Category: Economists

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. Alumnus (1922), William Arthur Berridge in mid-career 1939

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-11-10

Today’s posting provides some biographical detail (through age 46) of William Arthur Berridge (b. 13 April 1893; d. 25 Sept 1973). Harvard Class of 1914, Phi Beta Kappa and 1922 economics Ph.D. that comes from his personal report to the Class of 1914’s twenty-fifth reunion volume. Besides being on the lookout for the artifacts of economics education in the form of course descriptions, notes, reading lists and examination questions, Economics in the Rear View Mirror is interested in the life and career stories of economics Ph.D.’s. Contributions from the community of visitors are very much welcome. Well-told personal anecdotes of time in the trenches as a graduate student would greatly add to this growing collection of material.

___________________

WILLIAM ARTHUR BERRIDGE
HARVARD CLASS OF 1914
[1939 report]

Born: Lynn, Mass., Apr. 13, 1893. (Bill). Parents: Frank Berridge, Sadie May Brown.
Prepared at: Classical High School, Lynn, Mass.
Years in College: 1910-1914. Degrees: A.B. magna cum laude, 1914; A.M., 1919; Ph.D., 1922.
Married: Ruth Reid, Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 24, 1918. Children: Katherine Beatrice, May 31, 1919; Ruth Margaret, Mar. 4, 1921.
Occupation: Economist, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y.
Address: 52 Gramercy park North, New York, N. Y.

Perhaps the World War which broke out before we had recovered from Commencement did not affect me more than my average classmate. But perhaps it affected me differently from most. One influence that it had was to switch me from physical to social sciences. The route was circuitous, however. My aspirations were, one after another, to enter (1) engineering, (2) physics, (3) mathematics, (4) ministry, (5) social administration or social ethics, (6) statistics, and finally (7) economics. They even overlapped; for, during the two years when I was studying in numbers (4)-(5), the beloved Bôcher got me appointed an instructor in no. (3) over at the College.

The longer I live, the less do I regret all that “batting around.” I find it has enriched my working and living. Even the two years in uniform benefited me and my work in several ways, some of which I did not properly evaluate until years afterward.

In 1919, on nothing at all, we went back to Cambridge, to learn how better to help the world understand, if not solve, the expected war aftermath of economic problems. While studying for a Ph.D., I enjoyed earning a living as a research assistant for Bullock’s and Persons’ Committee on Economic Research, and as an instructor and tutor—this time, for a change, in the same field I was studying—aided by two or three windfalls from writing.

After completing in 1922 my thesis on unemployment, I spent five pleasant years in Providence as assistant (later associate) professor of Economics at Brown, but in 1924 I began devoting half-time to the Metropolitan Life in New York as consulting economist. In 1927 I left Brown to become full-time (and over-time!) economist for that company. It is a voluminous but varied and intensely interesting assignment on the research end, and in addition it is in a very real sense teaching as well. I love the work, and the social-minded institution for which I do it.

Elsewhere in the company, such varied and distinguished research is being done as to create some real “university” atmosphere. I also keep up, as well as I can, contacts with outside research men, in both the academic and the applied fields.

Politics? I still call myself an Independent Democrat, though I have never yet voted for a presidential candidate who won! The personal views that I hold as to many current political conditions and economic policies, I refrain from writing, for I have no asbestos paper.

Travel? During my Coast Artillery experience, travel was confined mostly to a rocky island far out in Boston Harbor, where it was my fate to have a Mine Command—among other duties. So I did not travel abroad until 1922, when (with my wife) I spent the summer in England as a Sheldon Traveling Fellow, consulting British specialists on unemployment. We also discovered numerous Berridges, above as well as below ground. In 1928 I spent a delightful month in France and Germany, ending a year’s sojourn by the family there. Since then I have delegated my foreign traveling wholly to the family—Italy, Greece, etc.

Hobbies? “Puttering around”—making and doing things at my farm in Berkshire County. We also like music, dancing and theater and perhaps 1 in 10 of the movies produced in recent years. So far, I have never made headway toward realizing either of two old aspirations: (1) to become a “Sunday painter” in both oils and water color, (2) to write a play that would “make” Broadway.

Publications: “Cycles of Unemployment in the U.S.,” Houghton Mifflin Co., 1923; “Purchasing Power of the Consumer” (with two others), A. W. Shaw Company, 1925; “Employment Statistics for the U.S.” (with one other), Russell Sage Foundation, 1926; One chapter in “Unemployment and Business Cycles,” McGraw-Hill Company, 1923; various articles on economic subjects, such as unemployment, labor turnover, gold, silver, foreign trade, U.S. and U.K. business conditions, etc.

Member of: American Economic Association; American Statistical Assn. (fellow); Social Science Research Council (to 1939, representing A.S.A.); American Farm Economic Assn.; Academy of Political Science; American Academy of Political and Social Science; Royal Economic Society, Royal Statistical Society, England; Harvard Club of New York City; Cosmos Club, Washington, D.C.

Source: Harvard College Class of 1914 Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report. Cambridge, MA: Cosmos Press, 1939, pp. 52-54.

Image Source: Cover of Harvard Class Album 1946.

Tags Berridge, Bullock, Persons

Amherst Columbia Economists Germany Johns Hopkins Smith

Columbia. John Bates Clark, Faculty Memorial Minute, 1938

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-15

Memorial minutes give us a snapshot appreciation of a deceased economist by colleagues. One really doesn’t read these to get any new significant items for the biography, one hopes instead to cull some insight into the minds and hearts of those who knew both the person and the work. “Innate modesty and a genuine kindliness” are a pair of expressed recessive traits that perhaps help to distinguish John Bates Clark from brilliant economic theorists of more recent vintage.

This biographical note for Clark from 1894 provides an earlier testimony.

____________________

Memorial minute for Professor J. B. Clark
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
April 22, 1938

JOHN BATES CLARK
1847-1938

In recording the death of Professor Emeritus John Bates Clark on March 21, 1938, at the age of ninety-one, the Faculty of Political Science is moved not only by a feeling of loss but also by a feeling of gratitude for great services rendered to mankind.

Born in Providence in 1847 and graduated from Amherst in 1872, Professor Clark set an example followed in the next three decades by scores of young American economists in going to Germany for graduate work. The interests in historical and anthropological studies that he cultivated in Heidelberg and Zürich were lasting characteristics of his mind—a fact often overlooked by commentators upon his later work.

On returning to this country, he began the searching analysis of economic relations that developed gradually into his peculiar contribution to social sciences. A little later than W. Stanley Jevons in England, Karl Menger in Austria, and Leon Walras in France, but quite independently of them and with an emphasis all his own, Professor Clark discovered how the utility of goods influences their values and prices. A collection of his early papers, The Philosophy of Wealth, published in 1885, revealed him as the keenest economic theorist of his time and country.

After teaching at Carleton, Smith, Amherst, and Johns Hopkins, Professor Clark joined this Faculty in 1895. It was while teaching at Columbia that he developed the full implications of his insights. His way of seeking to understand the complicated processes of economic life was to seize upon a set of fundamental factors, and to examine what results they would produce in the absence of disturbing circumstances. Work of this character obviously required logical powers of a high order and constructive imagination. What is less commonly appreciated, to make the results significant the work must be guided by sound intuitive judgments regarding the factors to be admitted to the problems treated and the factors to be excluded. How admirably Professor Clark’s judgment served him and how cogently he reasoned upon the basis of his assumptions were demonstrated by The Distribution of Wealth, published in 1899. That book still stands as the most important contribution of our country to pure economic theory.

Professor Clark’s later books, The Control of the Trusts, 1901, The Problem of Monopoly, 1904, and The Essentials of Economic Theory, 1907, show how effectively he could use his abstract constructions in dealing with practical problems, and how he could bridge the gulf that seemed to yawn between the timeless statis state of his Distribution of Wealth and the ever shifting condition of the work in which real men make their livings.

Of the service that Professor Clark rendered as the first Director of the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, his co-workers in that field can speak with fuller knowledge than we possess. But we may note that no one deficient in a sense of reality, and no one without fervent interest in the welfare of his kind could have planned and carried through as he did the detailed record of the horrible sufferings that the War of 1914-1918 brought upon the world.

With intellectual distinction and integrity there was joined in Professor Clark and innate modesty and a genuine kindliness that won the affection of all who came into personal contact with him. Of what we deem finest in human achievement and character he was an example to be cherished and emulated.

Source: Columbia University Archives. Minutes of the Faculty of Political Science, 1920-1939. pp. 825-6.

Image Source: Amherst Yearbook Olio ’96 (New York, 1894), pp. 7-9. Picture above from frontispiece. Another link.

Tags ClarkJB

Economists Harvard

Harvard. Ph.D. alumnus, Abram Bergson. SSRC, 1946-47

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-12

Abram Bergson was the venerable dean of Soviet economic studies in the United States. During my undergraduate and graduate days, I was assigned in four different courses one chapter from his magnum opus, The real national income of Soviet Russia since 1928 (Cambridge, Harvard, University Press, 1961). In that chapter Bergson provided an exposition of Richard Moorsteen’s economic theory of quantity indexes. In comparison John Rawls’ Theory of Justice was only assigned in three of my undergraduate and graduate courses! I cross-registered from MIT for Bergson’s seminar in socialist economics at Harvard during the Spring semester of 1975 with the ulterior motive of obtaining a Harvard library card.

In point of fact, I had first encountered the work of Abram Bergson several years earlier. During my freshman year at Yale (1969-70), I was assigned Francis Bator’s article on the simple analytics of welfare maximization in which Bergson’s concept of the Social Welfare Function was discussed [A. Burk (Bergson) “A Reformulation of Certain Aspects of Welfare Economics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Feb. 1938, LII, 310-14].

Paul Samuelson, who was a graduate student of economics at Harvard with Bergson, was a tireless champion of his friend’s contribution to welfare economics. See, Paul A. Samuelson, “Abram Bergson, 1914-2003: A Biographical Memoir”, in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 (Washington, D.C.: 2004).

For Bergson’s work in Soviet Economic Studies see John Hardt, “Abram Bergson’s Legacy: 1914-2003”.

Today’s artifact is a Social Science Research Council biographical note for Abram Bergson, 1946-47 fellow.

_________________________

Bergson, Abram
Demobilization Award 1946-47

b. Baltimore, Md. April 21, 1914. m. Rita S. Macht 1939. c. Judith 1940, Emily 1946, Lucy 1948. B.A. 1933, Johns Hopkins; Ph.D. 1940, Harvard, economics. Instructor 1937-38, 1939-40, Harvard; assistant professor 1940- 42, University of Texas; economist 1942-46, chief 1944-46, Economics Subdivision, USSR Division, Office of Strategic Services; visiting associate professor 1946-47, associate professor 1947-50, professor of economics 1950—, Columbia University, New York 27. Home: 35 Claremont Ave. New York 27.

Sheldon Travelling Fellow summer 1937, 1938-39, Harvard. Consultant: Department of State 1944-46, 1948—; Rand Corporation 1948—; Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, 1949. Member of American Delegation to Reparations Conference 1945, Moscow. Publications: “Incidence of an Income Tax on Savings,” Quar. J. Econ. 1942; “Distribution of the Earnings Bill among Industrial Workers in the Soviet Union,” J. Polit. Econ. 1942; “Prices, Wages and Income Theory,” Econometrica 1942; “Price Flexibility and the Level of Income,” Rev. Statis. 1943; The Structure of Soviet Wages: A Study in Socialist Economics 1944; “The Fourth Five Year Plan: Heavy versus Consumers’ Goods Industries,” Polit. Sci. Quar. 1947; “A Problem in Soviet Statistics,” Rev. Econ. Statis. 1947; “Soviet Defense Expenditures,” For. Affairs 1948; “Socialist Economics” in A Survey of Contemporary Economics (ed. H. Ellis) 1948; (with J. Blackman and A. Erlich) “Russian Postwar Reconstruction and Development,” The Annals 1949. Fellowship program: research in Washington on Soviet economy.

Source: Fellows of the Social Science Research Council, 1925-1951. New York: 1951, p. 30.

Tags Bergson, Hardt

Chicago Columbia Economists

Chicago Ph.D. alumnus and Columbia Professor of Banking, Henry Parker Willis

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-07

Columbia University’s professor of banking (1917-37), Henry Parker Willis was an early economics Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, a student of J. Laurence Laughlin. He played an important role in the founding and early years of the Federal Reserve System and later as a expert consultant on banking affairs for the U.S. Congress. Besides all this he served over a dozen years editing the N. Y. Journal of Commerce.
This posting begins with a biographical note I found at FRASER, goes on with the Journal of Commerce’s account of his work there, and concludes with the Columbia School of Political Science Memorial minute entered into its recorded minutes in 1938.

_____________________________

Henry Parker Willis
Biographical Note

1874, Aug. 14	Born, Weymouth, Massachusetts
1894 1897	A.B., University of Chicago Ph.D., University of Chicago
1897-98	Assistant, Monetary Commission
1898-1905	Washington and Lee University, successively adjunct professor, full professor, Wilson professor of economics and political science
1903, Dec. 24	Married Rosa Johnston Brooke (4 children—1 with FRB of Boston, 1 with FRB of New York)
1901-12	Leader writer, New York Evening Post
1902-03	Washington correspondent, N. Y. Journal of Commerce
1905-13	Washington correspondent, Engineering and Mining Journal
1905-06 1907-12	Professor of finance, George Washington Univ.; and Dean, College of Political Sciences, 1910-12
1909-10	Editor, U. S. Immigration Commission
1911-13	Expert, Ways and Means Committee, House of Representatives
1912-13	Expert, Banking and Currency Committee, House of Representatives (drafting Federal Reserve Act)
1912-14 1919-31	Associate editor, N. Y. Journal of Commerce Editor in chief, N. Y. Journal of Commerce
1913-14 1917-	Lecturer, Columbia University Professor of banking, Columbia University
1914-18 1918-221922	Secretary, Federal Reserve Board, Washington Director of Research, Federal Reserve Board (moved office to New York for this period) Consulting economist, Federal Reserve Board
1916-17	President, Philippine National Bank
1919	Special commissioner in Australasia for Chase National Bank and Central Union Trust Company
1926-27	Chairman, Banking Commission of Irish Free State
1930-32	Technical adviser to U. S. Senate Banking and Currency Committee (drafting Banking Act of 1933)
1932-35	American representative to Le Temps, Paris
1937, July 18	Died

Author of:

Report of the Monetary Commission. 1898. (Joint author)
History of the Latin Monetary Union. 1901.
Reciprocity (with Prof. J. L. Laughlin). 1903.
Our Philippine Problem. 1905.
Principles and Problems of Modern Banking. 1910.
Principles of Accounting. 1910.
Life of Stephen A. Douglas. 1911.
The Federal Reserve. 1915.
American Banking. 1916.
The Modern Trust Company (with Kirkbride and Sterrett). 1919.
Banking and Business (with Geo. W. Edwards). 1922.
[Supplementary chapter “Federal Reserve Banks” in the fourth edition of Charles F. Dunbar and Oliver M. W. Sprague The Theory and History of Banking. 1922.]
The Federal Reserve System. 1923.
Federal Reserve Banking Practice (with W. H. Steiner). 1925.
Foreign Banking Systems (with B. H. Beckhart). 1929.
Investment Banking (with J. I. Bogen). 1929.
Contemporary Banking (with J. M. Chapman and R. W. Robey). 1933.
The Banking Situation (with J. M. Chapman). 1933.
Economics of Inflation (with J. M. Chapman). 1934.

Contributor to:

Economic and other journals.

See: Who Was Who in America, 1897-1942, vol. I, Marguis

Source: FRASER. Committee on the History of the Federal Reserve System. Register of Papers: Willis, Henry Parker. Entry 176a, Box 1, Folder 2, Item 50.

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The double life of H. Parker Willis

H. Parker Willis stayed busy. During his 29 years at The Journal of Commerce [JOC], there was rarely a moment when he was not also involved in shaping U.S. economic and banking institutions. The results of his efforts are still seen today.

Willis’ extracurricular work while a JoC employee would lead to the creation of the Philippine Central Bank and later the Philippine American Chamber of Commerce. Most important, his research and his brilliant insights led to the creation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System.

When he joined the JoC in 1902 at the age of 28, he had already been a star professor of economics and political science at Washington and Lee University. He took an academic leave to travel to the Far East in 1903-05 as a correspondent for the JoC and the Engineering and Mining Journal.

In between his dispatches, Willis began a study that led to the creation of the Philippine National Bank. Willis would become the first head of the bank, which served as the nation’s central bank, while still on the staff of the JoC.

But he was just warming up. Returning to the U.S. in the fall of 1906, he became the first head of Washington and Lee’s School of Commerce, while still writing for the JoC. He also became the economic adviser to Rep. Carter Glass, D-Va. His work for the JoC and Glass took him to the nation’s capital so frequently that the university’s president complained, resulting in Willis’ resignation. The school’s student body sent the university’s board a vigorous declaration of support for the popular professor.

Willis continued to write for the JoC, and in 1912 he became executive director of the National Monetary Commission. The commission had been created at the behest of Glass, who had been elected to the Senate. Under Willis’ direction, the commission issued a study recommending creation of a U.S. central bank. After Woodrow Wilson was elected president, he asked Glass to begin working on legislation.

Together with Glass, Willis drafted the enabling legislation. The measure was opposed by big banks, which wanted no central authority over them. Willis came up with a solution – a Federal Reserve System consisting of regional Federal Reserve banks owned by member banks but run as “corporations operated for public service.”

The regional Fed directors would come from banking and industry, along with citizens appointed by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington. The president would appoint the Fed’s seven-member board of governors, with the Treasury secretary and comptroller of the currency as ex-officio members.

“Willis took the best of the existing proposals, together with a brilliant balance of public-private ownership and leadership, to fashion a unique central banking institution,” said Robert Bremner, who is writing a biography of William McChesney Martin Jr., the Fed’s chairman from 1951 to 1970.

Another of Willis’ innovations was to have the 12 regional banks serve as clearinghouses for checks written by the depositors of member banks. Willis reasoned that this would give the Fed a practical purpose, in addition to replacing the patchwork of inefficient regional systems with a unified national framework for check collection.

Without check-clearing duties, he later said, the Fed banks would have become “merely the holders of dead balances carried for the member banks without any service for them; and since the business public abhors any idle or unnecessary institution…it would not submit long to the needless burden created by such emergency institutions designed to put out financial fire.”

After the Federal Reserve Act was passed in 1913, Willis became the Federal Reserve Board’s first secretary from 1914-18. He became its director of research from 1918-22, which meant he was chief economist, although the position was not called that yet. “These two staff positions first held by Dr. Willis remain the most influential at the Fed today,” Bremner said.

All through this time, Willis was writing for the JoC as its Washington economic correspondent. As if that wasn’t enough, he also became a professor of economics at George Washington University and later dean of its college of political science. He also lectured at Columbia University and became a full professor of economics there in 1919.

Willis also became editor- in-chief of the JoC in 1919. He steered the paper’s coverage in a new direction. With his profound grounding in economics and political science, he believed the paper should place the coverage of business and commerce within the context of economics and government.

As he stated in the paper’s centennial issue in 1927: “Business (and) economic life as a whole is a unit essentially and hence demands a unified treatment, which is impossible where attention is solely concentrated on finance or upon some specialized branch of industry.”

It was this vision of business and economic coverage that would differentiate the JoC from other business papers with its broad coverage of the nation’s business activities within the context of what was going on in the economy.

Willis resigned as editor of the JoC in 1931, but he continued to teach at Columbia. He wrote a series of five books on his passion – banking and monetary policy. They were The Federal Reserve System (1923), Federal Reserve Banking Practice (1926), The Theory and Practice of Central Banking (1936), The Banking Situation, Post-War Problems and Developments (1934), and The Federal Funds Market (republished in 1970).

Willis’ contributions to economic and monetary theory and policy, the establishment of the Fed and the growth of the JoC are still remembered. In a speech at Washington and Lee last March, Roger W. Ferguson Jr., the Fed’s current vice chairman, paid tribute to Willis as “a leader in teaching economics and political science and a major contributor to the establishment of the Federal Reserve.”

Source: Journal of Commerce website, A Proud History since 1827: The Journal of Commerce, page 11.

_____________________________

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Memorial minute for Prof. H. Parker Willis
April 22, 1938

H. Parker Willis

Professor H. Parker Willis died on July 18^th, 1937, in the 63^rd year of his life.

Willis first became associated with us in the years immediately preceding the war when the first tentative steps were being taken in the formulation of a group of courses which was to become the offering of the School of Business. Although in only his 39^th year, he brought to Columbia an equipment of training and experience that contributed richly to the success of that school and to the development of the field of money and banking. His foundations in the economic discipline had been firmly laid in his years of graduate work at Chicago, during the regime of Laughlin, and in his studies at Leipzig and Vienna. His remarkable skill as a teacher and administrator had been matured during fourteen years in professorial positions at other institutions, culminating in the deanship of the College of Political Sciences of George Washington University. His fluent pen had already produced a half-dozen scholarly volumes as well as an impressive output of more ephemeral writing which had established him as a brilliant economic journalist and editor. Finally, his capacity to analyze technical problems of public policy had been demonstrated in his service with the Monetary Commission and with the Congressional committee that drafted the Federal Reserve Act.

At Columbia Willis found an environment well suited to his particular talents and an opportunity commensurate with his capacity. Here there existed a firmly established tradition that the University should enlighten public opinion and apply its special skills to the solution of problems of public policy. Possessed of a fund of energy that was constantly a source of envious amazement to all who knew him, he came to us at the height of his powers and devoted twenty-four years of his life to investigation, instruction, and public service. His activities as an editor and a correspondent for financial journals, as director of research and consultant of the Federal Reserve Board, and as adviser to governments at home and abroad served not only to advance the public good but also to enrich and vivify his teaching and research.

By his contributions to science and polity Willis built for himself an imposing monument, the specifications of which we need not here detail. It stands for the world to see and admire. At the same time, he constructed, without conscious plan, an even more impressive and inspiring memorial in the hearts of his friends. We who knew him through long association will best remember him for the quality of his personal character.

There are those who take pride in the possession of a conscience which forbids them to shirk a duty. For Willis there seemed to be no duties, to be performed or shirked, but only opportunities, to be embraced with enthusiasm. In the academic round there was no one more faithful and dependable, no one more generous and unselfish. He stimulated each student to achieve the best of which he was capable and his interest and patience in guiding and molding even the least promising of them was the occasion for frequent remark. His attitude toward all his academic associates was one of kindliness and tolerance and the standards he used in judging himself were always more strict than those he applied to others.

One of his most appealing personal characteristics was his capacity for righteous indignation. He coupled an intense loyalty to those persons and principles in whose trustworthiness he had faith with an old-fashioned sense of individual obligation to defend the true and the good without counting costs or consequences. Incompetence, especially when linked with pretentiousness, and ignorance, especially when displayed by those who exercised arbitrary authority, were to Willis moral crimes which it was his personal duty to expose. His reaction in such cases was exactly that which he exhibited when, one evening, a misguided goot-pad [“good-bad” in a German-Jewish accent?] stopped him at the point of a pistol as he was hurrying toward the Staten Island Ferry. To comply with the demand that he surrender his valuables did not enter his mind as a possibility. Here was an enemy of society whose career should be expeditiously and firmly discouraged; and Willis proceeded to accomplish this end, instinctively and without hesitation, with the aid of a briefcase heavily loaded with financial documents. Truly he was a battler for the Lord, skillful but fair in the use of his weapons, and entirely without fear. Of him one could say, as Lord Bryce said of Dean Stanley, “You might think him right or wrong but you never doubted that he was striving after the truth.” And his joy in the strife was an inspiration to all who knew him.

Source: Columbia University Archives. Minutes of the Faculty of Political Science, 1920-1939. Bound, typed manuscript. Pages 827-8.

Image Source: Passport application of August 4, 1916 of Henry Parker Willis

Tags HP Willis, Laughlin

Bibliography Columbia Courses Economists Suggested Reading

Columbia. Friedman’s lecture notes to first Hotelling lecture in Mathematical Economics, 1933

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-06

On October 3, 2017, Antoine Missemer tweeted an image of an undated examination question by Harold Hotelling “Describe two mathematical contributions to economics published before 1910”. One should note that asking students to talk about work published at least a quarter century before the current academic year is not necessarily a deep dive into the history of economics, though of course Cournot, Bertrand and Edgeworth had achieved “historical” fame by 1933.

From Harold Hotelling’s course in Mathematical Economics taught in the first semester of 1933/34 at Columbia, Milton Friedman kept about forty-five 3 by 5 inch index cards worth of notes (both sides). From his first lecture, we can put together a convenient “short list” of Hotelling’s chosen greatest hits in mathematical economics. I have taken the liberty of expanding Friedman’s abbreviations, figuring the main purpose of transcribing archival material is to ease digital search down the road.

Earlier postings include a list of Hotelling’s courses and his class rolls at Columbia as well as an outline and exam for his course in mathematical economics offered at North Carolina (1946, 1950).

___________________________

Milton Friedman’s student notes to Harold Hotelling’s first lecture in Mathematical Economics (1933)

9/2/33 (1)

Hotelling, Harold on Mathematical Economics

Has been stated that methodological difference between economics + natural sciences is that in former cannot + in latter do experiments

Not entirely true: in econonomics may experiment, + in some physical sciences (e.g. astronomy, meteorology etc.) do not experiment.

Better dividing line to be found in number of relevant factors

Use of Mathematics in Economics:

A. Cournot 1838

J. Bertrand 1883 Journal des Savants (reviewed Cournot)

F. Y. Edgeworth 1881 Math. Psychics. Papers relating to Pol. Economy.

Pareto

Alfred Marshall Principles of Economics

(Edgeworth laid foundation of many theories more modern than Marshall

Using higher Mathematics in Economics

G. C. Evans

C. F. Roos

Zeuthen

Pareto in Encyclopedie des Science Math, Vol I, Tome IV part 4 (Tome I, Vol. IV)

[Yes, that is all that Friedman wrote down for that lecture]

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Milton Friedman Papers, Box 120, Class note cards.

___________________________

Links to Works Referred to by Hotelling

Cournot, Augustin. Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses. Paris: Hachett, 1838.

Nathaniel T. Bacon translation: Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth with a bibliography of Mathematical economics by Irving Fisher. New York: Macmillan, 1897.

Bertrand, J. (Review of) Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale par Léon Walras: Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses par Augustin Cournot. Journal des Savants 67 (1883), 499-508.

Edgeworth, F. Y. Mathematical Psychics. An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences. C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1881.

Edgeworth, F. Y. Papers Relating to Political Economy. Volume I; Volume II; Volume III. London: Macmillan, 1925.

Pareto, Vilfredo. Économie mathématique, —in Encyclopédie des sciences mathématique, Tome I, vol. 4 (Fascicule 4, pp. 590-640), 1906 [?].

Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics (8^th edition). London: Macmillan, 1920.

Griffith C. Evans. Mathematical Introduction to Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1930.

Reviewed by Hotelling in Journal of Political Economy, 39, no. 1 (Feb 1931) pp. 107-09.

F. Zeuthen Problems of Monopoly and Economic Warfare. London: Routledge, 1930.

Reviewed by Corwin D. Edwards (New York University) in AER, 21, no. 4 (December, 1931), pp. 701-704.

Charles Frederick Roos. Dynamic Economics—Theoretical and Statistical Studies of Demand, Production and Prices. Monographs of the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, No. 1. Bloomington, Indiana: Principia Press, 1934.

Image source: From a photo of the Institute of Statistics leadership around 1946: Gertrude Cox, Director, William Cochran, Associate Director-Raleigh and Harold Hotelling, Associate Director-Chapel Hill. North Carolina State University.

Tags Friedman, Hotelling

Economists Fields Harvard

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. candidates, fields, examiners, thesis committees, 1917-18

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-04

For eleven Harvard economics Ph.D. candidates this posting provides information about their respective academic backgrounds, the six subjects of their general examinations along with the names of the examiners, the subject of their special subject, thesis subject and advisor(s) (where available).

Note: 1916-17 list was not found in the collection.

________________________________________

DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMICS
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1917-18

Notice of hour and place will be sent out three days in advance of each examination.
The hour will ordinarily be 4 p.m.

Henry Bass Hall.

Special Examination in Economics, Thursday, January 10, 1918.
General Examination passed May 4, 1916.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1904-05; Amherst College, 1906-07; Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1911-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1913-17. S.B., Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1912; A.M., Harvard, 1916. Assistant in Economics, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Money and Banking. 3. International Trade. 4. Economic History since 1750. 5. Agricultural Economics. 6. American History since 1789.
Special Subject: Agricultural Economics.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Turner, Bullock, and Ford.
Thesis Subject: “A Description of Rural Life and Labor in Massachusetts at Four Periods.” (With Professors Carver and Gay).
Committee on Thesis: Professors Carver, Day, and Dr. Morison.

Hermann Franklin Arens.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, April 29, 1918.
General Examination passed May 15, 1914.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1903-06; Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, 1906-08; General Theological Seminary, New York, 1908-09; Harvard Graduate School, 1912-16. A.B., Harvard, 1907; A.M., ibid., 1913. Assistant in Economics, 1912-13; Assistant in Social Ethics, 1913-14; Assistant in Economics, 1914-15.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Sociology. 3. Socialism and Labor Problems. 4. Philosophy. 5. Agricultural Economics. 6. Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises.
Special Subject: Sociology.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Day, Anderson, and Foerster.
Thesis Subject: “The Relation of the Group to the Individual in Political Theory.” (With Professor Anderson.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Anderson, Carver, and Yeomans.

John Emmett Kirshman.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 3, 1918.
General Examination passed May 12, 1916.
Academic History: Central Wesleyan College, 1901-04; Syracuse University, 1907-08; University of Wisconsin, 1908-09; University of Illinois, 1914-15; Harvard Graduate School, 1915—. Ph.B., Central Wesleyan, 1904; Ph.M., Syracuse, 1908. Assistant Professor of History, North Dakota Agricultural College, 1909-14; Teaching Fellow in Economics, University of Illinois, 1914-15; Instructor in Economics, Simmons College, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Public Finance. 3. Economic History since 1750. 4. Comparative Modern Government. 5. Economics of Corporations. 6. Socialism and Social Reform.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Day, Anderson, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “The Taxation of Banks and Trust Companies in New England.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Sprague, and Day.

James Washington Bell.

Special Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 15, 1918.
General Examination passed May 3, 1916.
Academic History: University of Colorado, 1908-14; Harvard Graduate School, 1914—. A.B., Colorado, 1912; A.M., ibid., 1913. Assistant in Economics, University of Colorado, 1912-14; Assistant in Government, Harvard, 1916-17; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1916—; Austin Teaching Fellow in Government, 1917.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Labor Problems. 5. Sociology. 6. Municipal Government.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Ripley, Day, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “Taxation of Railroads in New England.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Ripley, and Cunningham.

Marion O’Kellie McKay.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 17, 1918.
General Examination passed May 13, 1915.
Academic History: Ohio Northern University, 1904-07; Ohio State University, 1908-10; Harvard Graduate School, 1911-12, 1913-16. S.B., Ohio Northern, 1907; A.B., Ohio State, 1910; A.M., Harvard, 1912. Assistant Professor of Economics, New Hampshire College, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Sociology. 2. Money, Banking, and Crises. 3. Economic Theory. 4. Public Finance. 5. Economic History since 1750. 6. Municipal Government.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, Day, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “The History of the Poll Tax in the New England and the Middle and South Atlantic States.”
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Turner, and Day.

Arthur Eli Monroe.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 20, 1918.
General Examination passed October 13, 1915.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1904-08; Harvard Graduate School, 1913—.A.B., Harvard, 1908; A.M., ibid., 1914. Teacher of Latin and German, Kent School, Connecticut, 1909-13; Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1914-Feb., 1916; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1915—; Instructor in Economics, Williams College, Feb.-June, 1916; Instructor in Economics, Harvard, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Statistical Method and its Application. 5. History of Political Theory. 6. History of Economic Thought (1500-1776).
Special Subject: History of Economic Thought (1500-1776).
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, McIlwain, and Day.
Thesis Subject: “The Theory of Money Before 1776.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Carver and Anderson.

Robert Herbert Loomis.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 22, 1918.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Ripley, Carver, Day, and Foerster.
Academic History: Clark College, 1908-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1914—. A.B., Clark, 1911. Teacher, Fay School, Southboro, 1912-14; Assistant in Social Ethics, 1915-16; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1916-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Statistical Method and its Application. 3. Labor Problems. 4. Socialism and Social Reform. 5. Anthropology. 6. Economic History since 1750.
Special Subject: Economic History since 1750.
Thesis Subject: “Development of the Boot and Shoe industry in Massachusetts since 1875.” (With Professor Gay.)

Albert John Hettinger, Jr.

General Examination in Economics, Thursday, May 23, 1918.
Committee: Professors Ripley (chairman), Turner, Cole, Day, and Gras.
Academic History: Leland Stanford Jr. University, 1912-17; Harvard Graduate School, 1917—. A.B., Stanford, 1916; A.M., ibid., 1917. Assistant in Economics, Stanford University, 1915-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. American History since 1789. 3. Accounting. 4. Statistical Method and its Application. 5. Economic History since 1750. 6. Transportation.
Special Subject: Transportation.
Thesis Subject: “A Study of the Rock Island Railroad.” (With Professor Cunningham.)

Thomas Henry Sanders.

General Examination in Business Economics, Friday, May 24, 1918.
Committee: Professors Sprague (chairman), Bullock, Cole, Carver, and Mr. McCarty.
Academic History: University of Birmingham, England, 1902-05; Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1917—. B.Com., Birmingham, 1905; M.Com., ibid., 1914. Instructor in Commercial Practices, Higher Commercial School, Yamaguchi, Japan, 1911-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory. 2. Economics of Agriculture. 3. Accounting. 4. Marketing. 5. Foreign Trade. 6. Money and Banking.
Special Subject: Money and Banking.
Thesis Subject: “Banking in Japan.” (With Professor Sprague.)

Hebert Knight Dennis.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 27, 1918.
General Examination passed February 29, 1916.
Academic History: Allegheny College, 1907-08; Brown University, 1910-12; Princeton University, 1912-14; Harvard Graduate School, 1914-16.Ph.B., Brown, 1912; A.M., Princeton, 1914; A.M., Harvard, 1915. Assistant in Sociology, University of Illinois, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Ethical Theory and its History. 3. Poor Relief. 4. Social Reforms. 5. Sociology. 6. Anthropology.
Special Subject: Social Psychology.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Dearborn, Anderson, and Foerster.
Thesis Subject: “The French Canadians: A Study in Group-Traits, with Special Reference to the French Canadians of New England.” (With Professor Foerster.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Foerster, Turner, and Ripley.

Frank Dunstone Graham.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, June 3, 1918.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, Yeomans, Day, and Gras.
Academic History: Dalhousie University, 1906-07, 1910-13; Law School of Dalhousie University, 1913-15; Harvard Graduate School, 1915-17. A.B., Dalhousie, 1913; LL.B., ibid., 1915; A.M., Harvard, 1917. Tutor in the Classics, Dalhousie University, 1913-14; Assistant in Political Science, Rutgers College, 1917—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Sociology. 5. History of Political Theory. 6. International Trade and Tariff Policy.
Special Subject: International Trade and Tariff Policy.
Thesis Subject: Undetermined.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examinations for the Ph.D. (HUC 7000.70), Folder “Examinations for the Ph.D., 1917-18”.

Image Source: Sever Hall, Harvard University (ca 1904). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

Tags Arens, BellJW, Dennis, GrahamFD, HallHB, Heetinger, Kirshman, Loomis, McKay, Monroe, Sanders

Chicago Courses Economists Undergraduate

Chicago. Monopoly course proposal by Abram Harris with George Stigler’s (Dis)approval, 1961

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-10-01

The brutal honesty of George Stigler’s memo in response to the new undergraduate course proposal submitted by Abram Lincoln Harris at the University of Chicago is somewhat tempered by Stigler’s display of collegial tolerance for a colleague approaching retirement age. But the absolutely gratuitous zinger at the end to “advise our majors to forget it” leaves a dubious taste in this reader’s mouth.

I have included a copy of the biography of Abram Lincoln Harris from the BlackPast.org website.

Definitely worth consulting: “Introduction: The Odyssey of Abram Harris From Howard to Chicago” by William Darity, Jr. in Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Selected Papers of Abram L. Harris (1989).

______________________

Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr. (1899-1963)
Source: Abram Lincoln Harris from BlackPast.org.

Abram Lincoln Harris, Jr., the grandson of slaves, was the first nationally recognized black economist. Harris was highly respected for his work that focused primarily on class analysis, black economic life, and labor to illustrate the structural inadequacies of race and racial ideologies. Harris’s major published works include The Negro Population in Minneapolis: A Study of Race Relations (1926), The Black Worker: the Negro and the Labor Movement (1931), and a book co-authored with Sterling D. Spero, The Negro as Capitalist (1936). His final book, Economics and Social Reform, appeared in 1958.

Harris was a Marxist scholar and its theories influenced his work. His The Black Worker was recognized as the foundation for future economic histories and assessments of the black condition. The Negro as Capitalist argued that non-racial economic reforms were the key to solving black fiscal woes. He also argued that capitalism was morally bankrupt and that employing race consciousness as a strategic way to enlighten a public was self-defeating. W.E.B. DuBois described Harris as one of the “Young Turks” who challenged the then existing historical theories about blacks in a capitalist society while insisting upon using modern social scientific methods to further his analyses of African American life.

Born in 1899 in Richmond, Virginia to parents Abram Lincoln Harris, Sr., a butcher, and Mary Lee, a teacher, Harris grew up as part of the black middle class community in Richmond. After high school Harris earned a bachelor of sciences degree from Virginia Union University in 1922.

After graduation from Virginia Union, Harris enrolled at the New York School of Social Work and worked briefly for the National Urban League (NUL) and the Messenger, the leading black Socialist newspaper. Harris taught for one year at the West Virginia Collegiate Institute (now West Virginia State University) and then earned an M.A. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1924. Harris was appointed head of the Department of Economics at Howard University in 1928 and later completed his doctorate in economics from Columbia University in 1930. Harris married his first wife, Callie McGuinn, in 1925 and later divorced in 1955. Harris married his second wife Phedorah Prescott in 1962.

In the 1940s Abram Harris, along with E. Franklin Frazier, Allison Davis, and Ralph Bunche, was selected by the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal as “insiders” to work on his groundbreaking study An American Dilemma which was published in 1944. Toward the end of the 1940s Harris began to retreat from his earlier work, progressive and race politics, and began to concentrate on economic philosophy.

Abram Harris died in Chicago, Illinois on November 16, 1963. He was 64.

Sources:
Jonathon Scott Holloway, Confronting the Veil, Abram Harris Jr., E. Franklin Frazier, and Ralph Bunche, 1919-1941 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002); William Banks, Black Intellectuals: Race and Responsibility in American Life (W.W. Norton: New York, 1996); Cook County, Illinois Death Index.

Contributor:

i, w. gabriel selassie

Los Angeles City College

______________________

[Memo: Abram Harris to Al Rees]

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO 37, ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

Faculty Exchange
Box 84
Oct 26^th, 1961

Dear Al,

I am enclosing a preliminary statement of a course approved by the Policy Committee of the College Social Science Section. It is to be given in the Spring Quarter 1961-62. I wonder if the Department of Economics would want to include this course in its undergraduate offerings?

Sincerely,

[signed]
Abe Harris

Professor Al Reese[sic]
Chairman
Dept of Ec.
Univ. of Chicago

______________________

Countervailing Power, Monopoly, and Public Policy

A proposed 200 course in the College
Submitted by Abram L. Harris

The course will attempt to combine theoretical analysis in a survey of the ideas of some leading economists who have dealt with the problem of market imperfections and monopoly along with discussions of the early trust movement, federal anti-monopoly legislation, and some of the problems connected with the current administration of this legislation. Galbraith’s “Countervailing Power” has been selected as a stimulating point of departure.

A technical mastery of theoretical economics is not a prerequisite. One main purpose of the course is to stimulate undergraduate interest in theoretical economics, the history of economic ideas, and the relation of these ideas to current economic policy issues. The course should be open to beginning majors in economics, students who are undecided about a major in the social sciences, and to those who are just curious.

Class discussions are to be organized around the following topics: The Concept of “Countervailing Power”: Old wine in new bottles? Chamberlain on the use and derivation of the concept. Market imperfections and monopoly in some classical and neo-classical writings: Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and Alfred Marshall. The trust movement in the late 19^th century and early 20^th century in the United States (John Bates Clarke and his student, Thorstein Veblen, on monopoly and “absentee ownership”). The Standard Oil and U. S. Steel cases and federal anti-trust legislation. Recent anti-trust cases: administrative interpretation and application of federal legislation. Marx’s thesis concerning industrial concentration and confirmation of it by the new liberalism of the 20^th century. The extent and measurement of industrial concentration (Stigler, Nutter, Adelman, Adams, Wilcox, etc.). The ideal or goal of government (federal) policy and practice: monopoly or competition?

A term essay will be required of all students who take the course for credit. The essay may take the form of a review, e.g., Berle’s Twentieth Century Capitalist Revolution, Mason’s The Corporation in Modern Society, Chamberlain’s Labor Union Monopoly or may deal with some topic, relevant to the course, selected by the student in consultation with the instructor.

P.S. The content of the course may appear be heavy and, probably, cannot be entirely covered in a single quarter. The layout will have, no doubt, to be tailored as we proceed to give the course for the first time.

October 1961.

______________________

[Memo Al Reese to George Stigler]

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
DATE: Oct. 31 [1961]

TO: George Stigler

FROM: Al Rees

IN RE: Proposed Course by Abe Harris

What is your reaction? Please return his note and proposal when you have finished with them.

[signed]
Al

______________________

[Carbon copy of Stigler response]

[DATE:] 11/1/61

[TO:] Al Rees, Chairman [DEPARTMENT:] Economics

[FROM:] George J. Stigler

[IN RE:] propose 200 level course in the College by Abram L. Harris

Dear Al:

This new course of Abe Harris arouses no enthusiasm on my part. It sounds like a protracted bull session, in which large ideas are neither carefully analysed nor empirically tested.

Even if this is a correct prediction, it leaves open the question of our listing it. Abe is a nice guy, only about 3 years from retirement, and it serves no good purpose to hurt his feelings. My own inclination would be (1) to list it, with explicit proviso that it is only for as long as he teaches it, and (2) advise our majors to forget it.

Source: University of Chicago Archives. George Stigler Papers, Box 3, Folder “U of C, Miscellaneous [red folder]”

Image Source: Abram Lincoln Harris from BlackPast.org.

Tags HarrisAL, Rees, Stigler

Barnard Berkeley Economists Gender Harvard Radcliffe

Harvard. Nine Radcliffe graduate students petition to attend “Economics Seminary”, 1926

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-30

Harvard’s Economic Seminary was a men-only affair going into the mid-1920’s. Before the beginning of the second semester of the 1925-26 academic year, a group of nine Radcliffe graduate students respectfully petitioned Allyn Young, the chairman of the Harvard Economics Department, to allow them “the privilege of regular attendance at the seminary”. Four of those women went on to earn Ph.D.’s in economics or economic history, three of them had substantial academic careers (Harvard, Berkeley and Pomona). At least one of the others had a full career as a government economist.

Besides transcribing this priceless artifact for the chronicle of women in economics, I have conducted a preliminary sweep of internet sources, including genealogical resources available at ancestry.com to construct partial timelines for this gang of nine. I have even come up with pictures of all nine of them!

__________________________________

The Petition

January 21, 1926

To
Professor Allyn A. Young
Chairman of the Economics Department
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass

The undersigned Radcliffe graduate students who are doing work in Economics at Harvard, would like permission to attend the weekly seminary in Economics. On two occasions they have been invited to be present at special meetings. They found the lectures stimulating and informative and are inclined to feel that the customary exclusion of Radcliffe students from these meetings puts them at some disadvantage. They must forego the opportunity of hearing both the informal lectures of experts in the various fields of Economics, and the results of the research of their fellow students. They also miss an invaluable chance for discussion less formal than that of the classroom.

Therefore, they petition the Economics Department for the privilege of regular attendance at the seminary.

[Signed]

Elizabeth L. Waterman
Mary C. Coit
Emily H. Huntington
Margaret R. Gay
Eunice S. Coyle
Miriam Keeler
M. Gertrude Brown
R. Guppy
A. Gilchrist

Source: Harvard University Archives. Department of Economics, Correspondence and Papers (1902-1950). Box 25; Folder: “Economics Seminary 1925-33”.

__________________________________

Elizabeth Lane Waterman
(1903-1973)

1903. Born September 24 in Boston to Arthur J. Waterman from England and Amy H. Lane of Boston.

1924. A.B. (honors in economics and sociology, Phi Beta Kappa) from Barnard College.

1925. A.M. from Radcliffe College.

1926-28. Received an Augustus Anson Whitney and Benjamin White Whitney Fellowship to study at the London School of Economics.

1928-29. Instructor at Wellesey College.

1929. Ph.D., Radcliffe College. Thesis title: Standard of Living of Eighteenth Century English Labor, 1700-1790.

1930. Married Glennon Gilboy (Professor of Engineering at MIT 1925-1937) April 19.

1929-30. Executive secretary of the Harvard Committee on Research in the Social Sciences.

1934. Wages in Eighteenth Century England. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

1930-41. Executive Secretary of the Harvard Committee on Research in the Social Sciences.

1940. Applicants for Work Relief: A Study of Massachusetts Families under the FERA and WPA. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

In World War II she served as economist for the Office of Strategic Services in Washington.

After the war she returned to Harvard as associate director of the Harvard economic research project, graduate school consultant and economics lecturer.

1953. Divorced in November.

1960-64. Consultant to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1961. Secretary-General of the International Conference on Input-Output Techniques in Geneva.

1968. Publishes A Primer on the Economics of Consumption (New York: Random House).

1973. Died October 10 in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Sources: A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists, ed. by Robert W. Dimand, Mary Ann Dimand and Evelyn L. Forget. Also, see her obituary published in The Boston Globe, October 12, 1973. Thanks to Hendrika Vande Kemp for correcting an error and for pointing to omissions in the original post.

Image Source: Barnard College, Mortarboard 1925, p. 62.

__________________________________

Mary Chandler Coit
(1895-1984)

1895. Born May 7 in Winchester, Massachusetts to Robert Coit and Eliza Atwood.

1917. Received A.B. with Distinction in Economics from Radcliffe College.

1920. Living with parents in Winchester, Massachusetts working as a secretary at a college.

1925. Received A.M. from Radcliffe College.

1930. Married Oscar Hatch Hawley March 11 in Ames, Iowa. In the 1930 census his occupation is listed as college music instructor (in the 1930 Iowa State College yearbook he is the conductor of the Iowa State Band) and hers as college instructor.

1939. Oscar Hatch Hawley died June 29 in Bolton Massachusetts.

1940. Census lists her as a widow farmer living in Worcester, Massachusetts with two sons, 8 and 6 years of age.

1984. Died 17 July in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

Sources: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com. The Iowa State College yearbook, Bomb, 1930.

Image Source: Radcliffe Yearbook, 1917, p. 34.

__________________________________

Emily Harriet Huntington
(1895-1982)

1895. Born October 22 in Sacramento, California to Dr. Thomas W. Huntington and Harriet Olive Pearson.

1917. A.B. awarded from University of California.

Worked on a cost of living study at the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Attended graduate department of Bryn Mawr College.

Attended London School of Economics.

1924. A.M. awarded by Radcliffe College.

1926-7. Instructor in Economics at Simmons College in Boston.

1928. Ph.D. from Radcliffe College. Thesis Cyclical Fluctuations in the Cotton Manufacturing Industry.

1928. Returns to the University of California at the rank of instructor at the faculty of economics.

1930. Appointment to assistant professor

1937. Promotion to associate professor

1944. Promotion to professor.

1961. Retirement.

1982. Died April 20 in Berkeley, California.

Source: University of California, Bancroft Library/Berkeley. Regional Oral History Office. Emily H. Huntington: A Career in Consumer Economics and Social Insurance. Interview conducted by Alice Greene King. 1971. From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: 1921 passport photo.

__________________________________

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay
(1901-1989)

1901. Born December 17 in Toledo Ohio to Edwin Francis Gay and Louise Fitz Randolph

1922. A. B. awarded by Radcliffe College. Phi Beta Kappa with distinction in history.

1923. A. M. Radcliffe College.

1928-29. $1,200 Augustus Anson Whitney and Benjamin White Whitney Fellowship to study abroad.

1931-36. Tutor in history and economics at Radcliffe.

1936-41. Assistant professor of history at Scripps College, Claremont, CA

1939. Married Godfrey Davies, member of the research staff of the Huntington Library and editor of its Quarterly.

1942-45. Analyst for Douglas Aircraft Co.

1948-1967. Instructor through professor ranks at Pomona College in Claremont.

1952. Ph. D. in History. Presumably thesis published as The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship: A Study in Applied Mercantilism, 1563-1642 (Harvard Economic Studies 97, Harvard University Press, 1956).

1967. Retirement.

1989. Died August 3 in Santa Barbara, CA.

Sources: Radcliffe College Annual Reports. John H. Gleason’s In Memorium: Margaret Gay Davies (1901-89). From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Margaret G. Davies awarded fellowship 1961

__________________________________

Eunice Shipton Coyle
(1895-1982)

1895. Born October 3 in Boston to James Michael and Agnes M. Eisner.

1918. A.B. Radcliffe College.

1926. A.M. Radcliffe College.

1936. Census Bureau

1940. According to the Census her occupation listed as research worker at the Department of the Treasury.

1982. Died December 29 in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Radcliffe Yearbook 1918, p. 35 .

__________________________________

Miriam Keeler
(1897-1998)

1897.Born September 30, 1897 in Malden Massachusetts to Charles H. Keeler and Susan R. Fisher.

1920. A. B. Magna cum laude from Mount Holyoke. Phi Beta Kappa.

1926. A.M. in economics from Radcliffe College.

1927. Married Samuel E. Cornelius. (died in 1965).

1929-1936. National Child Labor Committee of New York.

1938. Move to Washington area. Worked at Labor Department, editor of the monthly magazine The Child. issued by the Children’s Bureau.

1957. Wrote pamphlet “What Social Security means to Women”

1960. Retirement.

1998. Died November 12 in Sandy Spring, Maryland.

Source: Obituary “Miriam Keeler, Economist” in Washington Post, Dec. 3, 1993, B10. From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Mt. Holyoke Yearbook, Llamarada, 1920, p. 194.

__________________________________

Gertrude Brown
(1903-1989)

1903. Born Mary Gertrude Brown on February 26 in Carre, Vermont to Joseph E. Brown and Dora Ellen Reagan.

1924. A. B. Mount Holyoke College. (Mary E. Wooley Fellowship)

1926. A. M. in economics. Radcliffe College.

1926. Assistant in the Department of Economics and Statistics, M.I.T.

1927. Married Elmer J. Working (Harvard economics Ph.D.) June 11 in Somerville, Massachusetts.

1928. Residence in St. Paul, Minnesota. Husband employed as associate professor in the College of Agriculture.

1932. Ph.D. in Economic History at Radcliffe College. “The History of Silk Culture in the North American Colonies.”

1930. Residence in Washington, D.C. Husband employed as a government economist.

1935. Residence in Washington, D.C.

1940. Living in Urbana, Illinois. Husband professor at the University of Illinois.

1989. Died January 9 in Denver Colorado.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Image Source: Mt. Holyoke Yearbook, Llamarada, 1924, p. 68.

__________________________________

Ruth Guppy
(1899-1991)

1899. Born June 11 in Marblehead, MA to George Guppy (architect, born in New York City) and Florence R. Gray (born in Chelsea, MA).

1926. A.M., Radcliffe College.

1930. According to Census, Ruth Guppy was single, living in Brooklyn and working as an economic researcher for a bank.

1930. Married Lawrence G. Ropes in 1930.

1940. Residence in Beverly, Massachusetts. Husband’s occupation listed as hydraulic engineer.

1991. Died Jan 7. Last residence Short Hills, New Jersey.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

* * * * * * *

Lynne Ranieri, a former neighbor of Ruth Guppy Ropes, came across this page in Economics in the Rear-view Mirror during the course of her research on her former neighbor. Ms. Ranieri graciously provided me the image of Ruth Guppy, age ca. 15 years and wrote me via Facebook:

At the end of her life my neighbor, Ruth Guppy Ropes lived with her brother here in NJ and when he moved to MA to be with his son (by which time Ruth had died), I attended his estate sale and bought some artifacts of their lives, including photos of Ruth. I saw your blog post had photos of some of the Radcliffe petitioners, but none of Ruth. In the event you would like to add her to your archives, I have attached here one of my favorite photos of her at her desk. The photo is dated 1914 and as Ruth was born in 1899, I would assume this was when she was in high school. If it is too small to see, I can email you a larger version. I have also attached here a photo of an obviously-older Ruth [see below]. FYI, it seems she married Mr. Ropes in 1930 and I have not yet found any evidence of her having returned to her work in economics…
I am happy to see Ruth get a bit more recognition for her accomplishments. She was much older than I am and I didn’t have much time to get to know her well, but in the little time I spent with her it was clear she was a bright, gentle woman.

__________________________________

Anna True Gilchrist
(1882-??)

1882. Born January 17 in Arlington, Massachusetts to George E. Gilchrist (born in Canada) and Annie J. Warren.

1900. Pupil at Northfield Seminary in Northfield, Massachusetts.

1901-02. Lived in Europe.

1910. Residence in Melrose, Massachusetts with parents.

1906. A. B. Boston University. Member Delta Delta Delta and Phi Beta Kappa.

1920. Listed in the Simmons College yearbook Microcosm as a graduate student.

1922. Passport renewal application for travel to England, Egypt, Palestine, Greece, France, Italy and Switzerland with scheduled departure on the Lapland (President Wilson) on January 18, 1923. Her occupation is listed as social worker, residing in Melrose.

1926. A.M., Radcliffe College.

1940. Residence at 110 Sewall Ave. in Brookline, MA.

Source: From genealogical data found at ancestry.com.

Tags BrownMG, Coit, Coyle, GayMR, Gilboy, Gilchrist, Guppy, Huntington, Keeler, Waterman, Young

Economists Harvard

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. alumnus 1909. Arthur Norman Holcombe, 1956

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-25

Arthur Norman Holcombe (1884-1977) was awarded a Ph.D. in economics at Harvard in 1909. In the Preface to his doctoral thesis he thanked “Professor Gustav Schmoller of Berlin, Professor Lujo Brentano of Munich, and above all Professor F. W. Taussig of Harvard.”

Thesis title: Public ownership of telephones on the continent of Europe. Boston, etc., Houghton, Mifflin, 1911, 8°. pp. xx, 482 (Harv. Econ. Stud., 6).

It is an indicator of the porousness of the borders between the disciplines making up the Harvard Division of History, Government, and Economics in the early 20th century that Holcombe moved so easily from the department of economics to the government department where he went on to have a distinguished career.

__________________

Arthur Norman Holcombe was born in Winchester, Massachusetts, on November 3, 1884. He graduated from Harvard with an AB in 1906, and a Ph.D. in 1909. On August 30, 1910, he married Carolyn H. Crossett; they had five children. In 1964, he married Hadassah Moore Leeds Parrot. Holcombe split his career between public service and teaching. He was credited with establishing political philosophy and theory as basic disciplines in Harvard’s government curriculum. Among his students were Henry A. Kissinger and Henry Cabot Lodge. In 1949, he assisted Chiang Kai Shek in the drafting of a constitution for the Republic of China. In 1955, he retired as Eaton Professor of the Sciences of Government to become chairman of the Committee to Study the Organization of Peace, an affiliate of the American Association for the United Nations. He died on December 9, 1977.

Source: “Biographical Note” from Guide to the Arthur N. Holcombe Personal Papers at the John F. Kennedy Library.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

Address: (home) 21 Follen St., Cambridge, Mass.; (business) Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Occupation: University Professor.
Married: Carolyn Hawley Crossett, Warsaw, N.Y., August 30, 1910.
Children: Waldo Hawley, born July 25, 1911; Mary, born September 1, 1914; Robert Crossett, born January 28, 1916; Jane, born August 11, 1917; Richard Maynard, born February 2, 1920.
War Record: Investigator U. S. Bureau of Efficiency, 1917-18; Investigator War Industries Board, 1918; acting member Wire Control Board, U. S. Telegraph and Telephone Administration, 1918-19.

At the time of our Decennial I was assistant professor of government at Harvard and was serving my second term as Massachusetts Minimum Wage Commissioner. The following Winter I published my book on State Government and was nominated at the primary for the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, but was defeated for election. In June, 1917 I went to Washington as a specical Investigator for the U.S. Bureau of Efficiency, with which I remained during the greater part of the War. My principal assignment was to the Bureau of Internal Revenue to assist the Commissioner in organizing the administration of the war income and excess-profits tax law. In 1918 I was assigned to the War Industries Board, where I remained until the Armistice. Thereafter I was appointed by the Posmaster General to the Committee on Standarization of Telephone Rates and acted as a member of the Wire Control Board in charge of the telegraphs and telephones of the United States until the return of the properties to their owners in the Summer of 1919. Returning to Harvard I was presently appointed professor of government and chairman of the department of government, positions which I still hold. During the War I declined reappointment as Minimum Wage Commissioner for a third term, but after my return was appointed by Governor Coolidge a member of the Special Commission on Teachers’ Salaries. I have also been a member of the Council of the American Political Science Association and have written vor various periodicals on political and economic subjects.

Have written: “Public Ownership of Telephones” (1911); “State Government in the United States” (1916).

Member: Cambridge Club; Boston City Club; American Political Science Association; American Economic Association.

Source: Harvard College Class of 1906, Fifteenth Anniversary Report (No. 4, 1926), pp. 167-8.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

Address: (home) 20 Berkeley St., Cambridge, Mass.; (business) Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Occupation: University Professor.
Married: Carolyn Hawley Crossett, Warsaw, N.Y., August 30, 1910.
Children: Waldo Hawley, born July 25, 1911; Mary, born September 1, 1914; Robert Crossett, born January 28, 1916; Jane, born August 11, 1917; Richard Maynard, born February 2, 1920.

Since the last report I have remained at Harvard as professorof government and chairman of the department of government. I have lectured also at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California, Stanford University, and the Furman Institute of Politics at Greenville, S. C. I have published two more books and sundry articles in various periodicals. I am secretary of the Harvard Chapter of the American Association of University Professors, chairman of the Policyholders’ Committee of the Teachers’ Insurance and Annuity Association of America, and a member of the Committee on Research Agencies of the Social Science Research Council, organized by the leading national aossociations for the advancement of the social sciences. I am also chairman of the Troop Committee, Troop 6 of Cambridge, Boy Scouts of America, a director of the Tuckerman School, Boston, and a member of the National Committee for a Department of Education, which is working for a reorganization of the educational activities of the Federal Government. I have been treasurer of the Cambridge Public School Association, chairman of the Sunday School Committee of the First Parish Church, Cambridge, and chairman of the Massachusestts Legislative Council, organized by sundry associations interested in social welfare measures of various kinds. I am a member of the Council for the National Economic League, and have also been more or less active in divers other organizations, particularly the Proportional Representation League, the Massachusetts Civic League, the National Municipal League, and teh League of Nations Non-Partisan Association.

Have written (since 1921): “The Foundations of the Modern Commonwealth” (1923); “The Political Parties of Today” (1924; 2d edition, 1925).

Source: Harvard College Class of 1906, Twentieth Anniversary Report (No. 5, 1926), pp. 136-7.

__________________

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE, Old Cove Road, Duxbury, Mass. Chairman, Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, American Association for the United Nations, U. N. Plaza, New York, N.Y.

I now have nineteen grandchildren, nine grandsons and ten granddaughters.

Lectured on American Government at the College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium, in 1952. Lectured on same subject at Claremont Men’s College, Claremont, Calif., in 1955-56. Became Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, emeritus, in June, 1955. L.H.D., Columbia University, 1954.

Several papers of mine have been published since 1951 in various technical volumes. With my retirement from teaching in January, 1956, I shall give my working time to my avocation, planning and agitating for a stronger United Nations Orgnaization.

Source: Harvard Class of 1906, 50th Anniversary Report (Cambridge: Cosmos Press, 1956), p. 91.

Tags Holcombe

Economists Exam Questions Gender Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins University. Economics Ph.D. Examination Questions for Gertrude Schroeder, 1947

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2017-09-21

From time to time in rummaging through folders in archival boxes, I come across a random artifact that is linked to a old professor of mine, a professional colleague or even a classmate from graduate school. The Department of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University wrote Ph.D. examination questions targeted to the individual candidate, as we see in the nine hours worth of examinations taken over two days by then 27 year old Gertrude Guyton Schroeder at the end of September 1947.

Gertrude Elsa Guyton was born in New Mexico February 20, 1920, married twice (first husband: William Schroeder, second husband Rush Varley Greenslade). According to her Washington Post obituary (below), she worked as an economist for the CIA from 1954 to 1969. From 1969 to 1993 she was a professor of economics at the University of Virginia. She died March 30, 2007, leaving an endowment of nearly $10 million to the University of Virginia for international studies (see below).

These 1947 examination questions are interesting as artifacts associated with one of the relatively small number of woman of her generation who pursued Ph.D. studies in economics. My professional connection to Gertrude Schroeder (as I knew her) was as the lead author of a comparative study of US and Soviet consumption à la International Comparison Project (Kravis, Heston and Summers):

Schroeder, Gertrude E. and Edwards, Imogene. 1981: Consumption in the USSR: An international comparison. Joint Economic Committee, US Congress. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC., 1981.

The purchasing-power-parities published there along with the Soviet personal consumption statistics were an essential ingredient for the calculations in my paper for the Abram Bergson memorial issue, The ‘Welfare Standard’ and Soviet Consumers, Comparative Economic Studies, Vol. 47, issue 2, June 2005, pp. 333-345. I spoke to her only once or twice about her data, and she was indeed delighted that these data proved of use for empirical analysis nearly a quarter of century later.

I was unable to find a picture of Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade for this posting so I figured the quote from Brecht’s Threepenny Opera was appropriate for this former CIA analyst:(with apologies to Bertolt Brecht) “While some stand in the darkness and others stand in light, you see the latter clearly, the former hide in night.”

________________________

AER Membership Listing, 1970

SCHROEDER, GERTRUDE E., academic, government; b. Albuquerque, N.M., 1920; B.A., Colo. State Coll., 1940; M.A., Johns Hopkins, 1948, Ph.D., 1953. DOC. DIS. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1952. FIELDS 2b, 9, 7d. PUB. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1954; “Industrial Labor Productivity,” JEC, Dimensions of Soviet Economic Power, 1962; “”Soviet Economic Reforms: A Study in Contradictions,” Soviet Studies, July 1968. RES. Soviet Wage Statistics and Real Wages. Economist, various U.S. Govt. Agencies, 1943-48; sr. economist, Dept. of Labor and Dept. of Health, Edn. and Welfare since 1950 [sic, cf. obituary below]; part-time tchg., U. Md. and American U., 1966-68. ADDRESS 3051 Porter St. NW., Washington DC 20008.

Source: Biographical Listings of Members, The American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 6 (Jan., 1970) p. 389.

________________________

AER Membership Listing, 1974

SCHROEDER, GERTRUDE E., academic; b. Albuquerque, N.M., 1920; Educ. B.S., Colo. State Coll., 1936 [sic]; M.A., Johns Hopkins, 1948, Ph.D., 1953. Doc. Dis. The Growth of Major Basic Steel Companies, 1900-1950, 1952. Fields 050, 110, 800. Pub. “Consumer Problems in the Soviet Union”, Problems of Communism, 1973; “Recent Developments in Planning and Incentives in the Soviet Union”, Soviet Econ. Prospects for the seventies, 1973; “The Reform of the Indsl. Supply System in the USSR”, Soviet Studies, 1972. Res. A study of the Soviet fin. system. Prev. Pos. Sr. Econs., various U.S. Govt. Agencies, 1943-69; Cur. Pos. Prof. of Econs., U. of Va. since 1969. Address Univ. of Va., Dept. of Econs., Charlottesville, VA 22901.

Source: Directory of Members, The American Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. 5 (Oct., 1974) p. 359.

________________________

Obituary. Washington Post

Gertrude Greenslade, Economist

Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade, 87, an economist at the CIA and the University of Virginia, died of renal failure March 30 at Powhatan Nursing Home in Fairfax County. She lived in McLean.

Mrs. Greenslade was an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1954 until 1969 and worked as a consultant to the CIA from 1993 until her death. She was a member of the faculty at the University of Virginia from 1969 until 1993, when she retired.

She was born in Albuquerque and graduated from Colorado State University. She received two degrees in economics from Johns Hopkins University, a master’s in 1948 and a doctorate in 1953.

Her specialty was the study of Soviet and Eastern European economies. Mrs. Greenslade was fluent in Russian and was a former president of both the Southern Conference on Slavic Studies and the Association for Comparative Economics.

Her first husband, William Schroeder, died in 1966. Her second husband, Rush V. Greenslade, died in 1978….

Source: Washington Post, April 12, 2007.

________________________

Gift to the University of Virginia

Professor emeritus Gertrude Schroeder Greenslade designated the University as the beneficiary of a revocable trust and two individual retirement accounts. Her gift of more than $7 million will support interdisciplinary international studies in the College and Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.

Source: The Cornerstone Society Report, 2007-2008.

Professor donates to international studies
University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

By Virginia Terwilliger

The Center for South Asian Studies and the East Asia Center, along with several other international studies programs, recently received more than $386,000 to strengthen and elevate their programs for the 2009-10 school year, thanks to late Economics Prof. Gertrude Greenslade.

Prior to her death in March 2007, Greenslade arranged to leave $9.8 million in an endowment to the University’s international studies programs. Now, those funds are beginning to be distributed to various University beneficiaries, College Dean Meredith Woo said, adding that the terms of the endowment mandate that only 5 percent may be distributed immediately.

The money also will contribute to exchange programs between the University and the University of Rome, […end of webpage]

Source: The Cavalier Daily, October 12, 2009.

________________________

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
[Johns Hopkins University]

Gertrude Guyton Schroeder

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Prepare an essay on the theory and measurement of productivity.
Compare the development and behavior of American and European unionism.
Analyze the theoretical and empirical relation between economic growth and fluctuation.
Write a review of a book in economics that has appeared since World War II.

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Develop the history of banking and of theory about banking; and indicate their relevance to present-day problems and policies.
Explain the theory of interest; what it is, how it gets determined, and what is its significance for economic statics and dynamics. Do not neglect a review of its actual behavior.
Compose a short article on the corporation—its history, legal status, its quantitative position, and its impact on the economy.
What are the major tools of monetary and fiscal policy? Evaluate them.

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947]
Three hours

Answer 3

Set forth the doctrine of comparative advantage using arithmetic models and explaining both the assumptions on which the doctrine rests and the limitations on the conclusion that may be drawn from it.
Write for an hour on monopoly.
Compare on all major points the theories of Alfred Marshall and J. M. Keynes. Show what both these synthesizers owe to earlier thinkers. What ideas of theirs, if any, have been rejected?
In what sense may it be argued that the competitive allocation of resources is an optimum allocation?

Source: Johns Hopkins University, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy Series 5/6. Box 6/1, Folder “Comprehensive Exams for Ph.D. in Political Economy, 1947-65”.

Tags Greenslade, Schroeder

WILLIAM ARTHUR BERRIDGE HARVARD CLASS OF 1914 [1939 report]

Memorial minute for Professor J. B. Clark FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE April 22, 1938

JOHN BATES CLARK 1847-1938

Bergson, Abram Demobilization Award 1946-47

Henry Parker Willis Biographical Note

The double life of H. Parker Willis

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Memorial minute for Prof. H. Parker Willis April 22, 1938

H. Parker Willis

Milton Friedman’s student notes to Harold Hotelling’s first lecture in Mathematical Economics (1933)

Links to Works Referred to by Hotelling

DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMICS EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. 1917-18

Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr. (1899-1963) Source: Abram Lincoln Harris from BlackPast.org.

[Memo: Abram Harris to Al Rees]

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO 37, ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

Countervailing Power, Monopoly, and Public Policy

A proposed 200 course in the College Submitted by Abram L. Harris

[Memo Al Reese to George Stigler]

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO DATE: Oct. 31 [1961]

[Carbon copy of Stigler response]

The Petition

Elizabeth Lane Waterman (1903-1973)

Mary Chandler Coit (1895-1984)

Emily Harriet Huntington (1895-1982)

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay (1901-1989)

Eunice Shipton Coyle (1895-1982)

Miriam Keeler (1897-1998)

Gertrude Brown (1903-1989)

Ruth Guppy (1899-1991)

Anna True Gilchrist (1882-??)

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE

AER Membership Listing, 1970

AER Membership Listing, 1974

Obituary. Washington Post

Gertrude Greenslade, Economist

Gift to the University of Virginia

Professor donates to international studies University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION POLITICAL ECONOMY [Johns Hopkins University]

Gertrude Guyton Schroeder

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947] Three hours

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947] Three hours

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947] Three hours

WILLIAM ARTHUR BERRIDGE
HARVARD CLASS OF 1914
[1939 report]

Memorial minute for Professor J. B. Clark
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
April 22, 1938

JOHN BATES CLARK
1847-1938

Bergson, Abram
Demobilization Award 1946-47

Henry Parker Willis
Biographical Note

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Memorial minute for Prof. H. Parker Willis
April 22, 1938

DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMICS
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1917-18

Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr. (1899-1963)
Source: Abram Lincoln Harris from BlackPast.org.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
CHICAGO 37, ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

A proposed 200 course in the College
Submitted by Abram L. Harris

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
DATE: Oct. 31 [1961]

Elizabeth Lane Waterman
(1903-1973)

Mary Chandler Coit
(1895-1984)

Emily Harriet Huntington
(1895-1982)

Margaret Fitz Randolph Gay
(1901-1989)

Eunice Shipton Coyle
(1895-1982)

Miriam Keeler
(1897-1998)

Gertrude Brown
(1903-1989)

Ruth Guppy
(1899-1991)

Anna True Gilchrist
(1882-??)

Professor donates to international studies
University international studies centers benefit from $9.8 million endowment

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
POLITICAL ECONOMY
[Johns Hopkins University]

Monday morning, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Monday afternoon, Sept. 29 [1947]
Three hours

Tuesday morning, Sept. 30 [1947]
Three hours