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Radcliffe. Economics Ph.D. alumna, later pioneer health economist Mary Lee Ingbar, 1953

 

In this post we meet the economics Ph.D. alumna Mary Lee Gimbel Mack Ingbar (b. 18 May 1926; d. 18 September 2009). She and Lester Taylor wrote Hospital Costs in Massachusetts (Harvard University Press, 1968), a pioneering econometric study of hospital costs. 

From the biography in the guide to her papers archived at the Harvard Medical School library:

She received an SB cum laude from Radcliffe College in 1946, an AM from Radcliffe Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1948, and an PhD from Radcliffe Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1953. She then received an MPH, cum laude, from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) as a member of the class of 1956. She was the first social scientist to be allowed to matriculate for the MPH degree.

MLI has remained professionally associated with Harvard during most of her career. She was Lecturer on Medical Economics at the HSPH’s Department of Public Health Practice from 1957 to 1961, and Research Associate at the Graduate School of Public Administration from 1961 to 1966…

Add a fun fact: Mary Lee Ingbar was the daughter of NBER staff economist Ruth Prince Mack (1903-2002).

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From Wedding Announcement

Mary Mack graduated from the Lincoln School of Teachers College, Columbia University and Radcliffe College.

Source: Mary Mack, Radcliffe Graduate Student, Married to Dr. Sidney Ingbar at Sherry’s,” The New York Times, May 29, 1950, p. 10.

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Awarded Bachelor of Science cum laude, June 1946

Mary Lee Gimbel Mack, in Economics

Source: Radcliffe College, Reports of Officers Issue, 1945-46 published in Official Register of Radcliffe College, Vol. XII, No. 7 (December 1946), p. 38.
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Awarded Master of Arts 1948

Mary Lee Gimbel Mack

Source: Radcliffe College, Reports of Officers Issue, 1947-48 published in Official Register of Radcliffe College, Vol. XIV, No. 6 (December 1948), p. 21.

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Awarded Ph.D. in Economics 1953

Mary Lee Gimbel Mack Ingbar, A.M.
Subject, Economics.
Special Field, Labor Problems
Dissertation, “The Factors Underlying the Relationship between Cost and Price: A Case Study of a Textile Firm”

Source: Radcliffe College, Reports of Officers Issue, 1952-53 published in Official Register of Radcliffe College, Vol. XIX, No. 5 (December 1953), p. 21.

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Mary Lee Ingbar,
pioneer in field of health economics, dies at 83
October 15, 2009

Mary Lee Ingbar, Radcliffe ’46, Ph.D. ’53, M.P.H. ’56, who was a pioneer in applying quantitative and sophisticated computer analysis to the developing field of health economics in the 1950s and 1960s, died in Cambridge, on Sept. 18.

Ingbar was especially interested in the relationships between cost, quality, and outcomes of medical care. She brought insights from the fields of econometrics and operations research to bear upon the variability of the costs of medical care from one health care setting to another; to this end, she developed what in all likelihood was the first comprehensive statistical and econometric computer software program for analyzing hospital costs. In this work, she collaborated closely with Professor John Dunlop of Harvard (later U.S. secretary of labor) and Lester D. Taylor. She and Taylor wrote “Hospital Costs in Massachusetts” (Harvard University Press, 1968), one of the first econometric studies of hospital costs ever to be published.

In the early 1970s, while associate professor of health economics at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical School, Ingbar was a member of the California Hospital Commission, where she participated in the design and implementation of an innovative program for detailed reporting of hospital expenses and health outcomes, which allowed comparisons of costs and efficiencies of care, and helped to establish the oversight of then-emerging forms of health care delivery, such as health maintenance organizations.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, Ingbar worked to advance the use of computerized databases to track health care events, costs, and outcomes in medical care delivery systems that were growing increasingly large and complex. During these years, she held professorships at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and at the Amos Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.

Ingbar remained a principal research associate of the Department of Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School for the remainder of her life. She served as an Overseer for the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and as a member of the Corporation of Partners Healthcare System. Ingbar was very active in the American Public Health Association (APHA); she was a member of the APHA Governing Council and a chairperson of the APHA Medical Care Section. She was consultant on health economics to many organizations, and in recent years served on the Council of the Alumni Association of the Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

Ingbar was born and raised in New York City. Her mother, Ruth P. Mack, was a noted economist. Her stepfather, Edward C. Mack, was a professor of English literature at the City College of New York. John E. Mack, her stepbrother, was a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and received the 1977 Pulitzer Prize for his biography of T.E. Lawrence

Mary Lee Ingbar was married to Sidney H. Ingbar, an internationally recognized expert on thyroid gland disease and William Bosworth Castle Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. She is survived by her three sons, David Ingbar, M.D. ’78, of Minneapolis; Eric Ingbar of Carson City, Nev.; and Jonathan Ingbar of Portland, Ore.

Donations in honor of Mary Lee Ingbar may be made to the Lung Cancer Alliance and High Horses Therapeutic Riding Program. A memorial will be held at a later date.

Source: The Harvard Gazette (October 15, 2009).

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Biography from Mary Lee Ingbar papers, 1946-2008
Harvard University Medical School, Countway Library.

Mary Lee Ingbar (MLI), PhD, MPH, is a health economist who developed theories concerning interaction between managerial structures of health care programs, and their effectiveness in meeting constituency needs. She received an SB cum laude from Radcliffe College in 1946, an AM from Radcliffe Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1948, and an PhD from Radcliffe Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1953. She then received an MPH, cum laude, from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) as a member of the class of 1956. She was the first social scientist to be allowed to matriculate for the MPH degree.

MLI has remained professionally associated with Harvard during most of her career. She was Lecturer on Medical Economics at the HSPH’s Department of Public Health Practice from 1957 to 1961, and Research Associate at the Graduate School of Public Administration from 1961 to 1966, where with Lester Taylor, she undertook the first econometric study of hospital costs using United States data. Subsequently, she worked for several years on many national and regional committees, addressing such issues as medical costs, hospital planning, day care organization, and alcoholism.

In 1972, MLI relocated to San Francisco. There she served as Associate Professor of Health in the Division of Ambulatory and Community Medicine at University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine from 1972 to 1975. From 1974 to 1975, she was also Associate Program Director of The Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar Program at UCSF.

In 1976 MLI returned east, joining HMS as a Principle Research Associate in Preventive and Social Medicine. Simultaneously, she took a one year post as Visiting Professor of Health Economics at the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouth College and the Department of Community Medicine at Dartmouth Medical School. In 1977, MLI became Professor of Family and Community Medicine in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, remaining until 1982. She became Principle Research Associate in Social Medicine and Health Policy at HMS in 1980, and Principal Associate in Medicine and Health Policy in 1985, a post she held until 2003.

Throughout her career, MLI consulted on government projects concerning economic aspects of health care policy. She has held many city, state, and federal directorships and consultancies, including: Director of Program Development for the Department of Health, Hospital and Welfare of the City of Cambridge, MA, 1968-1972; Director of Research for the Office of Comprehensive Planning of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1970-1971; Regional Consultant for Health Economics and Public Health Advisor, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Region I, Division of Finance and Health Economics, 1975-1976; and Consultant at the West Roxbury Veterans Administration Hospital in 1986.

MLI has directed or consulted on several specifically contracted, grant-funded projects, which have been the basis of much of her research and publications. These contracts include such research topics as: Economics and the Administration of Medical Care Programs, 1961-1966; Identification of the Data and Development if the Record-Keeping System Necessary to Evaluate the Cost-Benefit and/or Cost Effectiveness of Ambulatory Health Services Provided to Residents of Low Income Areas in Cambridge, MA, 1970-1972; Innovative Methods of Pricing Ambulatory Care Treatment (IMPACT) for Patients with Hypertension: A Means of Enhancing Positive Health Outcomes for Long-Term Care, 1980-1982; and Health Services Utilization and Cost Pre and Post Mental Health Treatment in Organized Fee for Service Health Care Settings: The Bunker Hill Health Center of the Massachusetts General Hospital, 1980-1982.

MLI has authored, co-authored, and edited dozens of articles, original reports, and monographs for professional publication, primarily hospital costs. Topics include a range of interests pertinent to a health economist, including efficient record-keeping, cost of nursing services, and teaching cost containment in medical schools. In 1990, MLI contributed to the inaugural issue of Thyroid, a tribute to her late husband, Sidney H. Ingbar, MD.

MLI maintains active memberships in many professional societies, including the Association of University Programs in Health Administration, the Massachusetts Public Health Association, Academy Health, the International Health Economies Association, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), and the American Public Health Association, in which she has held many chairmanships and served on the Governing Council.

Source: From the Collection overview to the Papers, 1946-2008, (Harvard University. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Center for the History of Medicine.)

Image Source: 1946 Radcliffe Yearbook, Forty and Six, p. 92.

Categories
Health

Bibliography from Vaughan’s Influenza, An Epidemiologic Study, 1921

During this COVID-19 pandemic historical attention has turned to the influenza pandemic of 1918-20. In an earlier post we met the epidemiologist Edgar Sydenstricker who did graduate work in economics at the University of Chicago but never completed a PhD in economics. I stumbled across the following epidemiological monograph published in 1921 that provides an extensive review of the influenza literature as of early 1921, incidentally including items by Sydenstricker. While this monograph was written for a public health audience and not for economists, I am reasonably sure an economic historian or two unknown to me might find it convenient to have this bibliography from Warren T. Vaughan’s influenza book.

Warren Taylor Vaughan, M.S., M.D. (1893-1944). Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study [in] The American Journal of Hygiene. Monograph Series No. 1 (July, 1921.) Copy at hathitrust.org.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Fun Fact #1: in 1935 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was a patient of Warren T. Vaughan.

Kennedy was a student at Princeton for all of two months, but he was ill the entire time. Went back to Boston where doctors sought a second opinion from a Richmond (Virginia) specialist, Dr. Warren T. Vaughan. Apparently given a medical examination at Vaughan’s clinic in December.

Source: Nigel Hamilton, JFK Reckless Youth (1992), p. 147.

 

Fun Fact #2: according to the Vaughan family tree

Warren Taylor Vaughan was a second cousin, six times removed of George Washington.

Source:  http://www.vaughan.org/tree/gwash.html

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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Abrahams, Hallows, Eyre and French.

1917. Purulent bronchitis; its influenzal and pneumococcal bacteriology. Lancet, II, 377.

Abt, Isaac, A.

1919. Influenza in a newly born infant. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 980.

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Amelung, W.

1919. Influenza in relation to pulmonary tuberculosis. Münch. Med. Woch., LXVI, 1321.

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Armstrong, D. B.

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Coakley, C. G.

1908. Throat and sinus complications of grip. N. Y. State Jour, of Med., VIII, 192.

Colalé, N.

1919. Quinine in prophylaxis of influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 969.

Constable, Evelyn A.

1919. Influenza and diphtheria. Lancet, I, 563.

Crookshank, F. G.

1919. Epidemic encephalo-myelitis and influenza. Lancet, I, 79.

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1919. The influenza epidemic as shown in the weekly health index. Am. Jour. Pub. Health. Ibid., 50.

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1920. Grippe et Tuberculose. L’anergie grippale et la tuberculose de l’adulte. Paris Medical, 24.

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1918. The aural complications of grip. N. Y. State Jour. of Med., VIII, 193.

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1905. Influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 131.

Dickinson, W. H.

1919. Influenza and chronic lung disease. Lancet, I, 314.

Dopter, F.

1920. Sur rimmunité acquise par une première atteinte de grippe. Bull. Acad. de Med., LXXXIII, 415.

Dörbech, F.

1919. Die Influenzapandemie des Jahres 1918. Deutsche Med. Woch., XLV, 716-743.

Dublin, L. I.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 89.

1920. The mortality of bituminous coal miners from influenza-pneumonia. Oct. to Dec, 1918. Jour. Indust. Hygiene, I, 483.

Dudley, S. F.

1919. The epidemic of grippe as it was observed at Scapa Flow. Jour. Roy. Nav. Med. Service, V, 359.

Dunlop, J. C.

1919. Notes on the influenza mortality in Scotland during the period July, 1918, to March, 1919. Edinb. Med. Jour., XXII, 403, and XXIII, 46.

Dunn, R. A. and Gordan, M. H.

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Eichhorst, H.

1920. Character of present epidemic influenza. Schweiz. Med. Woch., L, 281.

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Erlendsson, V.

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Escomel, E.

1919. Influenza in Rio de Janeiro. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., Ibid., 903.

Evans, W. A. and Hechard, M. O.

1918. The 1890 epidemic of influenza in Chicago and its influence on mortality, 1890 to 1893, inclusive. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, VIII, 845.

Filtzos, T. C.

1919. “Epidemic Influenza in Greece.” Public Health Reports. Mar. 14.

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1898. “Influenza” in 20th Century Practice of Medicine, XV, 1-249. Wm. Wood & Co.

Fishberg, M.

1919. Influenza and tuberculosis. Am. Rev. of Tuberculosis, III, 532.

Fletcher, Wm.

1919. Meningococcus bronchopneumonia in influenza. Lancet, I, 104.

Forbes, Roy G. and Snyder, Helen A.

1918. Study of the leucocytes in an epidemic of influenza. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., Ill, 758.

Fränkel and Dublin.

1919. Influenza mortality among wage earners and their families. A preliminary statement of results. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, IX, 731.

Frey, W.

1918. Studien zur Epidemiologie der Influenza 1918. Wien. klin. Woch., XXXI, 1370.

Frost, W. H.

1919. The epidemiology of influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 313.

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Frost, W. H. and Sydenstricker, E.

1919. Influenza in Maryland. Preliminary statistics of certain localities. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 491.

1919. Epidemic influenza in foreign countries. Public Health Reports. Ibid., 1361.

Garvie, A.

1919. The spread of influenza in an industrial area. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 519.

Gibbon, John G.

1919. Acquired immunity in influenza. Lancet, I, 583.

Greenwood, M.

1918. The epidemiology of influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., II, 563.

1919. On the theory of epidemic constitutions. Brit. Med. Jour., Sept. 27.

Guilfoy, W. H.

1918. Statistics of the epidemic of influenza in New York City. Bull. Dep. Health, N. Y. City, N.S. XIII, 265.

Hall, H. C.

1920. Immunity to influenza. Ugeskrift for Laeger, Copenhagen. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIV, 1202.

Hall, M. W.

1920. Epidemiology of influenza. Mil. Surgeon, XLVI, 564, and Ky. Med. Jour., XVIII, 108.

Hamilton, J. H. and Leonard, A. H.

1919. Acquired immunity to influenza as indicated by a recurrent epidemic in an institution. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 854.

Hammond, Rolland and Shore.

1917. Purulent bronchitis. Lancet, II, 41.

Hawes, J. B.

1919. Experience of Massachusetts State Sanatoria for Tuberculosis, during the recent influenza epidemic. Bost. Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXX, 35.

Hirsch, A.

1861-86 Histor.-geograph. Pathologie, Stuttgart.

Hsieh, E. T.

1918. The recent epidemic of influenza in Peking. Nat. Med. Jour. China, Shanghai, XXII, 129.

Hunziker, H.

1919. Epidemiologie der Grippe. Cor. Bl. f. Schweiz. Aertze. Basel, XLIX, 551.

Hurley, J. R.

1919. Influenza with special reference to the pandemic of 1918. Med. Rec., N.Y., XCVI, 651.

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Jordan, E. O.

1918-19. Notes on the epidemiology of influenza. Proc. Inst. Med. (Chicago), Il, 135.

Jordan, E. O. and Sharp, W. B.

1920. Immunity in influenza. Jour. Infect. Dis., XXVI, 463.

Jordan, E. O., Reed, D. B. and Fink, E. B.

1919. Influenza in three Chicago groups. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 1528.

Jundell, I.

1912. Influenzal meningitis and pneumonia. Hygiea, Stockholm, LXXIV.

Kellogg, Wilfred H.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 891.

Kahn, A.

1920. Cause, prevention and cure of influenza and allied diseases. Med. Rec., XCVII, 481.

Kopf, E. W.

1919. A statistical study of the influenza epidemic. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 593.

Lamb, Frederick H.

1918. Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis at Camp Cody. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 387.

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Leichtenstern, O.

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Longcope, W. T.

1919. Survey of the epidemic of influenza in the American Expeditionary Forces. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 189.

Howard, D. C. and Love, A. G.

1920. Influenza in the U. S. Army. Mil. Surg., XLVI, 522.

Lynch, Chas., and Gumming, Jas. G.

1920. The epidemiology of influenza-pneumonia. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., V, 364.

McAfee, Loy.

1919. Epidemic influenza in the medical and surgical history of the Civil War. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 445.

McCallum, Wm. G.

1918. Pathology of the pneumonia in the United States army camps during the winter of 1917-1918. Monograph. Rock. Inst. Med. Res.

McCoy, G. W.

1919. Status of prophylactic vaccination against influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 401.

McCoy, G. W., Murray, V. B. and Teeter, A. L.

1918. The failure of a bacterial vaccine as a prophylactic against influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXI, 1997.

McDonald, J. H.

1920. Influenza. Indian Med. Gaz., LV, No. 6.

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1920. Epidemiology and etiology of influenza. Bost. Med. and Sur. Jour. CLXXXII.

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1920. Influenza. Nelson’s System of Medicine, 1920.

MacRae, Duncan M.

1919. Influenza and chronic lung disease. Lancet, I, 281.

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1920. Influenza amongst the Lapps. Brit. Med. Jour., I, 465.

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1919. Influenza and epilepsy. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1038.

Malone, R. H. and McKendrick, A. G.

1919. Evidence regarding the immunity conferred by an attack of influenza, with a study of three local epidemics. Indian Jour. Med. Res., VII, 373.

Mason, A. L.

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Mathers, Geo.

1917. Etiology of the epidemic acute respiratory infections commonly called influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXVIII, 678.

Mayer, C. P.

1913. Pulmonary influenza. Semana Medica, XX.

Medical Supplement to the Review of the Foreign Press.

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Merklen, P.

1918. Influenza in Bretagne. Bull. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, Oct. 11, 1918, 924.

Minaker, A. J. and Irvine, R. S.

1919. Prophylactic use of mixed vaccine against pandemic influenza and its complications. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 847.

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1916. Notes on the grip epidemic in Chicago. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXVI, 1696.

Mortality 1889-1918.

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Murphy, T. J.

1919. Postinfluenzal tuberculosis. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXXI, 266.

Netter, A.

1918. L’épidémie d’influenza de 1918. Paris Médical, Nov. 16, 1918, 382.

Newsholme, A.

1920. Influenza. A discussion. Longmans, Green & Co., CII, 80.

1907. Influenza from a public health standpoint. Practitioner, 118.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 890.

1919. Influenza from a public health standpoint. Practitioner, CII, 6.

Niemann and Foth.

1919. Deutsche Med. Woch., XLV, 471.

Office International d’Hygiène Publique.

1918. X, also Jan. and Feb., 1920, XII.

Opie, Freeman, Blake, Small and Rivers.

1919. Pneumonia at Camp Funston. Report to Surgeon General. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 108.

1919. Pneumonia following influenza at Camp Pike, Ark. Ibid., 556.

Orticoni, A., Barbié and Angé.

1919. Pathogenesis of influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 69.

Ovazza, V. E.

1919. Prophylaxis of influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1335.

Parkes, Edmund A.

1876. “Influenza” in Reynolds’ System of Medicine. I, 28.

Parsons, H. Franklin.

1893. Local Government Board Reports. C-6387 (1891) and C-7051 (1893).

1893. A further report on the influenza epidemics of 1889-90, 1891 and 1891-92. Local Government edition. London, 1893.

Parsons, H. C.

1919. Official report on the influenza epidemic 1918. Canad. Med. Ass. Jour., Toronto, IX, 351.

Pearl, Raymond.

1919. On certain general statistical aspects in the 1918 epidemic in American cities. Public Health Reports, Aug. 8, 1919.

Peck, J. H.

1920. Relation of influenza to tuberculosis. Iowa State Med. Soc. Jour., X, 42.

Péhu, M. and Ledoux, E.

1918. Revue documentaire sur I’épidémie actuelle de grippe en France. Ann. de Méd., V, 579.

Pneumonic Plague.

1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 146.

Pollard, R.

1920. Control of influenza. Brit. Med. Jour., I, 258.

Pruvost, E.

1919. Considérations inspirées par la récente épidémie de grippe sur la pathogénie de cette maladie et sur celle de la tuberculose. Bull. et Mém. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 3 s., XLIII, 783.

Raffelt, F.

1920. Influenza Epidemie, 1918. Wien. klin. Woch., XXXIII, April 15.

Rénon, L. and Mignot, R.

1920. La grippe de 1920 a l’hôpital Necker. Bull, et Mém. Soc. Méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 509.

Prevention Bureau.

1918. Report of the Shansi Plague. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 559.

Roussy, B.

1919. Nature et modes d’action de I’agent pathogène infectieux de la grippe ou influenza. Rev. d’hyg., XLI, 104.

Rose, F. G.

1919. The influenza epidemic in British Guiana. Lancet, I, 421.

Rosenau, M. J.

1919. Experiments to determine the mode of spread of influenza. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 311.

Rosenow, E. C.

1919. Prophylactic inoculation against respiratory infections. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 31.

Roys, Chas. K.

1918. Report on epidemic of pneumonic plague in Tsinauflu, 1918. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 346.

Ruhräh, J.

1919. Some of the aspects of epidemic influenza in children. Med. Clin. North Am., II, 1597.

Russell, W.

1919. Some aspects of the influenza epidemic. Lancet, I, 690.

Robertson, Jno. D., and Koehler, Gottfried.

1918. Preliminary report on the influenza epidemic in Chicago. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, VIII, 849.

Rondopoulos, P. J.

1919. Influenza in Greece. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1947.

Sahli, H.

1919. Influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., Ibid., 687.

Sanz, E. F.

1919. Jacksonian epilepsy following influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 73.

Schofield, F. W. and Cynn, H. C.

1919. Pandemic influenza in Korea. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 981.

Scoccia, V.

1919. Does influenza confer immunity? Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass. Ibid., 529.

Selter, H.

1918. Zur Aetiologie der Influenza. Deutsch. Med. Woch., XLIV, 932.

Sherman, C. L.

1913. Common infections that are often erroneously diagnosed as grip. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXI, 1567.

Siciliano, L.

1919. Qualche osservazione sull’epidemiologia dell’influenza. Riv. crit. di Clin. Med. Firenze, XX, 97.

Silvestri, I.

1919. Quinine, malaria and influenza. Abst. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 304.

Small, W. D. D.

1920. Clinical features, etiology and treatment of influenza. Edinb. Med. Jour., XXV, 15.

Smith, Theobold.

1904. Some problems in the life history of pathogenic microorganisms. Am. Med., 711.

Soldan, C. E.

1919. Influenza in Lima. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 970.

Soper, George A.

1919. The influenza pneumonia pandemic in the American Army camps during September and October, 1918. Science, N.S., XLVIII, 451.

1919. The efficiency of existing measures for the prevention of disease. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 1405.

1919. What is influenza? Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXXI, 635.

1919. Influenza in horses and in man. N.Y. Med. Jour., CIX, 270.

Spear, B. E.

1920. The periodicity of influenza. Lancet, I, 889.

Spooner, L. H., Scott, J. M. and Heath, E. H.

1919. A bacteriologic study of the influenza epidemic at Camp Devens, Mass. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 155.

Stallybrass, C. O.

1920. The periodicity of influenza. Lancet, CXCVIII, 372.

Stanley, Arthur.

1918. Notes on pneumonic plague in China. China Med. Jour., XXXII, 207.

Stanley, L. L.

1919. Influenza at San Quentin Prison, California. Public Health Reports, XXXIV, 996.

Stivelman, B.

1919. Effects of influenza on pulmonary tuberculosis. New York Med. Jour., LX, 20.

Sturrock:

1905. Notes on an epidemic of influenza, occurring in the Midlothian and Peebles Asylums. Brit. Med. Jour.

Sydenstricker, Edgar.

1920. Difficulties in computing civil death rates for 1918 with especial reference to epidemic influenza. Public Health Reports, XXXV, 330.

1918. Preliminary statistics of the influenza epidemic. Public Health Reports, XXXIII, 2305.

Teissier, J.

1920. La grippe parallele des deux grandes pandémies de 1889 et de 1918. Paris Méd., XXXV, 69.

Telling, W. H. M. and Hann, R. G.

1913. Influenza with repeated rigors. Practitioner, 764.

de los Terreros, C. S.

1919. Influenza in children. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med Ass., LXXII, 764.

Topley, W. W. C.

1919. The spread of bacterial infection. Lancet, II, 1, 45, 91.

Ustvedt, Y.

1919. Influenza in Norway. Abstr. In Jour. Am Med. Ass., LXXII, 1115.

Vaughan, Henry F.

1920. Influenza in Detroit. Weekly health reports, Commissioner of Health, Detroit.

Vaughan, V. C.

1918. An explosive epidemic of influenzal disease at Fort Oglethorpe. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., III, 560.

1918. The influenza in Germany, Ibid., IV, 83.

1918. Notes on influenza. Ibid., 145.

1918. Influenza and pneumonia at Brest, France. Ibid., 223.

1918. Influenza at Camp Custer. Ibid., 225.

1918. Influenza and pneumonia at Camp Grant. Ibid., 306.

1918. Notes on influenza. Ibid., 309.

1918. Encephalitis lethargica. Ibid., 381.

1919. Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 890.

Vaughan, V. C. and Palmer, Geo. T.

1919. Communicable diseases in the United States Army during the summer and autumn of 1918. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 586.

1918. Communicable diseases in the National Guard and National Army of the United States during the six months from Sept. 29, 1917, to March 29, 1918. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., Ill, 635.

Vaughan, W. T. and Schnabel, T. G.

1919. Pneumonia and empyema at Camp Sevier. Arch. Int. Med., XXII, 441.

Vaughan, W. T.

1918. Clinical manifestations of empyema. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 123.

Vico, G.

1919. Quinine and influenza. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXII, 1648.

Wadsworth, A. B.

1919. Results of preventive vaccination with suspensions of the influenza bacillus. Abstr. in Jour. Am. Med. Ass., LXXIII, 368.

Wahl, H. R., White, B. and Lyall, H. W.

1919. Some experiments in the transmission of influenza. Jour. Inf. Dis., XXV, 419.

Walb.

1913. Pneumococcus influenza. Deutsch. Med. Woch., XXXIX.

Wallace, Geo. L.

1919. Report of the influenza epidemic and experience in the use of influenza vaccine “B” at the Wrentham State School. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXX, 447.

Watson, Thomas.

1872. Principles and Practice of Physic. II, 71.

Watson, Percy T.

1919. The epidemic in Shansi; pneumonic plague or influenza? China Med. Jour., XXXIII, 169.

Webster, J. O.

1871. Report of an epidemic of influenza. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., N.S., VII, 377.

Winslow, C. E. A. and Rogers, J. F.

1920. Statistics of the 1918 epidemic of influenza in Connecticut. Jour. Infect. Dis., XXVI.

Wollstein, M. and Goldbloom, A.

1919. Epidemic influenza in infants. Am. Jour. Dis. of Children, XVII, 165.

Woodward, Wm. C.

1918. Influenza in Boston. Monthly Bull. of the Health Dept. of the City of Boston, VII, 179-186, 205-208, and VIII, 10.

Wooley, Paul G.

1918. The epidemic of influenza at Camp Devens, Mass. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., IV, 330.

1919. An epidemiologic fragment. Med. Quart., Ottawa, I, 325.

Zinsser, H., Brooks, H., et al.

1920. Manifestations of influenza during the earlier periods of its appearance in France. Med. Rec., XCVII, 459.

Zinsser, Hans.

Influenza. Oxford Medical Papers (to be published).

 

A most comprehensive bibliography of the literature covering the epidemiology of influenza up until 1896 is to be found in Leichtenstern’s original monograph.

 

Source: Warren T. Vaughan, Influenza: an epidemiologic study, The American Journal of Hygiene. Monograph Series No. 1 (July, 1921), pp. 245-256.