Category: Development

The announced cast of instructors for “Theories and Problems of Economic Development” offered at Harvard in 1960-61 was headlined by Professors Edward S. Mason and John Kenneth Galbraith. With the election of John F. Kennedy to the U.S. Presidency, all sorts of staff adjustments became necessary in the economics department and the graduate school of public administration, e.g. Galbraith took leave beginning the second semester to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to India. I don’t know why Mason changed his teaching plans, but I figure his Dean duties might have played a role.

The actual staffing for this course in 1960-61 is recorded in the staffing and enrollment information published in the annual report of the President of Harvard College also transcribed here. The course was the economics department offering that ran parallel to the Graduate School of Public Administrations seminar on the same subject.

This post begins with biographical information for the three course instructors: Geoffrey Brian Hainsworth, David E. Bell and Gustav Papanek.

The course outline and reading list is probably what had been originally planned/approved by Mason and Galbraith, though that is merely a presumption to be sure. Only the final exam for the first semester was found in the collection of economics exams in the Harvard Archive.

In preparing this post I learned that Gustav Papanek had been one of many academics purged from government service during the McCarthy years. The 2019 BBC story “How we endured the McCarthy purges in US” mentions his case and is the source of the photo of young Gus Papanek.

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Who’s Who
1960-61

HAINSWORTH, Geoffrey Brian, academic; b. Bramley, Yorkshire, Eng., 1934; B.S. in Econ., London Sch. of Econ., 1955; Ph.D., U. Calif. at Berkeley, 1960.
DOC. DIS. “Classical Theories of Overseas Development,” 1960. PUB. Japan’s Decision to Develop, 1969; Economic Development in South-East Asia, 1969; “The Lorenz Curve as a General Tool of Economic Analysis,” Econ. Record, Sept. 1964:
RES. Manufacturing Development and Economic Growth in Southeast Asia; Text on Economic Development with special reference to Asia.
Instr. econ., Harvard, 1958-61, tutor Lowell House, 1958- 61; asso. with Pakistan and Iran Advisory Project, 1958-61; research fellow, Australian Nat’l U., 1961-65; asst. prof., Williams Coll., 1965-68, U. British Columbia since 1968.

Source: American Economic Association, List of Members, 1969 p. 173.

In Memoriam:
Professor emeritus Geoffrey Hainsworth
1934 – 2011

Geoffrey was born in Bramley, Yorkshire. In 1952 he received a state scholarship to attend the University of London, graduating from the London School of Economics in 1954 and receiving the Allyn Young Honours Prize. A Fulbright Scholars grant enabled him to obtain his PhD at the University of California at Berkeley, his thesis being classical theories of overseas development, a subject he pursued throughout his working life. He taught at Harvard from 1958 to 1960 while supervising the study program for foreign service fellows under the Harvard Development Advisory Service, along with participation in Pakistan’s Second Five‑Year Plan. He spent 1960 to 1965 as a research fellow and instructor at the Australian National University in Canberra, with research work in Papua New Guinea. His three children were born in Canberra. Returning to the US, he taught at Williams College in Massachusetts while supervising specially selected mature foreign student fellows at the Centre for Economic Development. Geoffrey started his career at UBC in 1968, where he founded the Centre for Southeast Asia Studies, retiring as its director in 2001. He was one of a select Canadian Educators Group invited in 1976 to visit institutions in China. He organized the first international conference for Southeast Asian Studies in 1979 and was twice elected president of the Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies. He was greatly respected and valued by colleagues in Canada and abroad, having lived in Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam working with their governmental agencies and their universities. Dedicated to equality, justice and compassion, he touched the lives of many. Learning, understanding and laughter was his way.

Source: The University of British Columbia Magazine.

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PAPANEK, Gustav F., academic; b. Vienna, Austria, 1926; B.S., Cornell U., 1947; M.A., Harvard, 1949, Ph.D., 1951.
DOC. DIS. Food Rationing in Britain, 1939-1945, 1950.
PUB. Pakistan’s Development – Social Goals and Private Incentives, 1967; Development Policy – Theory and Practice (ed.), 1968.
RES. Development Policy II – The Pakistan Experience. Dep. chief, Program Planning for S. & S.E. Asia, Dept. of State, Tech. Cooperation Adm., 1951-54; actg. project dir. & advr., Harvard Advisory Group to Planning Commn., Pakistan, 1954-58; dep. dir., Dev. Advry. Service, 1958-65, dir. since 1965.

Source: American Economic Association, List of Members, 1969 p. 332.

Gustav Fritz Papanek
d. September 20, 2022

Professor Gustav Fritz Papanek, died peacefully at his home in Lexington, MA on September 20, 2022. Gus, the husband of the late Hanna Kaiser Papanek was born in Vienna, Austria on July 12, 1926, the son of the late Dr. Ernst Papanek and Dr. Helene Papanek. His father was a committed social democrat and educator who was forced into exile in 1935 as the impending storm approached in Germany and Austria. His mother, a physician, looked after Gus and his late brother, George as Ernst evaded persecution. As Socialists and Jews, the family fled initially to France where Ernst ran homes for refugee children. Gus met his future wife Hanna when they were 13 years old in one of the children’s homes. With the impending fall of France, the family knew that Europe was no longer safe for them and in 1940 with the support of the International Rescue Committee they made it to New York. Gus frequently reminisced about teaching English during the journey and sailing into New York Harbor past the Statue of Liberty.

 

Gus graduated from high school at age 16 and went to Cornell University – initially studying agriculture and working his way through school with farm jobs. His college years were interrupted by WWII – he enlisted in the army and was trained in the infantry and artillery until the army realized that a native German speaker was more valuable in military intelligence. Gus trained at the well-known Fort Ritchie in Maryland and was then deployed to Germany where he assisted in finding Nazi war criminals. He was always proud of his military service.

 

When he returned home, he graduated from Cornell. Gus and Hanna married soon after their college graduation. Gus went on to study economics at Harvard University under John Kenneth Galbraith, receiving his Ph.D. In 1952. Hanna received her Ph.D. in Sociology at Harvard, and their careers and work were entwined for the duration of their nearly 70-year marriage. Gus went on to take a job in the US State Department in Washington, DC working with the Agency for International Development – however it was the height of the McCarthy era and Gus was fired for his socialist beliefs. He rebounded and returned to Harvard where he began his life’s work of studying income distribution, employment, and poverty in developing countries. He and Hanna moved to Karachi, Pakistan with daughter Joanne and son Tom, returning to Harvard in 1958. Gus worked in many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America – advising governments on developing effective economic policies Gus ultimately specialized in Asian economies where he was recognized as a pre-eminent expert on Pakistan and Indonesia. He developed strong ties in both countries as a friend and trusted advisor. During the struggle for the independence of East Pakistan, Gus was an active advocate testifying before the US Congress and recognized by the government of Bangladesh as a Friend or the Liberation War Honor.

 

In 1974, Gus moved to Boston University as Chair of Economics, building a renowned department with strong interests in development economics. During his career, Gus trained two generations of economists who would go on to take important leadership positions in their home countries. After achieving emeritus status at BU, Gus continued his consulting work through his company the Boston Institute for Development Economics – working on books, papers and giving invited university lectures until several months ago. This year, he sent his last two books to the publisher – one a blueprint for the Indonesian economy and the last a memoir drawn from a series of talks that he gave to family and friends this past spring.

 

Gus was devoted to his family – teaching his son and daughter to ski, white-water kayak and hike in New Hampshire and Maine, and snorkel the reefs of the Caribbean. For over 40 years, Gus and Hanna’s vacation home in Brownfield, ME was a focal point of family life for their children and grandchildren. As Gus traversed the globe, he always ensured that his itinerary included Chicago to spend time with Tom, Doris, and their children. He and Hanna traveled widely – often visiting family and drawn overseas by interests in other cultures and landmarks. They instilled their love of travel in their grandchildren, who accompanied them on many journeys over the years. Meals were the focal point of family gatherings – with long, spirited and often political conversations – always concluding with chocolate in some form.

 

Gus is survived by his son Tom Papanek (Doris Wells Papanek) of Barrington, IL, daughter Joanne Papanek Orlando (Rocco Orlando, III) of South Glastonbury, CT, grandchildren Jessica Papanek, Julia Papanek, Rocco Orlando, IV (Katie Moran), Alexander Orlando, great granddaughters Brooke and Willow Orlando as well as his nephew Michael Papanek, niece Deborah Ferreira (Chris). His niece Susan Papanek McHugh (Steve) pre-deceased him recently.

Source: Gustav Fritz Papanek of Lexington, Massachusetts, 2022 Obituary. Anderson-Bryant Funeral Home (September 30, 2022).

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David E. Bell, the Clarence James Gamble Professor of Population Sciences and International Health Emeritus, died Sept. 6, 2000, after a brief illness. He was 81.
An economist who served as special assistant under President Truman and as director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget and of the Agency for International Development (USAID) under President Kennedy, Bell headed the Harvard Advisory Group to Pakistan from 1954 to 1957, an effort that later evolved into the Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID) and more recently the Center for International Development (CID). From 1957 to 1960, he taught economics at Harvard.
In the 1960s and ’70s, Bell led the international work of the Ford Foundation. He returned to Harvard in 1981, becoming director of the Center for Population and Development Studies at the School of Public Health (HSPH). He became emeritus in 1988, but continued to work at the Center on a daily basis, making himself available to students, fellows, and faculty who were able to benefit from his experience and wisdom.
University Provost Harvey Fineberg said of Bell: “David Bell lived a life dedicated to public service and to education. His leadership was the bedrock for programs in population and international health at the School of Public Health and the Center for Population and Development Studies. He was an invaluable guide to a generation of students and to colleagues at every stage of their careers. Anyone privileged to work with him became better by the experience.”
Lincoln Chen, formerly the Taro Takemi Professor of International Health at HSPH and currently executive vice president for program strategy at the Rockefeller Foundation, had this to say of his former colleague:
“David Bell was a supreme global public servant, bringing his talents, skills, and commitments to solving some of the world’s most pressing problems — health, population, economic development. Due to his modesty and despite his extraordinary history of work, David Bell’s contributions are imbedded in the people and institutions he helped create, nurture, and grow. He did little to aggrandize his own name or reputation; indeed, his stature and wisdom were such that it was not necessary.”
Derek Bok, the Three Hundredth Anniversary University Professor and Harvard President Emeritus, called David Bell “one of the finest human beings I have been privileged to know during my 40 years at Harvard. His combination of experience, judgment, compassion, and impeccable ethical standards are simply irreplaceable.”
Born in Jamestown, N.D. in 1919, Bell earned his bachelor’s degree in 1939 from Pomona College in Claremont, Calif., and his master’s degree from Harvard in 1941. His pursuit of a doctoral degree was interrupted when he agreed to direct the Harvard Advisory Group to Pakistan.
A fellowship was established in his honor at the Center in 1991, helping to host fellows with the objective of preparing scholars, managers, and policy makers for leadership roles in developing countries. The David E. Bell Lecture Series was inaugurated in 1999.
He leaves his wife of 56 years, Mary Barry Bell; his daughter, Susan Bell of Putney, VT; his son, Peter Bell of Watertown, MA; his sister, Barbara Bell Dwiggins of San Luis Obispo, CA.; seven grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.

Source:  Ken Gewertz, “Economist David Bell dies at 81,” The Harvard Gazette, September 21, 2000.

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Course Announcement

Economics 169 (formerly Economics 108). Theory and Problems of Economic Development, I
Half course (fall term). M., W., (F.), at 12. Professor [Edward S.] Mason, Dr. [Gustav] Papanek and Mr. [David] Bell.

A systematic survey of the subject, including consideration of theories of growth for both advanced and underdeveloped economies, the different historical paths to development, and the problems of technological change, capital accumulation, and economic planning. Intended for advanced undergraduates and graduates.
Prerequisite: Economics 98a.
[Junior year tutorial for credit dealing with macroeconomic theories and policies. The course serves as preparation for more specialized training in the subject matter in Group IV graduate and undergraduate courses. The course consists of both lectures and tutorial, normally with one lecture and one tutorial session per week. It was taught by Professor Smithies in 1960-61.]

Economics 170 (formerly Economics 108). Theory and Problems of Economic Development, II
Half course (spring term). M., W., (F.), at 12. Professor [John Kenneth] Galbraith, Dr. Hainsworth and Mr. [David] Bell.

A continuation of Economics 169. Prerequisite: Economics 98a or 169.

Source: Harvard University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Courses of Instruction, 1960-1961. Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. 57, No. 21 (August 29, 1960), pp.97-98.

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Course Enrollments and Staffing

[Economics] 169 (formerly Economics 108). Theory and Problems of Economic Development, I. Dr. Hainsworth and Mr. Bell. Half course. (Fall)

Total 58: 12 Graduates, 8 Seniors, 4 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, 4 Radcliffe, 27 Others.

[Economics] 170 (formerly Economics 108). Theory and Problems of Economic Development, II. Dr. Papanek. Half course. (Spring)

Total 58: 10 Graduates, 8 Seniors, 9 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 3 Radcliffe, 26 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President, 1960-61, p. 77.

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Course Outline and Reading Assignments

Economics 169
Theories and Problems of Economic Development (I)
Fall 1960

1. Introduction:

Scope and method of course, definition and measurement of economic development, characteristics of underdeveloped countries.
(September 26-30)

Assigned reading:

W. A. Lewis, Theory of Economic Growth, Ch. 1 and appendix

S. Kuznets, Six Lectures on Economic Growth, Lectures I and III

Suggested reading:

E. E. Hagen, “Some Facts About Income Levels and Economic Growth,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Feb. 1960

M. Abramovitz, “The Welfare Interpretation of Secular Trends in National Income and Product,” in The Allocation of Economic Resources (Stanford, 1959)

2. Evolution of Growth Theories in Advanced Countries
   (October 3-28)

Assigned Reading:

Meier and Baldwin, Economic Development, Chs. 1-4

H. Mint, Theories of Welfare Economics, Ch. 1

Allyn Young, “Increasing Returns and Economic Progress,” Economic Journal, Dec. 1928, reprinted in R. V. Clemens, Readings in Economic Analysis, Vol. I, Ch. 6.

W. J. Baumol, Economic Dynamics: An Introduction, Ch. 2

W. Fellner, Trends and Cycles in Economic Activity, Chs. 4-9

Suggested Reading:

E. Domar, Essays in the Theory of Econmic Growth, Ch. 1

K. Boulding, “In Defense of Statics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov. 1955.

J. M. Letiche, “The Relevance of Classical and Contemporary Theories of Growth to Economic Development,” American Economic Review, Proceedings, May 1954.

3. Historical Patterns of Economic Development
   (October 31 – November 25)

Assigned Reading:

Meier and Baldwin, op. cit., Chs. 7,8,9.

H. F. Williamson (ed.) The Growth of the American Economy, Chs. 1, 5, 17, 34, 48.

B. Higgins, Economic Development, Chs. 9 and 10.

A. Bergson (ed.), Soviet Economic Growth, Chs. 1 and 2.

W. W. Lockwood, Economic Development of Japan, Chs. 1 and 10.

Suggested Reading:

W. Rostow, Stages of Economic Growth.

T. S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution 1760-1830.

W. Ashworth, A Short History of the International Economy 1850-1950, esp. Chs. 1, 2, 3.

E. A. J. Johnson and H. E. Knoos, The Origins and Development of the American Economy.

Committee for Economic Development, Economic Growth in the United States, Feb. 1958

4. Theories of Underdevelopment and How Development Can be Started
   (November 28 – December 21)

Assigned Reading:

B. Higgins, Economic Development, Part IV.

Suggested Reading:

P. Baran, “The Political Economy of Backwardness,” The Manchester School, Jan. 1950

E. Hagen, “How Economic Growth Begins,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall, 1958.

A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development.

H. Leibenstein, Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth.

H. Myint, “An Interpretation of Economic Backwardness,” Oxford Economic Papers, June 1954.

H. Oshima, “Economic Growth and the ‘Critical Minimum Effort’”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, July 1959

W. Rostow, “The Take-off into Sustained Growth,” Economic Journal, March 1956.

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Economics 170
Theories and Problems of Economic Development II
Spring 1961

5. Political, Social, Cultural Factors – Organizations and Institutions
   (February 6-10)

Assigned Reading:

W. A. Lewis, Theory of Economic Growth, pp. 57-162, 408-418

P. Baran, “The Political Economy of Backwardness,” The Manchester School, January 1950. (Reprinted in Agarwala and Singh, op. cit.)

G. A. Almond and J. S. Coleman (Eds.), The Politics of the Developing Areas, pp. 536-544

Suggested Reading:

S. Frankel, Economic Impact on Underdeveloped Societies, Chapter 8

M. Levy, “Some Social Obstacles to Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Areas,” in Capital Formation and Economic Growth, (Princeton 1955)

T. Parsons, [title left blank] in The Challenge of Development (Tel Aviv 1957)

6. Productivity, Technology and Technical Change
   (February 13-24)

Assigned Reading:

Lewis, Chapter 4

C. P. Kindleberger, Economic Development, Chapters 6 & 10

Suggested Reading:

C. Kerr, “Productivity and Labor Relations,” in Productivity and Progress, (Proceedings of the Summer School, Australian Institute of Political Science, 1957)

R. Eckaus, “Factor Proportions in Underdeveloped Areas,” American Economic Review, September 1955, (Reprinted in Agarwala and Singh, op. cit.)

G. Ranis, “Factor Proportions in Japanese Development,” American Economic Review, September 1957

W. Moore, Industrialization and Labor

T. Scitovsky, “Two Concepts of External Economics,” Journal of Political Economy, April 1954

J. A. Stockfisch, “External Economics, Investment, and Foresight,” Journal of Political Economy, October 1955

A. Hirschman, “Investment Policies and ‘Dualism’ in Underdeveloped Countries,” American Economic Review, September 1957

7. Capital Accumulation
   (February 27 – March 22)

Assigned Reading:

Lewis, pp. 201-244

R. Nurkse, Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, Chapters 1-3

N. Kaldor, Indian Tax Reform: Report of a Survey (New Delhi, 1956)

Bernstein and Patel, “Inflation in Relation to Economic Development,” International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 1952

T. Schelling, “American Aid and Economic Development: Some Critical Issues,” in International Stability and Progress (The American Assembly, 1957)

Suggested Reading:

R. Mikesell, Promoting U. S. Private Investment Abroad, (National Planning Association Pamphlet, 1957)

M. Bronfenbrenner, “The Appeal of Confiscation in Economic Development,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, April 1955

S. Kuznets, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review, March 1955

8. Planning and Resource Allocation
   (March 24 – April 19)

Assigned Reading:

G. Haberler, International Trade and Economic Development, (National Bank of Egypt Lectures, 1959)

E. Mason, Economic Planning: Government and Business in Economic Development(Fordham University Lectures 1958)

J. Tinbergen, The Design of Development, (Johns Hopkins, 1958), pp. 1-58

G. Papanek, Framing a Development Program, (International Conciliation, March 1960), p. 307-337

Suggested Reading:

R. Nurkse, “Reflections on India’s Development Plan,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1957

W. Nicholls, “Investment in Agriculture in Underdeveloped Countries,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, May 1955

W. A. Lewis, “On Assessing a Development Plan,” Economic Bulletin, (Ghana), May – June 1959
(Mimeographed copies are on reserve in Lamont and Littauer Libraries)

D. Bell, “Allocating Development Resources: Some Observations Based on Pakistan Experience,” Public Policy IX, (Yearbook of the Graduate School of Public Administration, Harvard University, 1959)

9. Case Studies
   (April 21 – May 1)

Note:
This is a preliminary list only. Other countries may be added and the assignments for the countries now listed will be changed to some extent.

Assigned Reading:
The assigned reading for this section of the course is the material listed below for one country only. (Students coming from underdeveloped countries are requested to read the material for a country other than their own. Please note that there will be one question on the final examination calling for an answer in terms of the country selected.
There will be no additional assignment during the reading period.

Indonesia

Background:

L. Fischer, The Story of Indonesia

Development Problems:

B. Higgins, Indonesia’s Economic Stabilization and Development

B. Higgins, Economic Development, pp. 50-58, 730-741

India

Background:

M. Zinkin, Development for Free Asia

Development Problems:

Government of India, Second five Year Plan, Chapters 1-7

Government of India, Second Five Year Plan Progress Report, 1958-59 (April 1960), pp. 1-28

M. Brower, “Foreign Exchange Shortage and Inflation Under India’s Second Plan,” Public Policy IX, 1959

W. Malenbaum, “India and China, Contrasts in Development,” American Economic Review, June 1959

R. Nurkse, “Reflections on India’s Development Plan,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1957

Pakistan

Background:

M. Zinkin, Development for Free Asia

Development Problems:

Government of Pakistan, Second Five Year Plan (June 1960), pp. 1-118, 397-414

Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, Report of the Panel of Economists on the Second Five Year Plan (August 1959)

F. Shorter, “Foodgrains Policy in East Pakistan,” Public Policy IX, 1959

Ghana

Background:

D. Apter, The Gold Coast In Transition

Development Problems:

Government of Ghana, Second Development Plan (March 1959)

Government of Ghana, Economic Survey 1958

W. A. Lewis, “On Assessing a Development Plan,” Economic Bulletin, June-July 1959 (Mimeographed copies on reserve in Lamont and Littauer Libraries).

Western Nigeria

Background:

IBRD Mission, The Economic Development of Nigeria, 1955

Government of Western Nigeria, Development of the Western Region of Nigeria 1955-60

Government of Western Nigeria, Progress Report on the Development of the Western Region of Nigeria, 1959

Government of Nigeria, Economic Survey of Nigeria 1959

10. Summary and Conclusions
    (May 3)

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 8, Folder “Economics, 1960-1961 (2 of 2)”.

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ECONOMICS 169
Final Examination
January 25, 1961

Answer five questions, one from each part of the examination. Observe the time allocation of each part: weight in grading will be apportioned in correspondence with this allocation.

Part I (30 minutes)

Answer ONE of the following questions:

1. Compare and contrast the analysis of “the limits to the production of wealth” in the writings of two of the following authors: A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J. S. Mill.
2. “The classical theory of economic policy was not simply a doctrinaire adherence to the prescription: ‘Laissez-faire’. It is better regarded as a series of individual and practical suggestions on how an underdeveloped country might best achieve economic growth.”
   Discuss the above quotation with reference to the recommendations for economic policy of either a leading classical economist, or the classical economists in general.

Part II (45 minutes)

Answer ONE of the following questions:

3. Give a brief account of the views of two of the following authors on the subject of capital and its investment (and, where possible, on innovation), and compare their relevance to the conditions of present-day underdeveloped countries: Karl Marx, J. A. Schumpeter, J. M. Keynes, W. Fellner, E. Domar (or R. F. Harrod).
4. “Both neoclassical and modern theories of the determination of national output are greatly dependent upon the institutional structure of the countries whose economic operations they were devised to explain. Both sets of theory, therefore, are very limited in their application to other institutional frameworks — particularly those of 20th century underdeveloped countries.”
   To what extent do you believe the above to be a valid criticism of attempts to apply either neoclassical or modern economic theory to underdeveloped countries? Is any attempt made to qualify such theory when it is so applied?
   (You may illustrate your answer by reference to the structure of a presently underdeveloped country.)
   Can you suggest any major respects in which neoclassical or modern theory might be amended when applied to such a context? Or is the criticism valid to the extent of making such attempts at amendment futile?

Part III (30 minutes)

5. Give an account of the influence of one of the following components in the economic development of either the United Kingdom in the 18^th and 19^th centuries, or the United States in the 19^th and early 20^thcenturies:
   1. land use and ownership
   2. location of industry
   3. capital formation
   4. transport and communications
   5. staple industries
   6. foreign commerce.

Note: In dealing with either the U.K. or the U.S. experience, it is permissible to draw upon the experience of the other country for purposes of comparison or contrast.

Part IV (30 minutes)

6. You are economic advisor to the Prime Minister of Pogoland, a recently independent country with 60 million inhabitants. It has little industry in the modern sense; an agriculture that produces enough rice for home consumption; a per capita income of $50; small exports of pepper use to finance its very limited import needs (luxury goods for the small wealthy class, and some capital goods largely for the transport system). The country has some raw materials for industry, but not much. It can increase agricultural production, and there is a good international market for some of its agricultural products.
   The Prime Minister, who is a highly intelligent and able man with a degree in Elizabethan poetry from Oxford, has been impressed by the rapid and successful development of Japan and Russia. He would like you to outline very briefly (he is both busy and intelligent) what major aspects of either the Japanese or the Russian experience he can apply in his country, and what aspects he cannot apply, and why or why not. He is notinterested in receiving direct recommendations for Pogoland as such, only in the major aspects of Japanese or Russian experience which could, or could not, be useful to him.

Part V (45 minutes)
Reading Period Assignment

7. As announced in lecture before Reading Period, you are expected to give a critical appraisal of a recent contribution to the discussion of one of these issues in development theory:
   1. Population.
   2. Dual economies, or the problem of backwardness.
   3. Motivation, or’ other social/cultural factors.
   4. Balanced vs. unbalanced growth.
   5. The “big push” or “critical minimum effort.”
   6. Stages of economic growth, the concept of take-off.

Note: Pleaase indicate clearly at the beginning of your discussion the contribution (article, articles, etc) you have selected for appraisal.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Papers Printed for Final Examinations [in] History, History of Religions,.., Economics,…Naval Science, Air Science. January 1961. In the bound volume: Social Sciences, Final Examinations, January 1961.

Image Source: (Young) Gustav Papanek during a trip to Asia. From BBC “How we endured the McCarthy purges in US” (12 May 2019).