History, Major course: Church History; Mediaeval and Modern Europe. Daily through the year, with Dr. Adams and Dr. C. L. Smith.
(6) Political Science, Minor course: introduction to Political Economy. Daily through the year, with Dr. Ely.
(7) Political Science, Major course: International Law and Diplomatic History; English and American Constitutional History. Daily, with Dr. Adams and Mr. Emmott.

Fee for tuition, Full University Course, $125 a year. Special students, not candidates for a degree, can follow certain courses, not exceeding five lectures weekly (of which a list may be seen in Treasurer’s office), on payment of $50 a year.

Twenty Fellowships, each yielding $500, but not exempting holder from charges for tuition, are annually awarded in the University. These are bestowed almost exclusively on young men desirous of becoming teachers of science and literature, or who propose to devote their lives to special branches of learning. There are also twenty scholarships of $200 each annually; and in addition, scholarships for candidates from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and the District of Columbia, details concerning which are given in the University Register.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, IND.

Department of History, Economics and Social Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.
PROF. EARL BARNES.

English Constitution and its History. 1st and 2d terms, daily.
History of the Constitution of the United States, 1774-1789. 1st term, daily.
American Political History, 1789-1890. Politics and Administration. 2d term, daily.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
PROF. J. W. JENKS.

Political Economy. 3 times a week, 1st and 2d terms.
Politics, elementary. Twice a week, 1st and 2d terms.
History of Political Economy. 5 times a week, 3d term.
Introduction to Sociology. 3 times a week, 1st term.
Introductory Course in Statistics. Twice a week, 1st term.
Social Problems. 5 times a week, 2d term.
History of Political Ideas. 5 times a week, 3d term.
Comparative Politics. Daily, 1st term.
Finance. 3 times a week, 2d and 3d terms.
Economic Seminary, for advanced students. Once a week, two-hour sessions.

Tuition free. A silver medal is offered annually by the Cobden Club, London, for the best work in Political Economy, Senior Class.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR.

Departments of Political Economy, International Law, History, and Philosophy, 1890-91, includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY
First Semester.

(1) Principles of Political Economy. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Adams.
(3) Principles of the Science of Finance. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Adams.
(5) History of Economic Thought. 1 hr. a week, Prof. Adams.
(9) Seminary in Economics. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Adams.
(11) Foreign Relations of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Mr. Hicks.

Second Semester.

(2) Unsettled Questions in Political Economy. 1 hr. thrice a week, Prof. Adams.
(4) Social and Industrial Reforms. 1 hr. twice a week, Prof. Adams.
(6) Tariff Legislation in the United States. 1 hr. a week, Mr. Hicks.
(10) Seminary in Economics. 2 hrs. a week, Prof. Adams.
(12) Foreign Relations of the United States. 2 hrs. a week, Mr. Hicks.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.
First Semester.

(1) Lectures on International Law. 1 hr. twice a week, Pres. Angell.

Second Semester.

(2) History of Treaties. 1 hr. twice a week, Pres. Angell.

HISTORY.
First Semester.

(3) Constitutional History of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(5) Constitutional Law of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(11) Seminary. Constitutional History of the United States. 2 hrs. a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

(12) Comparative Constitutional Law. 3 hrs. a week, Prof. Hudson.

Second Semester.

(1) Political and Constitutional History of England. 1 hr. thrice a week, Mr. McPherson.

(4) Constitutional History of the United States. 1 hr. twice a week, Asst. Prof. Laughlin.

PHILOSOPHY.
Second Semester.

(13) Seminary. Studies in the History of Political Philosophy. Prof. Dewey.

The fees are: matriculation, for citizens of Michigan, $10; for others, $25. Annual fee in the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, in which foregoing studies are included, $20 for citizens of Michigan, $30 for others.

No scholarships. The one fellowship is for proficiency in Greek and Latin.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN.

Department of Economic and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

(1) Political Economy: General study of the subject, with the use of some text as Walker, Ely, or Andrews. Lectures on the character and history of the science, and on specific application of its principles to practical affairs. Topical reports from students required, and exercises assigned in the use of statistics. Junior or Senior Year; First and second terms, three hours.
(2) Taxation ; text and lectures. Junior or Senior Year: Third term, three hours.
(3) International Law: Outline study of the subject, with text. Third term, three hours.
(4) Municipal Administration: Comparative study of the City Governments of the present time, with especial reference to American practice in the administrative branches. First and second terms, two hours.
(5) Constitutional Law: A study of Cooley’s text-book, and lectures on the industrial bearings of the complex limitations imposed by our State and local constitutions. Third term, three hours.
(6) Private Corporations: First term, a comparative and historical view of corporation law in its economic aspects; second term, Railroad Problems; third term, Special reports on assigned topics involving original research. Whole year, two hours.
(7) Charities and Corrections: Lectures, study of reports of the State Boards and of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and visits to the charitable and penal institutions of the vicinity; third term, three hours.
(8) Methods of Legislating; A comparative view of the rules and practice of modern legislative assemblies, with special reference to the machinery of congressional and legislative action in the United States; first term, one hour,

All the above are taught by Associate Professor Warner. In the other departments Professor Kingsley offers a course in Anthropology, and many of the courses in History deal with the historical aspects of economic and industrial problems, and with the History of Institutions.

The terms of the year are respectively 14, 11, and 11 weeks. No scholarships. No fees.

COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PRINCETON, N. J.

Departments of History and Political Science, and Jurisprudence and Political Economy, 1890-91, include:

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.
PROF. SLOANE.

(7) Constitutional and Political History of England since 1688. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term. Open to Juniors and Seniors.
(8) American Political History. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Open to Juniors and Seniors.
(9) Comparative Politics. Origin and Theory of the State. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term. Open to Seniors.
(10) History of Political Theories. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Open to Seniors.
(11) Contrasts between Parliamentary and Congressional Governments. 2 hrs. a week, 1st or 2d term. Open to Graduate Students.

JURISPRUDENCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.
PROF. WOODROW WILSON.

(1) In Public Law, its evidence as to the nature of the state and as to the character and scope of political sovereignty. 2 hrs. a week, 1st term, alternate years. Junior and Senior elective.
(3) American Constitutional Law, state and federal. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term, alternate years. Junior and Senior elective.
(5) Administration. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term, alternate years. Senior elective, and open to Graduate Students.
(7) Political Economy: Elementary course. Walker’s Elementary Political Economy, and lectures. 2 hrs. a week, 2d term. Required of Juniors.
(8) Political Economy: Advanced course. 2 his. a week, 1st term. Senior elective.

Academic tuition fee, $100 per an.

Admission to special courses on terms detailed in College Catalogue, p. 26.

A fellowship of $500 annually is offered in Social Science. Several fellowships in other departments of the academic course are also offered.

Among prizes are: Annual interest on $1000 for best examination. Senior class, Political Science; same, Political Economy; $50, American Political History; annual interest on $1000, best debater, American Politics.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

(3) Constitution of the United States. 2 hrs. each week, Prof. Thompson.
(4) Political and Social History of Europe since 1760. 3 hrs., Mr. Cheyney.
(6) Economic and Social History of Europe singe 1789. 2 hrs., Mr. Cheyney.
(7) American Political and Social History, Colonial. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. McMaster.
(8) Church and State in America. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. Thompson.
(9) American Political and Social History (Washington to Jackson). 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. McMaster.
(10) Economic History of the United States. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Thompson.
(13) American Political and Social History (1825-1889). 4 hrs., 1st term, Prof. McMaster.
(14) American Constitutional History (1776-1889). 3 hrs., 2d term. Prof. McMaster.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

(1) Political Economy, elementary. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. Patten.
(2) Currency and Banking. 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Patten.
(3) Social Science. 2 hrs., Prof. Thompson.
(4) Social Science, advanced. 3 hrs., 1st term. Prof. Thompson.
(5) Political Economy, advanced, 3 hrs., 1st term. Prof. Patten.
(6) Political Economy, History of. 3 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Patten.
(7) Revenue System in the United States and leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(8) History and Theories of. Public Finance, especially of Taxation. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. James.
(9) Statistics. 2 hrs., 2d term, Dr. Falkner.

PUBLIC LAW AND POLITICS.

(1) Constitution of the United States. 3 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(2) State Constitutional Law. 2 hrs., 2d term. Dr. Thorpe.
(3) History and Theory of the State. 1 hr., 2d term, Prof. James.
(4) Constitutions of leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. James.
(5) Public Administration in the United States. 2 hrs., 1st term, Prof. James.
(6) Public Administration in leading foreign countries. 2 hrs., 2d term, Prof. Jamss.

SEMINARIES.

(1) In Political Science. Prof. James.
(2) In Political Economy. Prof. Patten.

Fees, $150 a year for undergraduate work, and the same for graduate work without the fee for examination for advanced degree.

Five honorary scholarships are granted to graduates of any reputable American college; these make free all instruction in the graduate work of the University relating to subjects studied in the Wharton School.

The Wharton School is a unique endeavor to introduce a business course into the body of advanced college work, to make the college mean at least as much to the business man as to the professional classes.

SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASS. (For Women.)

Course for 1890-91 includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, ETC.
PROF. J. B. CLARK.

Political Economy, Lectures, with use of Laughlin’s Political Economy and Clark’s Philosophy of Wealth. Senior year, fall term.
Political Economy and Political Science, with special readings. Winter term
Political History of the United States, and Political Economy, Lectures. Summer term.

Tuition fee for all students, regular, special and graduate, $100 a year.

Annual scholarships of $50 and $100 each have been established to assist meritorious students.

VASSAR COLLEGE, POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. (For Women.)

The Department of History and Economics, 1890-91, includes:

In the Senior year an advanced course is offered for the critical study of the origin and development of the English and American constitutions and a comparative study of the existing political institutions of the two countries.

In American history the work includes the study of the government of the individual colonies, the different attempts, to form a union, and the adoption of the present constitution.

(1) Principles of Economics. Recitations from Walker’s Political Economy and Jevons’ Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. First semester, elect for Seniors. Associate Professor Mills.
(2) Advanced Course. Special topics. Lectures and investigation. Second semester, elective for Seniors who have had Course 1. Associate Professor Mills.

Tuition, day students, $115 a year.

Several scholarships are offered, particulars of which are given in Calendar.

WELLESLEY COLLEGE, WELLESLEY, MASS. (For Women).

The Department of History, Political Science, and Political Economy, 1889-90, includes:

HISTORY.

(1) Political History of England and the United States: England, first semester; United States, second semester.

(4) Constitutional History of England and United States: England, first semester, Coman’s Outlines; United States, second semester. Hart’s Outlines.

(6) Political Science: lectures on Grecian and Roman methods of government, twice a week, first semester; lectures on the history of political institutions, twice a week, second semester.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(1) Economic Science, first semester. Authorities, Mill, Marshall, Walker.

(2) Economic and Social Problems, second semester. Lectures and special topics.

No text-books are used. Each class is provided with printed outlines, and adequate references to the best authorities. Lectures are given where guidance is needed, but the student is made responsible for a large amount of independent library work.

Tuition, $150 a year.

There are more than twenty scholarships, details of which are given in calendar.

WILLIAMS COLLEGE, WILLIAMSTOWN, MASS.

Department of Political Economy and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

Political Economy is a prescribed study, running through the 2d and 3d terms (33 weeks). 3 times a week, Prof. A. L. Perry.
Political Science is an elective study, running through all the terms beginning with the 1st of Junior Year. The basis of instruction is the text of the Constitution, interpreted in the light of decisions of the Supreme Court. Prof, A. L. Perry.
In 3d term of Senior Year two hours a week are given to Sociology. Prof. J. Bascom.

History includes principles and methods of historical study as applied to the politics and institutions of Europe.

Fee for tuition, per year, $105.

Perry prizes, $50 and $25 respectively, are awarded in History and Political Science.

The Cobden Club, of London, offers a silver medal annually for the highest proficiency in Political Economy.

YALE UNIVERSITY, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Departments of Political Science and Law and History, 1890-91, include:

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

(10) Political Economy, its elements, recent financial history of the United States, with lectures on elementary principles. 2 hrs., both terms. Prof. Sumner.
(11) Political Economy. A one-year course planned to give a comprehensive knowledge of essentials to those whose chief interest lies in other departments of study. 3 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.

(Courses 12 to 15 are open only to those who have taken Course 10.)

(12) Advanced Political Economy. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.
(13) Finance. 1 hr., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner
(14) School of Political Economy, for those who make this their chief study during the year. Prof. Sumner and Dr. Schwab.
(15) Social Science, an elementary course. 1 hr., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Sumner.
(16) Industrial History of the United States since 1850. Open only to those who have already studied Political Economy. 2 hrs., first term (Seniors), Prof. Hadley.
(17) Modern Economic Theories. 2 hrs., 2d term (Seniors), Prof. Hadley.

LAW.

(18) Includes constitutional and international law. Open only to those who take Course 19. 2 hrs., 2d term (Seniors), Prof. Phelps.
(19) Jurisprudence. Includes law in its relation to the origin, development and government of political society, nature and origin of legal rights, and principles of the law governing rights in land. 2 hrs., 1st term (Seniors), Prof. Robinson.

HISTORY.

(20) History of Europe since 1789, mainly political. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Wheeler.
(21) English History, political and constitutional. 3 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. Wheeler.
(22) American History. In the national period special attention is given to the rise and progress of political parties. 2 hrs., both terms (Juniors), Prof. C. H. Smith.
(23) American History. Study of the Constitution and Supreme Court interpretations. 2 hrs., both terms (Seniors), Prof. C. H. Smith.
(24) Europe from 1520 to 1789. With special attention to political history. 2 hrs., both terms, Prof. Adams.

The foregoing are among the elective courses. Juniors select nine hours per week, and Seniors select fifteen. The no. of hrs. specified means hrs. per week.

The fee for graduate instruction is generally $100 per annum, but may be more or less according to the course pursued. A variety of fellowships and prizes are offered, none, however, specifically in foregoing courses.

________________________

Source: The Society for Political Education. The Reader’s guide in Economic, Social and Political Science, being a classified bibliography, American, English, French and German, with descriptive notes, author, title and subject index, courses of reading, college courses, etc., R. R. Bowker and George Iles, eds. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891, pp. 129-137.

Chicago Columbia Economists Michigan

Chicago, Columbia, Michigan. Henry Simons Coursework, 1916-1926

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-02-05

George Stigler’s research file for his paper “Henry Calvert Simons” (The Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1974), pp. 1-5) includes the following artifacts that provide us with a complete, or at least near complete, listing of undergraduate and graduate coursework of the “Crown Prince of that hypothetical kingdom, the Chicago school of economics” — Stigler wisecracking at the start of his otherwise serious biographical essay on Henry Simons.

The 1968 International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences biography of Simons.

_____________________________________

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

1513 LS&A Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

[June 1972]

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

RE: HENRY CALVERT SIMONS

The following are the descriptive titles of courses pursued, together with the hours of credit earned and grades received by Henry Calvert Simons while a student in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, of The University of Michigan. He was in attendance during the years 1916-1920.

Course	Descriptive Title	Semester Hours	Grade
	1916-20
Latin 1	Cicero, Essays	4	B
Latin 2	Livy. Book I or XXI. Plautus, Terence.	4	B
Latin 3	Horace	4	B
Latin 4b	The Letters of Pliny the Younger	2	B
French 1a	Elementary French for Juniors & Seniors	4	D
French 2a	Elementary French for Juniors & Seniors	4	B
Rhetoric 1	Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
Rhetoric 2	Continuation of Course 1	3	B
Rhetoric 3	Advanced Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
Rhetoric 4	Advanced Composition & Rhetoric	3	B
History W1	The Issues of the War; an exposition of the Causes & Significances of the Great War	3	B
Political Economy and Sociology
1	Elements of Political Economy, I	5	B
7	Essentials of Economic Theory	2	A
2	Elements of Political Economy, II	5	B
38	Principles of Accounting, I	4	A
37	Corporation Finance	2	A
6	Railway Problems	3	A
13b	Studies in Economic Theory	2	A
9	Banking and Foreign Exchange	3	A
15	Corporations	3	A
39	Principles of Accounting, II	4	B-
40	Cost Accounting	3	C-
8a	Economic Statistics	2	B
10	Money, Credit, and the Level of Prices	3	A
13	Studies in Economic Theory	2	B
16	Public Service Industries	2	A
18	Research Work	1	B
43	Auditing and Special Accounting Systems	3	D-
43a	Income Tax Procedure	2	C-
Math 1	Algebra, Trigonometry, & Analytic Geometry	4	B
Math 2	Plane Analytic Geometry	4	B
Math 51	Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Interest and Insurance, I	3	B
Math 52	Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Interest and Insurance, II	3	B
Math 3a	Calculus, Shorter Course, I	3	B
Math 4a	Calculus, Shorter Course, II	3	A
Chemistry 1	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Chemistry 1a	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	A
Chemistry 2	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Chemistry 2a	General and Inorganic Chemistry	2	B
Military 4	The Basic Group	4	No grade is given

December 3, 1920—Henry Calvert Simons was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. With a Business Certificate, and Diploma.

_____________________________________

THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240

College of Business Administration
Department of Economics
Area 319: 353-5128

June 30, 1972

Professor George J. Stigler
Department of Economics and Business
University of Chicago
Chciago, Illinois 60637

Dear Professor Stigler:

I am responding to your inquiry about information on Professor Henry C. Simons when he was at the University of Iowa. Unfortunately, I have not been able to find much useful information…

…The Personnel office gave me the following background from his file which is rather sterile information.

He received his B. A. from Michigan and began his appointment at Iowa, January 8, 1921 as an Assistant in Principles and Assistant in railroads, at a salary of $1,900. In 1925-26 he was on a leave of absence, but no indication as to where it was spent. [see University of Chicago transcript below] He became an assistant professor of economics in 1926 at a salary of $2,750…

Sincerely yours,

[signed]

Jerald R. Barnard
Associate Professor and Chairman

_____________________________________

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
in the City of New York
New York, N.Y 10027

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR

Philosophy Hall
July 19, 1972

Mr. George J. Stigler
The University of Chicago
Haskell Hall
Chicago 37, Illinois

Dear Mr. Stigler:

I have your letter of June 26^th concerning Henry Calvert Simons.

A careful check of our records indicates that he was with us as a student only during the Summer Session of 1922. He registered for two graduate courses in economics taught by Prof. Herbert J. Davenport. One course was in Pubic Finance and the other was the Theory of Price Competition. For reasons which I do not entirely understand, he did not receive a grade in either course.

I hope this information will be helpful to you.

Very truly yours,

[signed]

Charles P. Hurd
Registrar

_____________________________________

The University of Chicago
Office of the Recorder

Matr. No. 104903
Name             Henry Calvert Simons, Jr.
Date of Matriculation          June 18, 1923
Home Address          College of Commerce, U. of Ia, Iowa City, Ia

Church Affiliation

Membership Presbyterian
Preference [blank]

The Student’s degree of A. B. judged equal to the Degree of Ph. B. from the U. of C., lacking [blank] majors. Equivalence established by the University Examiner 7.17, 1930

Candidacy for the Degree of Ph. D. in the Dep’ts of 1. Economics 2. [blank]
recomm. by H. A. Millis 3.25, 1930
Approved by the Faculty 8. 9, 1930.

The Graduate School Record of Work

Majors taken	Abs.	Grade	Majors Credit	Grade Points
SUMMER QR. 1923
POL.EC.-mj.31-Advanced Banking		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.40X-Org.Labor in Am.Indust.Soc		C	1
POL.EC.-mj.65-Government Finance		B	1
SUMMER QR. 1924
POL.EC.-mj.16-Hist.of Econ.Thought		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.45-Types of Econ.Organiz’n.		A	½
POL.EC.-mj.62-Probs.of Federal Aid (Visitor)
POL.EC.-mj.67-State Finance & Taxation		A	1
SUMMER QR. 1925
POL.EC.-mj.311-Statistical Theory		p	1
POL.EC.-mj.353-Internat.Economic Policies		A	1
ED.-m.321A-Financial Administration (Visitor)
ED.-m.321B -Financial Administration (Visitor)
WINTER QR. 1926
POL.EC.-mj.220-Economic Hist.of U.S.		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.312-Statistical Graphics		p	1
POL.EC.-mj.461-Research in Gov’t Finance		p	1
SPRING QR. 1926
POL.EC.-mj.303-Mod.Tendencies in Economics		A	1
POL.EC.-mj.462 Research in Gov’t Finance		inc.

French Exams passed 9.2.26 SEP
SUMMER QR. 1927 1^st Term
GER.-1010-German for Reading Req’ts (non-cr.) German Examination Passed OCT

Source: University of Chicago Archives. George Stigler Papers, Box 2, Folder “1972 GJS folder on H. Simons: Sources for articles in Dict. of Am. Biog. & Apr. 74 JLE”.

_____________________________________

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1923]

[Political Economy] 31. Advanced Banking.—A review of the elementary principles of bank credit will be followed by a brief discussion of foreign banking systems. The purpose of this will be to ascertain wherein, from an institutional point of view, the organization of American banking systems has been influenced by European methods. The course will conclude with an investigation of such topics as agricultural credit, the trade acceptance, the bank acceptance, check collections and clearances, and the problems of Federal Reserve management. The internal problems of bank management are not emphasized. Rather the endeavor is to show the manner in which economic principles work themselves out through the instrumentality of our financial institutions. Prerequisite: course 3 [The Financial Organization of Society] or its equivalent. Mj. 1:30, Professor [Harold Lyle] Reed [Professor of Finance and Banking, Washington University]. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26.]

[Political Economy] 40X. Organized Labor in American Industrial Society.—An advanced course, covering much the same ground as 40B [Collective Bargaining and Industrial Arbitration]. After obtaining the needed background in the extent of union organization and in union methods and policies, a study is made of collective bargaining and struggles between organized labor and employers in typical industries. Following this an examination is made of the law as ti is applied to organized labor and employers. The last part of the course is devoted to the mediation and the arbitration of industrial disputes. The course is designed primarily for students who desire a concrete and detailed knowledge of organized labor not to be obtained from a general course and who cannot take 40A [Trade Unionism] and 40B [Collective Bargaining and Industrial Arbitration]. Prerequisite: course 4 [The Worker in Modern Economic Society] or its equivalent. Mj. 10:00, Professor [Harry Alvin] Millis. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26.]

[Political Economy] 65. Principles of Government Finance.—This course deals with public expenditure, budgetary methods, public revenues, and public debt. Its purpose is to give a working knowledge of public financial institutions and practices and, more especially, an understanding of financial principles. About half of the quarter is devoted to the theory and practice of taxation. Special attention is paid to war finance. Some of the leading topics discussed are: the growth and amount of public outlays; the principles which should be observed in making appropriations; budgetary methods; the sources of revenue; public industries and price-making; fees and special assessments; the principles of taxation; the more important kinds of taxes; bonds versus taxes in war finance; the principles which should be observed in borrowing; the management of national and local debts. Prerequisite: course 1 [Principles of Economics II: Value and Distribution in Industrial Society] and 27 majors. Mj. 9:00, Associate Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1923, p. 26-27.]

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1924]

[Political Economy] 16. History of Economic Thought.—Attention is given throughout to the determining factors of economic thought as found in industrial conditions and in general political and social philosophy. The students are expected to make use so far as possible of primary sources. Prerequisite: 4 majors in the Department. Mj. 10:00, Professor [John Maurice] Clark. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 23.]

[Political Economy] 45. Types of Economic Organization.—An examination of the various forms of economic organization that have been proposed, including the Utopias, Individualism, Marxian Socialism, Collectivism, the Single Tax, Syndicalism, and Guild-Socialism. Constant comparison will be made between these forms and the present structure of society. M. First Term, 2:30, Associate Professor [Paul H.] Douglas. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 24.]

[Political Economy] 62. The Problems of Federal Aid.—A semi-research course, which is designed to analyze the economic and fiscal relations between the federal and state governments. The systems of grants-in-aid given in other countries and of state aid in this country will be first considered. The major portion of the course will deal with the specific federal aid laws enacted by the national government and their administrative history. An attempt will be made to work out standards of federal and state action. M. First Term, 3:30, Associate Professor [Paul H.] Douglas. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, p. 24.]

[Political Economy] 67. Federal and State Taxation Problems.—This course will deal in some detail with current problems of income, inheritance, property, and commodity taxation in federal and state finance in the United States. Students entering this course will be expected to have had a general course in government finance and a substantial knowledge of the principles and methods of taxation on their part will be taken for granted. Mj. 9:00 Associate Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago. Announcements, Summer Quarter 1924, pp. 67-8.]

[University of Chicago, Summer Quarter, 1925]

[Political Economy] 311. Statistical Theory.—Mj. Summer, 8:00, Professor [James Alfred] Field. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-1926, p. 148]

[Political Economy] 353. International Economic Policies.—Mj. Summer, 10:00, Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-1926, p. 149]

[University of Chicago, Winter Quarter, 1926]

[Political Economy] 220. Economic History of the United States.—Mj. Professor [Chester Whitney] Wright. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 146]

[Political Economy] 312. Statistical Graphics and Tabulation.—Mj. Professor [James Alfred] Field. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 148]

[Political Economy] 461. Research in Government Finance.—Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 149]

[University of Chicago, Spring Quarter, 1926]

[Political Economy] 303. Modern Tendencies in Economics.—Mj. Professor [John Maurice] Clark. . [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 147]

[Political Economy] 462. Research in Government Finance.—Professor [Jacob] Viner. [University of Chicago, Annual Register with Announcements for 1925-26, p. 149]

IMAGE SOURCE: University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-07613, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Tags Simons

Chicago Columbia Cornell Harvard Johns Hopkins Statistics Wisconsin

Graduate Student Enrollments in Economics. Seligman’s Tally, 1909

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-30

Here we have a letter from the chairman of the Columbia University economics department, Edwin R. A. Seligman, to the chairman of the trustees of Columbia University, George L. Rives, boasting of the large market share of Columbia with respect to graduate education in economics and sociology. We’ve seen earlier (1900) that Seligman kept a jealous eye on Columbia’s competition.

_____________________________________

[carbon copy of letter Seligman to Rives]

No. 324 West 86 street
New York, February 13, 1909

My dear Sir:

You may be interested in the enclosed statistics which have been compiled by me from answers to questions sent out to the various universities. It shows the relative position of Columbia compared to its six leading competitors, and it is a curious coincidence that the totals of Columbia on the one hand, and of the six universities together on the other, should be precisely the same.

Faithfully yours,

Edwin R. A. Seligman

(Enclosure)

To Mr. George L. Rives,
New York City

_____________________________________

STUDENTS WITH DEGREES ENROLLED IN
GRADUATE COURSES, Dec. 1909

	Economics	Sociology	Total of Economics and Sociology
Harvard	27	—	27
Yale	16	12	28
Cornell	10	4	14
Johns-Hopkins	12*	—	12*
Chicago	12	19	31
Wisconsin	22	4	26
Total in the 6 universities	99	39	138
Columbia	67	71	138

*including duplications

Source: Columbia University Archives. Central Files 1890-, Box 338. Folder: “Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson. 1.1.110 2/5”

Image Source: Universities and their Sons, Vol. 2 (1899), pp. 485.

Tags Seligman

Columbia Fields Harvard Suggested Reading

Harvard. Reading List in Public Finance. Bullock and Burbank, 1934.

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2016-01-21

In an earlier posting I posted the public finance reading list for the Ph.D. field exam in public finance prepared some time during the fall semester 1933-34 which was in a Harvard economics department folder along with reading lists for other fields (railroads, corporations, and banking). In this posting we find the identical reading list along with a cover letter from Professor Charles Bullock of Harvard to Prof. Haig, the public finance expert, at Columbia asking for comments. I have added Haig’s suggestions for deletions and additions in blue-boldface.

___________________________________

[Bullock to Haig, 15 January 1934]

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
January 15, 1934

Prof. R. M. Haig
Columbia University
New York City

My dear Haig:

Burbank and I have been conferring recently about the reading that ought to be done by our graduate students who offer public finance as their special field for the doctorate. After considering books and the results students apparently get from reading them, we have got up the enclosed list. If you would be interested in reading it and commented commenting upon it, I should be greatly indebted to you.

In particular I would be glad to have you note any books which you have found useful for your students but which we have omitted.

Some of the books we list, like Miss Comstock’s “Taxation in the Modern State”, are pretty light-weight affairs; but they have some information in them which students can’t readily get elsewhere; also, of course, some misinformation.

If there are any books listed here that you would strike out, I should be very glad if you would indicate deletions.

Another question is that of the division of the books into the three groups. The first group mostly is intended to give the general approach, though the last thing in it, the Colwyn Report, is put there because Burbank has found it extremely useful with his students. Mine have not found it so useful; and I would have preferred to put that title in Group II.

I would be glad to have your comments also on the amount of reading. I am inclined to think the requirement of all the books in Group I, six or eight books in Group II, and three or four books in Group III is excessive; but the first two titles in Group I are really read in class. Do you think the total amount of reading excessive?

For your convenience I am sending along two copies, so that you can jot down in lead pencil on one of them additions, deletions, criticisms, and any other comment, and then mail the damned thing back to me without even going to the trouble of dictating a letter. In the present state of the literature in public finance, I have found it very difficult to know what to do; and so has Burbank. Perhaps you may be sufficiently in the same frame of mind so that you will not find this polite request I make too much of an imposition!

Yours sincerely,

[signed]

Charles J. Bullock

CJB/AMB

___________________________________

Readings in Public Finance for General and Special Examinations

Students preparing for the special examination in public finance should read all the references listed under I. In II the student should read a substantial portion of six or eight books, selecting topics which he considers of most interest and value to him. In III the student should read a substantial portion of three or four of the books listed, again following his own requirements or interests.

I. Required Reading

A. Smith	Wealth of Nations, Book 5
J. S. Mill	Principles of Political Economy, Book 5, ch. 1-8
C. F. Bastable	Public Finance (3^rd edition). Read pages: 1-149; 153-257; 261-421; 425-442; 443-464; 465-468; 469-494; 504-573; 611-711.
H. L. Lutz	Public Finance
C. J. Bullock	Selected Readings in Public Finance (3^rd edition). Read pages: 1-51; 76-147; 156-268; 278-379; 445-490; 533-607; 755-902; 921-982
A. Wagner	Finanzwissenschaft, Vol. II. Read all the coarse print; use judgment on the fine print.
P. Leroy-Beaulieu	Traité des Finances, Vol. I (8^th edition, 1912). Read pages: 1-10; 28-92; 92-133; 134-143; 172-249; 367-387; 394-437; 439-482; 483-517; 539-626; 626-703 *[Haig note:* Substitute Allix]**
D. R. Dewey	Financial History of the United States
The Colwyn Report	Great Britain: Report of the Committee on National Debt and Taxation, 1927. Read pages: 73-244. (Cmd. 2800; Econ. 5389.27)

[Haig note: Add.—H. Dalton—Principles of Public Finance]

II. Reading Recommended

Mills and Starr	Readings in Public Finance and Taxation. Read Pages: 41-150; 168-195; 205-264; 369-453; 482-607; 763-808
A. C. Pigou	A Study in Public Finance
B. Moll	Lehrbuch der Finanzwissenschaft (1930) *[Haig note:* I was surprised by the low rating given Moll’s Lehrbuch by his German colleagues]**
E. Allix	Traité élementaire de Science des Finances (6^th edition, 1931). Read pages: 1-81; 151-204; 216-256; 285-312; 341-382; 437-573; 870-902; 910-958; 1011-1050;1091-1134.
L. Suret	Théorie de l’Impôt progressif [Haig note: Subsitute Seligman]
J. Stamp	Fundamental Principles of Taxation
T. G. Shearman	Natural Taxation *[Haig note:* “?” (a question mark)]**
H. L. Lutz	State Tax Commissions
S. Leland	The Classified Property Tax
A. L. Harding	Double Taxation of Property and Income
E. Cannan	History of Local Rates
A. F. Macdonald	Federal Aid
J. W. Grice	National and Local Finance
A. E. Buck	Municipal Finance
The May Report	Great Britain: Report of the Committee on National Expenditure, 1931 (Cmd. 3290; Econ. 5389.31)
National Tax Association	Proceedings, 1933, Report of Committee on Model System of State and Local Taxation

III. Other Reading

G. F. Shirras	Science of Public Finance *[Haig note: Elim. in view of incl. of Bastable]*
E. R. A. Seligman	Progressive Taxation
———————	Essays in Taxation
———————	Income Tax (chapters on Great Britain, Germany, France, U.S.A.)
———————	Shifting and Incidence of Taxation
H. A. Silverman	Taxation, Its Incidence and Effects
A. Comstock	Taxation in the Modern State
J. P. Jensen	Property Taxation in the United States
W. G. Schultz	Taxation of Inheritances
R. G. Blakey	Taxation in Minnesota *[Haig note:* Eliminate]**
R. M. Haig	The Taxation of Excess Profits in Great Britain
National Industrial Conference Board	General Sales or Turnover Taxation
National Industrial Conference Board	Sales Tax
A. G. Buehler	General Sales Taxes *[Haig note:* Substitute C. Shoup: Sales Tax in France]**
R. Magill, editor	Lectures on Taxation
R. Stourm	The Budget
W. F. Willoughby	The National Budget System
H. S. Adams *[Haig note:* “C” (i.e. not S.)]**	Public Debts
M. L. Walker	Municipal Expenditure
Britain’s Industrial Future, pp. 426-447. H.U. Library, Econ 6069.28.5
Joseph Sykes	British Public Expenditures, 1921-1931
Report of New York Commission for Revision of the Tax Laws, 1932, Part III.

[Haig note: Add.

W. F. Willoughby. The Financial Condition and Operations of the National Government.
H. C. Adams, Science of Finance.
H. Higgs. The Financial System of the UK.
Taxation of Foreign and National Enterprises. Fiscal Commission, League of Nations.]

Source: Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. R. M. Haig Collection, Box 15, “Lecture Notes”; Folder, “Reading—Suggestions—Econ.101”.

Image Source: Harvard Album 1932.

Tags Bullock, Burbank, Haig

Columbia Economists

Columbia. E.R.A. Seligman, biographical sketch. 1899

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2015-12-30

A later memoir composed by E. R. A. Seligman was published in 1929 in German: Felix Meiner, ed. Die Volkswirtschaftslehre der Gegenwart: Selbstdarstellungen, Leipzig. According the U.S. Library of Congress record, three volumes were originally projected in this series. It appears that only two were ever published. [Vol. 1, 1924]: Eduard Bernstein, Karl Diehl, Heinrich Herkner, Karl Kautsky, Robert Liefmann, Heinrich Pesch S.J., Julius Wolf. [Vol. 2, 1929]: Irving Fischer [sic], Achille Loria, Franz Oppenheimer, Edwin A. Seligman, Camillo Supino, Leopold v. Wiese.

A typed English draft copy of Seligman’s memoir (39 pages) is located in the Columbia University Archives: Joseph Dorfman papers, Box 52, Folder “E. R. A. Seligman, Biography published (in German) Volkswirtschaftslehre, Leipzig, 1931 [sic]”. This copy has been edited by Pier Francesco Asso and Luca Fiorito and published:

Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (2006), Autobiography, in Warren J. Samuels (ed.) Documents from and on Economic Thought (Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Volume 24 Part 3) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.149 – 187.

The short posting below along with the portrait comes from Seligman’s entry in the second volume of the reference work Universities and their Sons published in 1899.

________________________________

SELIGMAN, Edwin Robert Anderson, 1861-

Born in New York City, 1861; received his early education privately and at the Columbia Grammar School; A. B., Columbia, 1879; studied abroad during 1879-82; attended Columbia Law School and Columbia School of Political Science in 1882-84; A.M., 1883; LL.B., 1884; Ph.D., 1885; appointed Prize Lecturer on History of Political Economy at Columbia School of Political Science, 1885; Adjunct Professor of Political Economy, Columbia, 1888; Professor of Political Economy and Finance, 1891; has been on Board of Editors of Political Science Quarterly since 1886; Editor of Columbia Series in History, Economics and Public Law since 1891.

EDWIN ROBERT ANDERSON SELIGMAN, Ph.D., Professor at Columbia, was born in the City of New York April 25,1861. His father, Joseph Seligman, a native of Germany, had been educated in German Universities as a physician, but came to the United States as a young man and engaged in business in New York, ultimately founding the banking firm of J. & W. Seligman & Company. The subject of this sketch was educated at home until the age of eleven, under the direction of Horatio Alger, Jr., the celebrated author of fiction for the young. In 1872 he entered Columbia Grammar School, meanwhile studying French, German and music under private tutors. Graduating from there in 1875, he entered Columbia, taking his degree in 1879. In the same year he went abroad, and passed the three following years in the study of history, political science and jurisprudence in Paris and at the Universities of Berlin, Heidelberg and Geneva. He returned to America in 1882, and for two years attended Columbia Law School and Columbia School of Political Science, taking the degree of Master of Arts in 1883 and that of Bachelor of Laws in 1884. In July 1885 he was appointed Prize Lecturer on the History of Political Economy in the Columbia School of Political Science, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Three years later he was made Adjunct Professor of Political Economy in the University, and in 1891 was promoted to the Professorship of Political Economy and Finance. Professor Seligman is the author of many works dealing with subjects connected with his profession. Among the most important are: Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice [1894]; Essays in Taxation (now in second edition); The Shifting and Incidence of Taxation (now in second edition) [first edition 1895; fourth edition, 1903; seventh edition 1915; eighth edition 1913; ninth edition 1921]; Owen and the Christian Socialists [1886]; Railway Tariffs and the Inter-state Commerce Law [1887], Two Chapters on the Mediaeval Guilds of England [1887]; Finance Statistics of the American Commonwealths; The Commercial Policy of the United States of America, published in the Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik of Germany in 1892; and numerous articles in the leading scientific journals of this country and abroad. He has been a member of the Board of Editors of the Political Science Quarterly since 1886, and Editor of the Columbia Series in History, Economics and Public Law since 1891. He has also been since 1895 one of the Board of Managers of the School of Classical Studies in Rome. He married April 4, 1888, Caroline Beer. They have two children. Professor Seligman is the member of very many clubs and organizations, principally scientific, among them the Arts, Authors’, City and Political Economy Clubs, the Phi Beta Kappa, the Columbia Alumni Association, the American Economic Association, of which he was Treasurer from 1888 to 1892, the British Economic Association, the American Statistical Association, the American Historical Association, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the American Geographical Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Society of American Sculptors, the Society for Ethical Culture, the Archaeological Institute, the University Settlement Society, the New York Philharmonic Society. He is also a corresponding member of the Russian Imperial Academy of Science. He is deeply interested in the betterment of the condition of the poor in New York City, and was formerly on the Board of Managers of the Charity Organization Society. He is still a member of that Society, is President of the Tenement House Building Company, Chairman of the Committee on Education of the Educational Alliance, a member of the Sanitary Aid Society, of which he has been Secretary, a member of the People’s Institute, and of the Social Reform Club. He is a staunch friend of good government, and has taken an active part in the various movements looking to the overthrow of Tammany Hall, having been a member of the Committee of Seventy in 1895 and the Committee of Two Hundred and Fifty in 1897, the first of which brought about the election of William L. Strong as Mayor of New York City on a reform platform. He is also a member of the Civil Service Association, and of the Excise Reform Association. Professor Seligman also sympathizes with the University Extension work, and is a member of the University Settlement Society.

Source: Universities and their Sons, Vol. 2 (1899), pp. 484-6.

Tags Seligman

Columbia Economists

Columbia. Franklin H. Giddings, short biographical sketch. 1899

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2015-12-25

Academic economics and sociology were much more like siblings than kissing-cousins at the turn of the twentieth century. Long a vice-president of the American Economic Association, Franklin H. Giddings went on to become a president of the American Sociological Association.

Frank H. Hankins wrote the entry on Franklin H. Giddings for the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968).

___________________

GIDDINGS, Franklin Henry, 1855-

Born in Sherman, Conn., 1855; prepared for College at the High School at Great Barrington, Mass.; two years at Union College, 1873-75; left College to take charge of the Goshen ( Conn.) Academy; entered newspaper life in 1876, and continued as editor and editorial writer on various journals until 1888; A.B. (Union College) with reference back to the Class of 1877, 1888; A.M. 1889; Ph D., 1897; Lecturer on Political Science at Bryn Mawr, 1888; Associate, 1890; Associate Professor, 1891; Professor, 1892; Lecturer on Sociology at Columbia, 1890-93; Professor of Sociology, 1894-

FRANKLIN HENRY GIDDINGS, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology at Columbia, was born in Sherman, Connecticut, March 25, 1855. He is a son of the Rev. Edward Jonathan Giddings, a well-known Congregational clergyman of Massachusetts, the author of American Christian Rulers. The family goes back in this country to George Giddings, who came from St. Albans, England, in 1635, and settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The Rev. Edward J. Giddings married Rebecca Jane Fuller, a descendant of Edward Fuller, one of the Mayflower pioneers. Franklin Henry Giddings received his early training and education under the strict guidance of his mother and father, and was also instructed in surveying and drafting by his grandfather, a prominent citizen of Great Barrington, Massachusetts. After a preparatory course at the High School at Great Barrington, he entered Union College in 1873. He left College in 1875 to take charge of the Academy at Goshen, Connecticut, but continued his studies in private, covering much more ground than was required for graduation. In 1888 he received from Union College the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with reference back to the Class of 1877 in full standing. While at College he took in addition to the required studies a portion of the engineering course. In 1876 he entered newspaper life as Associate Editor of the Winsted (Connecticut) Herald. During 1878 he was an editorial writer on the Republican of Springfield, Massachusetts, and his work there, coupled with excess of private study, resulted in a year’s enforced rest from active labor, which was spent in studying political economy and law. He resumed newspaper work in 1879 on the Staff of the Berkshire Courier, and remained there for two years, when he became Editor of the New Milford, Connecticut, Gazette. During 1882 he served on the Town School Committee of Great Barrington. In 1884 he returned to Springfield as editorial writer and literary critic of the Union. He was a strong supporter of Mr. Cleveland’s candidacy during the campaign of 1884, and at the risk of losing position and salary positively refused to write editorials favoring the candidacy of James G. Blaine. In 1885 he conducted an investigation and reported to the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor on profit-sharing, and in the following year left the Union to become the Editor of Work and Wages at Springfield. During his years of newspaper work his leisure time had been occupied in study. His first appointment as Instructor came in 1888, when Bryn Mawr College appointed him Lecturer on Political Science. In 1889 he was made Associate, in the following year Associate Professor, and in 1892 Professor. Since 1890 he had also been Lecturer on Sociology in the Faculty of Political Science at Columbia, and in 1894 he left Bryn Mawr on a call from Columbia to its Chair of Sociology. He published between 1885 and 1895 many articles and monographs on economic and sociological theory. In 1896 appeared his first book, The Principles of Sociology [1896 edition; reprint with corrections from 1913], which met with instant success, and has been translated into French, Spanish and Russian. This was followed in 1897 by The Theory of Socialization, which also met with immediate recognition and has been translated into Italian; and in 1898 by The Elements of Sociology [reprint published in 1918], Professor Giddings married, November 8, 1876, Elizabeth Patience Hawes of Great Barrington. They have three children. He is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, of which he has been Vice-President since 1890, the Authors, Barnard and Century Clubs, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Economic Association, of which he was first Vice-President in 1896-1897, and L’Institut International de Sociologie of Paris. He is a sound-money Democrat in politics.

Source: University and their Sons. History, Influence and Characteristics of American Universities with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Alumni and Recipients of Honorary Degrees. Editor-in-chief, General Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL.D. Vol. II, pp. 453-5.

________________________

Giddings Bibliography by Robert Bannister

12/29/00

Bannister, Robert C. Sociology and Scientism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), chs.4. 5

Camic, Charles, “The statistical turn in American social science: Columbia University, 1890 to 1915,” American Sociological Review 59 (Oct. ’94): 773-805

Davids, Leo. “Franklin H. Giddings: Forgotten Pioneer.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 4 (1968): 62-73.

Gillin, John L. “Giddings,” American Masters of Social Science, ed. Howard Odum, pp. 191-230. New York, 1927

Hankins, Frank. “Franklin H. Giddings.” AJS 37 (1931): 349-67.

Lichtenberger, James P. “Franklin H. Giddings.” Sociology and Social Research 16 (1932): 316-21.

Northcott, Clarence H. “Giddings,” An Introduction to the History of Sociology, ed. Harry E. Barnes. Chicago, 1948.

Northcott, Clarence H. “Sociological Theories of Franklin H. Giddings.” AJS 24 (1918): 1-23.

Tenney, Alvin. “Franklin H. Giddings.” Columbia University Quarterly 23 (1931): 319-21.

Source: Written by Robert Bannister, Swarthmore College (emeritus).

Tags Giddings

Columbia Economists

Columbia. Richmond Mayo-Smith. Life and Death, 1854-1901

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2015-12-17

Material from Richmond Mayo-Smith’s course at Columbia, Historical and Practical Political Economy (1891-92), was posted earlier. Below some biographical information from his entry to a four volume collection of portraits and biographical sketches of distinguished university graduates published between 1898-1900 which is followed by the report of his death and funeral ceremony in the Columbia University newspaper, The Columbia Spectator.

The circumstances certainly point to suicide. According to the Encyclopedia of World Biography (2004), “Following a crippling boating accident, Mayo-Smith sustained a nervous breakdown and committed suicide a few months later in New York City.”

Here a link to his colleague E.R. Seligman’s 1919 tribute to Mayo-Smith published in Vol XVII of Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1924).

A few pages in the paper by David John Gow [“Quantification and Statistics in the Early Years of American Political Science, 1880-1922”, Political Methodology, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (1985), pp. 1-18] help to put Richmond Mayo-Smith within a larger context.

Incidentally Mayo-Smith’s wife, Mabel Ford, was the daughter of Gordon Lester Ford, editor of The New York Tribune, and the great granddaughter of Noah Webster according to her New York Times obituary of 4 February, 1938.

The pioneer of applied demand analysis, Henry L. Moore, was hired in 1902 to fill Mayo-Smith’s position. “Genealogically” speaking, we could think of this year’s economics Nobel laureate, Angus Deaton, as a direct descendent in the line: Mayo-Smith to Henry L. Moore to Henry Schultz to Milton Friedman (to name only one of the numerous legitimate heirs of Henry Schultz) down to Deaton, so Richmond Mayo-Smith was Angus Deaton’s great-great grandfather as far as applied consumption DNA can tell.

_____________________________

MAYO-SMITH, Richmond, 1854-

Born in Troy, O., 1854; received his early education in the public schools and High School of Dayton; A.B., Amherst, 1875; studied in Berlin, 1875-77; and at Heidelberg during the summer term of 1878; Assistant in Political Science at Columbia, 1877-78; Adjunct Professor History and Political Science, 1878-83; Professor of Political Economy and Social Science since 1883.

RICHMOND MAYO-SMITH, M.A., Professor of Political Economy and Social Science at Columbia, was born in Troy, Ohio, February 9, 1854. Through his father Preserved Smith, he is descended from the Rev. Henry Smith, who came to this country during 1638 and took up ministerial work at Wethersfield, Connecticut. His mother was Lucy Mayo. He received his early education in the public schools of Dayton, Ohio and at the Dayton High School, entering Amherst College in 1871 and graduating in 1875. He studied abroad at the University of Berlin during the two years following, and also at Heidelberg during the summer term of 1878. He was appointed Assistant in Political Science at Columbia in 1877, and was promoted to Adjunct Professor History and Political Science in the following year. In 1883 he was elected to his present position in the Chair of Political Economy and Social Science. Professor Mayo-Smith married, June 4, 1884, Mabel Ford. They have four children: Lucy, Amabel, Richmond and Worthington Mayo-Smith. He is a member of the Century, University and Authors’ Clubs, and is not actively interested in politics.

_____________________________

PROF. MAYO-SMITH

Death by Fall from Fourth Story Window of His Home
Funeral Yesterday Morning
An Appreciation by Professor Giddings.

The sad story of the sudden death of Richmond Mayo-Smith, Ph. D., Professor of Political Economy and Social Science is by this time well known. For several months he had been ill with nervous prostration and was taking his seventh year of rest from university work. At six o’clock Monday evening his wife and daughter left him resting in his study on the fourth story of his home at 305 West Seventy-seventh street. Fifteen minutes later he was found dead on the flagging in the rear of the house. It is supposed that in opening the window to air the room, which was very warm, he slipped on the hard wood floor and fell out.

Richmond Mayo-Smith had been a professor of political economy at Columbia since 1883. He was born in Ohio, and was graduated from Amherst College in 1875. After leaving Amherst College he studied for two years in Berlin University. While abroad he also was a tutor in Heidelberg University. His connection with Columbia began in 1877, when he was called to the University as a teacher of history. The year following he was made an adjunct professor, and in 1883, as stated, he was made a Professor of Political Economy and Social Science. He was an honorary fellow of the Royal Statistical Society of Great Britain and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was a writer on economic subjects and the author of “Emigration and Immigration,” “Sociology and Statistics,” “Statistics and Economics.” These works were published in 1890, 1895, and 1899.

Professor Mayo-Smith was a member of the Century, University, Authors’, and Barnard Clubs, and of the Amherst College Association. He was a vestryman i’ Christ Episcopal Church, Seventy-first street and Broadway, of which the Rev. Dr. Jacob S. Shipman is pastor.

On Tuesday Acting-President Butler issued the following order :

President’s Room, Nov. 12, 1901.

As a mark of respect to the memory of Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith, for twenty-four years an officer of Columbia University, and in token of the affectionate regard in which he was held by his colleagues and by the student-body, the exercises of the School of Political Science will be suspended until Friday morning, Nov15.

On Thursday, Nov. 14, the day appointed for the funeral of Professor Mayo-Smith, the exercises of Columbia College and of the Schools of Law and Philosophy, will be suspended entirely; the exercises of the Schools of Applied Science and Pure Science will be suspended until 1:30 o’clock P. M.

The Trustees of Columbia College, members of the University Council, and all officers and students of the University, are invited to attend the funeral services of Professor Mayo-Smith in a body, on Thursday morning, Nov. 14, at 10 o’clock A. M., in Christ Church, Broadway and 71st St. Officers and students of the University will assemble in the basement of the Church, entrance on 71st St., at 9:45 A. M. Professor James Chidester Egbert. Jr., is designated to act as Marshal.

Nicholas Murray Butler,

Acting President.

The funeral services were held yesterday morning in Christ Church and were conducted by Chaplain Van De Water and Dr. Shipman. President Low and Acting-President Butler followed the coffin, and members of the faculty and student-body, about 200 in number, followed in procession.

Professor Franklin H. Giddings has written the following tribute:

The death of Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith has made a gap in Columbia’s Faculty which no mere closing-up of the ranks can ever fill or conceal. Some losses are irretrievable. The place that a great man has held may be taken by another. In a nominal sense his work may be done by another; but it is never the same work. Professor Mayo-Smith was a man in whom rare gifts were in a very rare way combined. No one came under his personal influence, or into the circle of his friends, who did not recognize the accuracy of his knowledge, and the remarkable poise of his judgment; who did not soon feel the singular beauty and kindliness of his nature.

At Columbia Professor Mayo-Smith had taught history, political economy and statistics, and he had long served in the University Council. As a teacher he presented every subject with the utmost clearness. He insisted upon accuracy and thoughtfulness in all required work; but his judgment of students was marked by great considerateness and fair-mindedness. Students taking advanced work under his direction were admitted to his friendship and confidence, and he never ceased to take a deep personal interest in their success.

As a scientific investigator Professor Mayo-Smith made important contributions to both political economy and social science. His most distinguished work was in the domain of statistics, and there he stood easily first among Americans, and was recognized by Europeans as ranking with the three or four greatest names on the Continent and in England. The characteristics of his scientific work, as of his teaching, were scrupulous accuracy, perfect clearness of presentation, and that balanced judgment which is the highest mark of the scientific mind. He never attempted to make figures prove anything. With endless patience he sought to read in them their own sincere story, to discover so much of truth as he might; content always to admit that neither he nor any one else knew half the things that scientific investigators are commonly supposed to have discovered.

To all these interests of the teacher and the scholar Professor Mayo-Smith added the activities of the citizen, which he discharged in a way that was an inspiring revelation to all who knew him of his deep sense of duty. For many years a most valued member of the Central Council of the Charity Organization Society, he was also chairman of the Eighth District Committee, and he made it his business to know the exact facts about every case that came before the committee for consideration or relief. I have personally known of instance after instance in which his feeling of obligation to the suffering was discharged only by an expenditure of time and energy in visitation which I felt sure he could ill afford to give. In social life he was one of the most charming of men, whose delightful humor made him always in demand as the toastmaster or chief speaker whenever, in meetings of the many learned societies to which he belonged, relaxation and good-fellowship succeeded the more serious business of the occasion. As a friend he was unselfish to a degree, thinking always first of others, always last of himself. My own obligation to him is one which no words of tribute can ever repay.

Source: Columbia Spectator, Vol. XLV., No. 1 (Friday, November 15, 1901), p. 1.

Tags Giddings, Mayo-Smith, Moore

[From the Columbia College Handbook of Information 1880]

SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

PROFESSORS

OTHER OFFICERS

HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

JUNIOR CLASS.

SENIOR CLASS.

[Examination Questions in Political Economy 1880]

COLUMBIA COLLEGE POLITICAL ECONOMY

JUNIOR CLASS, 1880.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10 ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

[Definitions]

[Divisional grouping of the Departments]

Registration and Matriculation

Character of Graduate Work and Choice of Subjects

The Degree of Master of Arts

The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

[Suggestions to Students]

PART I—ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

Faculty of Political Science

Faculty of Philosophy

Faculty of Pure Science

Faculty of Fine Arts

REGISTRATION AND MATRICULATION

CHARACTER OF GRADUATE WORK AND CHOICE OF SUBJECTS

Under the Faculty of Political Science

Under the Faculty of Philosophy

Under the Faculty of Pure Science

Under the Faculty of Fine Arts

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. [1890-91]

AMHERST COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, BRYN MAWR, PA. (For Women.)

Programme for 1891 includes:

POLITICAL SCIENCE: MINOR COURSE.

MAJOR COURSE.

GRADUATE COURSE INCLUDES:

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY.

University Faculty of Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.

LEGAL HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

Department of History and Political Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

SOCIAL SCIENCE.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Department of Political Economy, 1890-91, includes:

PRIMARILY FOR UNDERGRADUATES

COURSES FOR GRADUATES AND UNDERGRADUATES.

PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES.

Department of History, 1890-91, includes among Courses for Undergraduates:

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD.

Department of History and Politics, 1890-91, includes:

GRADUATE AND ADVANCED COURSES.

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, IND.

Department of History, Economics and Social Science, 1890-91, includes:

HISTORY. PROF. EARL BARNES.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. PROF. J. W. JENKS.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR.

Departments of Political Economy, International Law, History, and Philosophy, 1890-91, includes:

POLITICAL ECONOMY First Semester.

Second Semester.

INTERNATIONAL LAW. First Semester.

Second Semester.

HISTORY. First Semester.

Second Semester.

PHILOSOPHY. Second Semester.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE
POLITICAL ECONOMY

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1908-10
ORGANIZATION OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION

COURSES IN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SCIENCE,
AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
[1890-91]

POLITICAL SCIENCE:
MINOR COURSE.

HISTORY.
PROF. EARL BARNES.

ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
PROF. J. W. JENKS.

POLITICAL ECONOMY
First Semester.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.
First Semester.

HISTORY.
First Semester.

PHILOSOPHY.
Second Semester.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.
PROF. SLOANE.