Category: Libertarianism

Antioch College. Syllabus for principles of economics. Watts, 1935-1936

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2024-08-18

Vervon Orval Watts (1898-1993) was a Thomas Nixon Carver inspired libertarian economist from pre-Keynesian Harvard times. Before going on to become the first head economist for the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce (1939-46) and later an economic adviser to the Foundation for Economic Education starting in 1946, Watts taught economics at Antioch College (1930-36) and Carleton College (1936-39). His full biographical timeline can be found at the link above. For this post Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has transcribed the syllabus with the assigned and optional readings for the principles course Watts taught at Antioch College in 1935-36.

In the mid-1960s Watts was the Dean of the short-lived Freedom School Phrontistery in Colorado, the brainchild of Robert LeFevre that was to become a libertarian version of a Politics, Philosophy, and Economics program of study.

_____________________________

Harvard Ph.D. awarded in 1932

Vervon Orval Watts, A.B. (Univ. of Manitoba) 1918, A.M. (Harvard Univ.) 1923.
Subject, Economics. Special Field, Sociology. Thesis, “The Development of the Technological Concept of Production in Anglo-American Thought.”
Associate Professor of Economics, Antioch College.

Source: Report of the President of Harvard College, 1931-1932, p.124.

_____________________________

A Syllabus of Instruction
for
Economics 101-102

A Survey of Modern
Economic Life

V. O. Watts
Antioch College
1935-1936

PURPOSES OF THE COURSE

To obtain information concerning American economic institutions.
To develop the habit in the ordinary experiences of daily life of observing, analyzing and appraising the economic results of the conduct of individuals and of groups of individuals as wage-earners, employers, farmers, manufacturers, merchants, financiers, and legislators.
To develop skill in tracing out and explaining the ramifications of the economic effects of an event.

CONDUCT OF THE COURSE

Required Readings

Study of the required readings, those starred and underlined in the list of references in this syllabus, constitutes the larger part of the work of this course. The following methods of study are therefore suggested:

Note the relation of each chapter or section in the text or syllabus to the sections preceding and following it.
Read or scan quickly the material in one or two chapters at a time before underlining or taking notes, so that you may gain perspective and distinguish the more significant principles from the accompanying illustrations and qualifications.
Think out answers to the questions and problems given at the end of each section or chapter in the text or question book, referring back to the appropriate section of the text, when necessary, to clarify your understanding of the principles involved.
Re-read the text, making written note of essential points in definitions of technical terns, statements of important principles, list of arguments pro and con on controversial issues, advantages and disadvantages of proposed policies, and qualifications of principles.
This note-taking should provide opportunity for practice in expressing yourself in economics, therefore do not copy the author’s words, but put his ideas into your own words. It should also provide an aid to quick and effective review and help you to organize your thinking in this field, therefore keep your notes brief, well-organized, and neatly arranged.
Before class discussions and examinations review those notes, practicing recall, illustrating the points noted, questioning and criticizing the author’s ideas, and formulating your own conclusions.

Periodicals

Each student in this course is expected to keep posted on current economic and political events and opinions through the regular reading of a newspaper or news weekly.

Some acquaintance with a number of leading journals in the fields of business and political economy is also required. To that end some of the journals listed below should be consulted with the following questions in mind concerning each: (1) How often is it published? (2) Who are the publishers or editors? (3) What is the professional status or occupation of its contributors? (4) What is the general character or point of view of most of its articles? (5) What special place does it fill in the field and to what type of reader is it likely to have most appeal?

Examine the table of contents for several recent issues of some of these magazines to see if there may be articles which especially interest you. In some journals you may find few or none, but in others you should find many such articles. Try to read at least one article during the semester in each of several of the journals listed.

Recommended Readings

The optional, or recommended, readings listed below present additional information or develop points of view differing more or less from that dominant in the required text. In some cases they may present clearer explanations of the points covered in the required readings.

Class Meetings

There are customarily three class meetings per week.

Conferences

Each student should meet the instructor for a conference at least once in each five-week period. To these conferences the student should bring his economics notebook and recent test papers.

Tests and Examinations

Approximately once a week there will be a ten-minute written test on the subject matter of the required readings. At the end of the first and third divisions there will be a one-hour examination on the readings and lectures. At the end of each semester there will be a three-hour examination covering the entire work of the course to date.

Answers to examination questions should be well planned and neatly written. Each distinct point or argument should be treated in a separate paragraph, and points correlative in meaning and importance should be numbered. All papers should be written in ink.

Oral Report

In the second division of the second semester each student will be expected to present to the class in a ten or fifteen minute report the results of his study outside the required readings of a topic chosen in consultation with the instructor. The time allotted for preparation of this report should be approximately one-tenth of the time devoted to the entire course. The report itself should not take the form of reading an essay, but should be a short talk from a brief outline.

Textbooks

L. A. Rufener, Principles of Economics

R. M. Rutledge, Everyday Economics

SCHEDULE OF READINGS, LECTURES, AND EXAMINATIONS

* * * * * * * * * *

FIRST SEMESTER

First Week

*Rufener, ch.1. Wants, Goods, and Welfare

*Rutledge, ch. 1.

Stuart Chase, Your Money’s Worth

C. E. Carpenter, Dollars and Sense

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, Elementary Economics, chs. 1, 7.

S. H. Slichter, Modern Economic Society, ch. 22.

Lecture: The Significance of Scarcity.

Second Week

*Rufener:

ch. 2. Improving Methods of Production
ch. 3. Exchange, Value, and Price
ch. 4. Business Organization and Profits

*Rutledge, ch. 4.

V. O. Watts, The Myth of the Industrial Revolution

Third Week

*Rufener:

ch. 5. Demand and Supply and Market Price
ch. 6. Demand and Supply and Market Price (continued)
ch. 7. Demand Schedules for Producers’ Goods

*Rutledge, ch. 6

W. H. Hamilton, Current Economic Problems, selections 63-66

Slichter, chs. 12, 13, 14

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, chs. 11-15.

Fourth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 8. Costs of Production, Market Price, and Profit
ch. 9. Cost and Price in Agriculture: Wheat-Growing
ch. 10. The Rent and Price of Agricultural Land

*Rutledge, ch. 10.

J. B. Hubbard, Current Economic Policies, pp. 180-207

Slichter, chs. 17, 19. “Public Authority as a Determinant of Price”.

Fifth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 11. Indirect Costs in Agriculture
ch. 12. Economic Rent and the Unearned Increment
ch. 13. Cost of Production in Manufacturing: Decreasing Cost

*Rutledge ch. 12.

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, chs. 31, 32.

Hour Examination

Sixth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 14. Decreasing Costs, Indirect Costs, and Price
ch. 15. Monopoly and Monopoly Price
ch. 16. Industrial Monopolies and Government Control

*Rutledge:

ch. 15.
ch. 16.

F. A. Fetter, The Masquerade of Monopoly

M. W. Watkins, Industrial Combinations and Public Policy

Lecture:
The Economies and Limitations of Large-Scale Methods

Seventh Week

*Rufener:

ch. 17. Public Utilities and Government Control
ch. 18. Railroads and Government Control
ch. 19. Demand Schedules for Labor

Slichter, ch. 18.

Eighth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 20. Differences in Wages
ch. 21. Labor Organization

*Rutledge:

ch. 20
ch. 21

Paul Douglas, Real Wages in the United States

Slichter, ch. 24. “The Labor Bargain—The Determination of Wages”

Fairchild, Furniss and Buck ch. 35. “The General Law of Wages.”

Rufener, ch. 22. “Labor Legislation”

Lectures:

Principles of Justice in Distribution
Wage Theories
The Malthusian Principle of Population

Ninth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 23. The Price of Loans.
ch. 24. Producers’ Loans and the Rate of Interest.

*Rutledge, ch. 23.

*R. Epstein, Supplementary Readings in Economics, ch. 18. “The Nature of Capital and Interest”

Lecture:
The Nature and Importance of Saving and Investment.

Tenth Week

Semester Examination

* * * * * * * * * *

SECOND SEMESTER

First Week

*Rufener:

ch. 25. The Qualities and Quantity of Money
ch. 27. Government Paper Money

*Rutledge:

ch. 25
ch. 27

*Rufener, ch. 28. Bank Deposits and Bank Notes

D. H. Robertson, Money

Rufener, ch. 26

Second Week

*Rufener:

ch. 29. Bank Credit and Business Cycles.
ch. 30. Government Regulation of Banking in the U.S.

*Rutledge, ch. 29.

Slichter, ch. 11, ch. 20 (pp. 471-491).

L. Robbins, The Great Depression.

H. Clay, J. Stamp, J. M. Keynes, The World’s Economic Crisis and the Way of Escape.

L. Ayres, The Economics of Recovery.

W. C. Mitchell, Business Cycles, ch. 1, sections 3, 4.

Lecture:
The Causes of the 1930-1935 Depression.

Third Week

*Rufener:

ch. 31. Risk, Insurance and Speculation.
ch. 32. Clearings, Collections, and Exchange.

*Rutledge, ch. 31.

Slichter, ch. 30. “International Economic Policies—Monetary and Financial Problems.”

H. G. Moulton:

Germany’s Capacity to Pay.
The World War Debt Settlements.

Rufener, ch. 33.

Fourth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 34. International Trade
ch. 35. Protection and Free Trade.

*F. W. Taussig, Free Trade, the Tariff, and Reciprocity, pp. 44-57 and chs. 3,4,7, and pp. 168-179.

S. Crowther, America Self-Contained.

W. Redfield, Dependent America.

J. M. Jones, Tariff Retaliation.

F. Bastiat, Economic Sophisms.

H. F. Fraser, Foreign Trade and World Politics.

Rutledge, ch. 35.

Fifth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 37. Theories of Taxation.
ch. 38. The Tax System of the United States.

Hour Examination

Sixth to Ninth Weeks

*Rufener:

ch.39. Problems of Agriculture.
ch.36. The Functions of Government
ch.40. Evils of the Price and Profit System, and Remedies Proposed.

*Rutledge ch. 40.

*Hubbard, Current Economic Policies, pp. 3-21.

Stuart Chase:

The Tragedy of Waste.
The Economy of Abundance.

T. N. Carver:

Essays in Social Justice, chs. 4-7, 9-16.
The Economy of Human Energy, chs. 2, 3, 6—9.

P. Sorokin, Social Mobility.

A. T. Hadley, Standards of Public Morality, chs. 1-3.

H. M. Robinson, Relativity in Business Morals.

See also the following references to current periodicals.

Lectures:

Economic Inequality
The Social Nature of Property
The Economy of Abundance
Planned Production
A Program of Economic Reorganization.

Tenth Week

Final Examination.

* * * * * * * * * *

PERIODICALS

The following publications are devoted partly or wholly to economic and business subjects.

Academy of Political Science, Proceedings

*American Economic Review

*American Labor Legislation Review

American Statistical Association Journal

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

*Annalist

*Business Week

Chase Economic Bulletin

*Commercial and Financial Chronicle

Commonweal

Congressional Digest

*Economic Forum

Economic Geography

*Economic Journal

Factory Management and Maintenance

Foreign Affairs

Fortune

Harvard Business Review

International Labor Review

*Journal of Political Economy

*Magazine of Wall Street

Monthly Labor Review

Nation (New York)

National City Bank of New York Bulletin

Nation’s Business

New Republic

Personnel Journal

*Political Science Quarterly

*Printer’s Ink

*Quarterly Journal of Economics

Review of Economic Statistics

Yale Review

*Current issues in the Economics Reading Room, Main Bldg., Room 37.

The following articles in issues of the past year are especially recommended:

First Semester

“The Coal Resources of China,” W. Belden, M. Salter, Economic Geography, July 1935.

“The Public Utility Issue,” L. Olds, The Yale Review, Summer, 1935.

“Economic Effects of Wages and Hour Provisions in Codes,” T. O. Yntema, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Supplement (Papers and Proceedings) March 1935.

“The American Labor Movement Since the War,” D. J. Saposs, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Feb., 1935.

“Economic and Political Radicalism,” M. C. Kruger, American Journal of Sociology, May, 1935.
(The effect of the depression on the economic and political policies of organized labor.)

“Workers’ Education in the United States,” A. S. Cheyney, International Labor Review, July, 1935.

“The Negro in Industry,” G.S.Mitchell, The American Scholar, Summer 1935.
(The problem of race prejudice in trade unions)

“Incidence upon the Negroes,” C.S. Johnson, American Journal of Sociology, May, 1935.
(Incidence of the burdens of the depression upon negroes)

“Compensation of Corporation Executives, 1928-1932 Record,” J.C.Baker and W. L. Crum, Harvard Business Review, Sumner 1935.

“Old Age Security,” E. E. Witte, National Municipal Review, July 1935.

“Paying for Economic and Social Security,” J. P. Harris, National Municipal Review, August 1935.

“Problems of Social Security Legislation in the United States,” several articles in the Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, June 1935.

Second Semester

“The Royal Road to Inflation,” A. Wolff, Economic Forum, Spring 1935.
(Shows how continued federal budget deficits may lead to currency inflation.)

“Trade Treaty Need,” Cordell Hull, “American Trade Policy and World Recovery,” P. Molyneaux, International Conciliation, June 1935.

“Death Duties, Enterprise, and the Growth of National Capital,” B. M. Anderson, Chase Economic Bulletin, August 6, 1935.

“The Outlook for American Cotton,” J. D. Black, Review of Economic Statistics, March 1935.
(Is America losing her foreign cotton markets?)

“The New Deal and Economic Liberty,” A. A. Berle, and other articles on government control of business, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, March 1935.

“A Planned Economy for Wall Street,” C. H. Meyer, The American Scholar Summer 1935.
(The economic consequences of the Securities Acts of 1933, 1934)

“Government Control of Investments and Speculation,” R. S. Tucker, American Economic Review, Supplement, March 1935.

“The Paths of Economic Change,” Calvin B. Hoover, American Economic Review, Supplement (Papers and Proceedings) March 1935.
(Fascism, Communism, and Capitalism compared.)

“The Corporate State and NRA,” G. Bottai, Foreign Affairs, July 1935.

“The Permanent New Deal,” W. Lippmann, The Yale Review, Summer 1935.
(A comparison of the policies of Herbert Hoover with those of Franklin D. Roosevelt.)

“Borrowing Machines,” H. A. Davis, National Municipal Review, June 1935.
(Are the now “authorities” a blessing or menace?)

“Gyp Vendor & Co.,” G. B. Seybold, National Municipal Review, June 1935.
(New York’s attempt to secure economy in municipal expenditures discloses numerous rackets and forms of graft.)

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of V. Orval Watts, Box 1, Folder “Misc. writings, etc. 1930s + 1940s”.

Image Source: Harvard Class Album, 1932.

Tags Watts

Chicago Economists Libertarianism LSE

NBC Meet the Press. Full transcript of inflation interview with Friedrich Hayek. June 22, 1975

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2024-05-26

Economist Joseph Herbert Furth (1899-1995) was born in Vienna. He was a student friend of Friedrich Hayek and later became the brother-in-law of Gottfried Haberler. In 1943 he was hired by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington D.C. and retired in 1966. Throughout his life he corresponded extensively with his fellow ex-pat Austrians. His papers are found at the University of Albany’s German and Jewish Intellectual Émigre Collections and the Hoover Institution archives. I found a printed copy of the complete NBC Meet the Press interview with Friedrich Hayek from June 22, 1975 in Furth’s Hoover Institution archived papers.

When I checked to see if there was an on-line copy of this interview available, I discovered that the first portion of the interview that took place before station identification and commercial break was not included in either the audio or printed copies that I was able to find.

Economics in the Rear-view Mirror now provides for the digital record both halves of the Hayek interview.

Fun fact: the only living witness as of this posting is Washington Post columnist, George Will, who was 34 years old when the Hayek interview was broadcast.

___________________________

The existing incomplete transcript

Only the second half of the interview (after the commercial announcements) has been posted on-line up to this time.

Transcript prepared by Karen Y. Palasek in the Free Market Minute of the John Locke Foundation. Reposted at the mises.org website.

Two versions of the corresponding audio are out there to choose from:

1. - Archived version from the mises.org website
  - Copy at YouTube

___________________________

The National Broadcasting Company Presents

MEET THE PRESS
America’s Press Conference of the Air
Volume 19, Number 25
Sunday, June 22, 1975

Produced by Lawrence E. Spivak

Guest: Dr. Friedrich A. von Hayek,
Co-recipient, 1974 Nobel Prize in Economic Science

Panel:

Hobart Rowen, The Washington Post
Eileen Shanahan, The New York Times
George F. Will, The National Review
Irving R. Levine, NBC News

Moderator: Lawrence E. Spivak

Merkle Press Inc., Printers and Periodical Publishers
Subsidiary of Pubco Corporation
Box 2111, Washington, D. C. 20013
25 cents per copy

Permission is hereby granted to news media and magazines to reproduce in whole or in part. Credit to NBC’s MEET THE PRESS will be appreciated.

___________________________

SPIVAK: Our guest today on MEET THE PRESS is the winner of the 1974 Nobel Prize for Economics, Dr. Friedrich von Hayek.
Dr. von Hayek was a Professor at the London School of Economics for 20 years and at the University of Chicago for 13 years. Most recently he has been a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg. He is the author of the international best. seller, “The Road to Serfdom.”
Dr. von Hayek is a native of Austria and a citizen of Great Britain. He is completing a three months’ visit in this country.
We will have the first questions now from Irving R. Levine of NBC News.

LEVINE: Dr. von Hayek, through your long career you have consistently warned about the dangers of government policies that contribute to inflation. Last year this country had an increase in the cost of living of over 12 per cent. This year, because of the recession, so far the cost of living has gone up about half that rate, about 6 per cent. Do you think that the danger of inflation has passed in this country?

VON HAYEK: Oh, very far from it. People will be aware that as a result of stopping inflation there is unemployment, and they still believe that they can cure inflation by unemployment, which is wrong, because in the long run it only creates more unemployment.

LEVINE: How do you cure inflation?

VON HAYEK: You stop printing money.

LEVINE: Dr. von Hayek, you have pointed out that continued inflation over a period of time would lead to anarchy and to a form of dictatorship.
Is that a theoretical danger or do you see that as some kind of a real danger in this country?

VON HAYEK: Its connection is not so simple. I have been stressing that central planning has these effects, and inflation is likely to produce central planning, but inflation by itself is not likely to have any such direct consequences, because while inflation proceeds people are much too busy just coping with the changes.

LEVINE: You have cited a stop to the printing of money as the way to end inflation. That seems simple, as stated. How could the government actually accomplish that?

VON HAYEK: Well, you give orders to the printing press. Exaggerating. We can give orders to the Federal Reserve System. The only trouble is that stopping inflation has immediately some very unpleasant effects, and the question is always whether the government is willing to incur these effects, such as the unemployment, and perhaps, the necessity of reducing some expenditures.

(Announcements)

WILL: Dr. von Hayek, in the 30 years since World War II, some nations’ economies have done very much better than others. West Germany’s, for example, has done much better than Great Britain’s. Are there any generalizations you can draw from these? What is the secret to success and the secret to problems?

VON HAYEK: It is a very complicated issue, but there is one simple point. The German trade unions were extraordinarily sensible, and they were sensible because they remembered what inflation meant. I think it has certain implications. This sense may not last long, because the generation which remembers it is now going off, and I am rather apprehensive about the future.

WILL: Dr. von Hayek, we have a basically conservative administration in the United States today, but even it is facing planned deficits more or less planned deficits exceeding perhaps $100 billion in the next two years. Do you think this will cause a renewed and perhaps socially destructive inflation?

VON HAYEK: It is not unlikely, I am afraid. As long as the governing people are persuaded that inflation of this sort is even beneficial in its effect, the tendency in that direction will be very great. I think it all depends on persuading the responsible people of the danger of inflation.

ROWEN: Dr. von Hayek, you talked in response to Mr. Levine of a painful adjustment, of the unpleasant effects that we would have to endure in order to beat inflation. With all due respect, sir, aren’t your theories somewhat unrealistic in a political sense? Do you visualize governments today being able to take such steps as you recommend?

VON HAYEK: Perhaps, I’m unrealistic. As long as people do not fully realize the danger of inflation, they may well pressure for more inflation as a short term remedy for evils, so we may well be driven into more until people have learned the lesson. What it means is that inflation will still do a great deal of harm before it will be cured.

ROWEN: To be specific, what rate of unemployment do you think this country ought to be willing to tolerate in order to beat inflation? 12 percent, 15 percent?

VON HAYEK: It is not a question of what the country is willing to tolerate. The longer you have inflation, the greater unemployment becomes inevitable. You will have to choose. It is not a matter that government can avoid the unemployment that is caused by the previous misdirection of labor which the inflation has produced

ROWEN: But when you speak of unpleasant effects, just what are you talking about that the country would have to endure? It must be some level of unemployment that you are thinking of that would result if we do cure inflation.

VON HAYEK: In a period of inflation, a lasting inflation, when, if you want to achieve a tolerably stable position, you will have to go through a period of unemployment which may well last more than a year,

ROWEN: And how high could that get?

VON HAYEK: I couldn’t say. I would have to know much more about the specific conditions, but it would not exclude a temporary rise to 13, 14 percent, or something of the sort.

ROWEN: Do you think the social fabric of this country could tolerate a 14 percent rate of unemployment?

VON HAYEK: For a few months, certainly.

SHANAHAN: Professor von Hayek, your fellow Nobel laureate, Professor Leontiev [sic], is an advocate of planning, and two of our prominent Senators, Humphrey and Javits, have introduced legislation to implement his idea, which is largely a matter of study by various government agencies and recommendations, nothing compulsory.
Do you see in that kind of planning the same dangers that you see in a more mandatory form?

VON HAYEK: If it is really nothing compulsory, it will also be completely ineffective and therefore will do no harm. I think there is a very simple answer. He really imagines that somehow people are being made to do what he is planning.

SHANAHAN: The thought I believe that they have expressed is that such things as foreseeing shortages of industrial productive capacity could be highlighted and the industries encouraged to go ahead with the building of new plants, that sort of thing. Do you encompass that in your thought that it would be completely ineffective?

VON HAYEK: Why call it planning? If you can, give industry better information, by all means do.

SHANAHAN: Can we then say you support that legislation despite your fears of planning?

VON HAYEK: It has nothing to do with planning.

SPIVAK: Dr. von Hayek, did I understand you to say in answer to Mr. Levine’s question that the way to stop inflation is to stop the printing presses? Are you suggesting that that is what we are doing here, that we are just printing money and that is the way this inflation has started and that is the way this is continuing and that is the way it will continue.

VON HAYEK: In a sense, stopping the printing presses is a figurative expression, because it is being done now by creating credit by the Federal Reserve System. By this government action all inflation is ultimately a part of activities which government determines and can control, and all inflations have been stopped in the past by the government stopping creating money or preventing central banks from creating more money.
May I add just one thing. You see, all inflations have been stopped by people who believed in a very naive form of the quantitative [sic] theory and acted on that. It may be wrong, but it is the only adequate theory effectively to stop an inflation.

SPIVAK: You have been a student, I am sure, of the United States, because you taught here for many years. What do you think has started our inflation? We have had inflation for a number of years, and I don’t think that we were printing money at that time or that the Federal Reserve was necessarily dumping a great deal of money. What do you think was responsible for the beginning of our inflation?

VON HAYEK: The belief in the deliberate increase of aggregate demands as a means of creating employment. In effect, what is popularly called belief in Keynesian policies to create employment.

LEVINE: Dr. von Hayek, the general belief among administration economists is that we are near or at the bottom of the recession that we have been going through. Do I understand you to be saying we should be willing to experience a continuation of this period of low economic activity for another year or so rather than to take the kind of efforts that the government has taken of a tax cut in order to stimulate the economy?

VON HAYEK: The matter of the tax cut again aims at increasing aggregate amounts, and the present difficulty is not due to a deficiency of aggregate demand. It is due to the fact that without continued inflation you cannot maintain the people in the new employment in which they have been drawn by the inflation of the past.

LEVINE: I would like to pursue the first part of my question. Do you see a necessity, in order to avoid a resurgence of inflation, that the government undertake policies which will continue us at the present low level of economic activity for a period of a year or more?

VON HAYEK: Not necessarily at the low level, but we should not produce more than a very slow recovery. I would like to add this: The slower the recovery is, the better are the chances that it will last.

LEVINE: In a speech before a congressional group not long ago, you said that the threat to the free enterprise system of our society has never been more imminent than it is now. What did you mean by that?

VON HAYEK: Because I am afraid that government will continue to inflate to combat unemployment and try to meet the effects by imposing price controls, and if we use price controls for that purpose, we are driven into a centrally planned system.

WILL: Thirty years ago, Dr. von Hayek, you stressed and have subsequently stressed that political and economic liberties must either flourish together or perish together. Do you see signs, specifically in the United States today, or in Great Britain, with which you are familiar, that political liberty is endangered?

VON HAYEK: In Great Britain certainly. When it is quite clear that by the established democratic process you cannot conduct that kind of economic policy the present governing party wants to conduct, the danger of a reduction of political liberty in Great Britain is considerable.
In this country this is not so imminent, very largely for the reason that the efforts have not been directed so much towards a nationalization and direct government controls of industry, but the attempts have been made by a redistribution of incomes by taxation, and that is a much slower process. I think it tends in the same direction, but much more slowly than the other one.

ROWEN: Dr. von Hayek, how do you rate the impact of market power wielded by either unions or corporations as a factor in inflation? You seem to be putting all of the stress on the quantity of money and the printing press. Isn’t part of our inflation and part of the inflation in some other parts of the world due to the excessive market power of labor unions and corporations?

VON HAYEK: Never directly, when it may well be and frequently happens that because of the power of the unions, perhaps of the corporations, government feels compelled to inflate. It becomes the inducement for government action, but the immediate cause is always increase of the quantity of money by government, whatever the inducement to do so.

ROWEN: Returning to the crisis in Great Britain, the Chancellor of the Exchequer told me on Wednesday that the Cabinet will consider a return to a formal wage-price-incomes policy. What effect, if any, do you think that would have on the very high level of British inflation in wages and prices?

VON HAYEK: I don’t think it will help at all. You see, it might be necessary as a temporary measure, at the moment when you are in a position to stop the increase of the quantity of money. I do not see any prospect at all in the near future of the British government effectively stopping an increase in the quantity of money. In that situation you just disguise the effects of inflation for a time.

ROWEN: What would be your prescription for the ills that afflict Great Britain?

VON HAYEK: It is a problem of first persuading the public that in the present situation the pressure of the trade unions does not deserve public support. That you must achieve before you can do anything by legislation, reducing the powers of the trade unions. It must be a long process. I don’t see any immediate cure.

SHANAHAN: Professor von Hayek, you have always stressed government actions that inflate and government planning and controls as a great danger to our political freedom.
Many Americans see another scenario for loss of freedom in this country, which is economic policies that now have unemployment in the center cities among black youths over 40 per cent and that their anger and frustration can lead to violence which in turn will lead to repressive governmental action.
What do you say to that scenario? Can we just sit idly by and let that happen?

VON HAYEK: No, but it is with respect to the same cause. The unemployment of which you speak, which is the initial cause, is due to labor being temporarily directed into places or activities or industries where they cannot be maintained without further inflation. Therefore you can only cure that by achieving a new redistribution of labor between employments, adaptation to a condition in which aggregate demands need not progressively increase to maintain their employment.

SHANAHAN: You have said in everything you have written and said lately that this is a lengthy process, that we won’t get back to stable money quickly. Meanwhile, what do you do with these urgent problems and human hardships?

VON HAYEK: We must not assume that all problems are solvable in this short period. There are problems which we cannot solve or which trying to solve quickly may do more harm than good.

SHANAHAN: But in the meantime, what do you do with the human hardship and the mounting rage that is certainly building up?

VON HAYEK: I don’t think there is anything I can do about it. We will have to tide over the storm which may be threatening.

SPIVAK: Dr. von Hayek, may we get a bit specific on one particular thing, and that is Great Britain? You are a citizen of Great Britain. You have taught there and I think you know something about the economy there. As I understand it, their inflation rate may hit as high as 50 per cent. What is the consequence of something of that kind? What do you see is going to happen in the country of which you are a citizen?

VON HAYEK: You’ve got a very severe economic crisis with very extensive unemployment the moment inflation stops. We will probably have repetitive attempts to restart the process by returning to inflation. We will probably combat the wrong thing, the effect of inflation on prices by price controls. That will lead to centrally-directed economy, which will weaken the international economic position of Britain even worse, and that will probably result in the position that somebody may decide that the direction of economic policy has to be completely changed.
I almost hope that the severe crisis will come soon, won’t be a long, dragged out process of misery, but I don’t see any immediate chance with the present political situation in England of such a complete change in the economic policy as would be required.

SPIVAK: Are you saying that England is either going to go bankrupt or England is going to become a dictatorship? What specifically do you mean is going to happen in Great Britain?

VON HAYEK: The English people are beginning to experience, which they hardly have yet, that they have become very much poorer and are rapidly getting poorer still and that will lead to the resolution or the recognition that the policy of the past was wrong.
The amazing fact is that a great majority of the British people are not yet consciously aware that they are living in a very severe economic crisis, and for that reason they are not willing to consider themselves a complete change in policy.

SPIVAK: But what do you think is going to happen since you believe that? What is going to happen there? Are they going bust, or are they going into a dictatorship?

VON HAYEK: No country can go bust. All that can happen is that the economic conditions of daily life get much worse through scarcities. People will find their income is no longer sufficient to maintain their standard of life. They will come to distrust both the present government and the present policies and may then be willing to return to an altogether different system. But I am not a prophet. I can’t say how soon.

SPIVAK: And do you think if we follow along our present footsteps the same thing is going to happen to us?

VON HAYEK: Yes, but in 10 or 20 years’ time. It is not a problem for the immediate future.

LEVINE: Dr. von Hayek, to try to translate some of the things that you have been saying into the terms of the pocket-book of the average American, what advice would you give an American with savings of 20, 30, maybe 100,000 dollars? What should he do with that money to protect it against the problems of inflation that you have been discussing?

VON HAYEK: I still believe there is nothing better than putting it into equities, although that even doesn’t promise him today that it will actually preserve it, but it gives him a good chance of preserving a substantial portion of it.

LEVINE: Dr. von Hayek, these theories which you have gained such recognition for over a period of years have warned consistently, as has been pointed out, of the dangers and threats of inflation, and yet this country has undergone inflation for a great many years and the standard of living has consistently increased.
Does this lead you to question in any way your thesis?

VON HAYEK: Not in the least, because the dangers of inflation are very different ones. They are exactly the kind of unemployment which is now arising. I mean in the usual discussion there is quite a wrong emphasis. There are many bad effects of inflation, but the worst is that it draws labor into employments where they can be kept employed only by accelerating inflation, and the point inevitably arises when inflation cannot be accelerated sufficiently fast to keep them in that inflation. Inflation is like overeating and indigestion. Overeating is very pleasant. So is inflation. Indigestion comes only afterwards, and therefore people do not see the connection.

SPIVAK: We have less than two minutes.

WILL: Dr. von Hayek, capitalism, and particularly American capitalism would seem to have a good record at giving people a rising standard of living.
Why are so many intellectuals and particularly so many economists skeptical about and even hostile to capitalism?

VON HAYEK: I have been puzzling about it for a long time, particularly about the economists who also understand better, and it is very difficult to know why they don’t. I think it is an attraction of a system an intellectual attraction of a system which you can deliberately control, which is fascinating to the intellectual.

ROWEN: Dr. von Hayek, coming back quickly to Great Britain, isn’t it possible if we pursued your philosophy and theory that we might destroy capitalism there, rather than save it, looking at the analogy of the Italians?

VON HAYEK: No, it is not likely to become worse. The present tendency would destroy capitalism inevitably. I think the important thing is that people are given a chance to change their mind before it is irrevocably destroyed.

SPIVAK: I am sorry to interrupt, but our time is almost up, and we won’t be able to get another question and another answer.
Thank you, Dr. von Hayek, for being with us today on MEET THE PRESS.

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of J. Herbert Furth, Box 6.

Image Source: Los Angeles Daily News, E-Edition. May 10, 2024. “Friedrich Hayek tried to warn us about the ‘social justice’ left.” Photo credit: AP Photo/Charles Harrity). Note: the date of this Meet the Press photo is incorrectly given as June 23, 1975 (which was a Monday).

Tags Hayek

Libertarianism

Freedom School. First Newsletter. January, 1964

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2024-05-14

Robert LeFevre’s Freedom School in the late 1950’s through the 1960’s offered two kinds of libertarian agit-prop courses at its log-cabin campus located in the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado: a two week comprehensive course and shorter intensive courses designed for business executives interested in the fundamentals of libertarian philosophy, politics, and economics. The 1962 Prospectus for the Freedom School was posted earlier.

An academic upgrade was introduced for the 1963-64 academic year, named the Phrontistery [“a thinking place”]. The goal was to have a two semester course organized around a series of invited distinguished lecturers that included Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, Gordon Tullock, and Warren Nutter.

Fun fact: the main house of Milton and Rose Friedman’s “Capitaf” was designed using the plans for the hexagonal Falcon’s Lair building at the Freedom School provided to them by Robert LeFevre.

_________________

The Freedom School is an educational institution offering short courses of instruction in the field of economics, philosophy, ethics, history and political science. Special sessions each year are reserved for executives and those making managerial decisions in business and the professions. Eight two-week comprehensive courses are offered to adults each summer from June through September. Special Workshop and library facilities are available for graduates.

Write for informational folder.

_________________

To Our Readers…

With this issue of the Newsletter, the Freedom School initiates a new monthly publication, designed to keep you informed on news of the Freedom School. It will bring you information about additions to the staff, faculty and trustees, as well as plans for the progress of the School — in its summer sessions and in its development of Rampart College.

The Newsletter will give you information on our graduates – what they are doing and how they are communicating the philosophy of freedom.

This publication is for you – we want you to read it, we want it to be interesting to you and, therefore, we want to hear about it from you. We want to know what interests YOU particularly, what features we can incorporate into the Newsletter that will give you and the School an instrument of mutual communication.

Please don’t hesitate – give us your opinion of the Newsletter: good, bad or indifferent.

_________________

Texas Biochemist Discusses “Equality

Professor Roger J. Williams

No man is the equal of any other man in the view of a leading biochemist from the University of Texas who spoke at the Freedom School Phrontistery last November.

He is Dr. Roger J. Williams, who has been the director of the Clayton Foundation Biochemical Institute at the University since 1941.

The professor has spent a life-time studying, teaching and researching bio-chemistry, and has pioneered in thought and research on the human side of the problem.

In his studies, the professor has concluded that biochemically and every other way every human is different, even though all may look alike superficially. He explained in his lectures how each person is different anatomically, neurologically, endocrinologically, biochemically, and psychologically.

The professor has been a trail-blazer in his field, and is the discoverer of pantothenic acid (one of the B vitamins) which is required in the machinery of all oxygen-using organisms.

He also did pioneer work on folic acid, and named it. It is another B vitamin that is used in the treatment of anemias. At the Clayton Institute, more vitamins have been discovered than in any other laboratory in the world.

The professor was the first biochemist to be elected president of the American Chemical Society, which now has about 100,000 members, and has received the Mead Johnson award of the American Institute of Nutrition.

Williams is a firm believer in the individuality of each person and his belief is backed up with facts acquired during his long career in biochemistry.

He is a living example of his own theory, having a great interest in literature as well as in his chosen field of study, and he maintains a parallel interest in people. Williams is the kind of man who can say with a twinkle in his eye, “The proof of the pudding is in the eating and in the subsequent metabolic effects,” and mean what he says.

A little key to what the professor is talking about is found in his book, “Nutrition in a Nutshell”, which tells a reader more about his own nutritional problems than he probably knew before — facts he ought to know — and he does it in words that we can understand. In the book Williams points out that each individual has his own nutritional problems.

Two other books by Williams may be time bombs planted in the field of social sciences. They are “The Human Frontier” and “Free and Unequal”, which discusses the biological basis of individual liberty.

What Williams has learned in a life-time of study and reflection about people and each man’s individuality was discussed by him under the theme, “The basis of our love of liberty is biological.”

_________________

Tullock Tells of New Approach to Politico-Economic Study

Professor Gordon Tullock

Dr. Gordon Tullock, associate professor, Thomas Jefferson Center for Studies in Political Economy, University of Virginia, was the second visiting professor to lecture at the Freedom School Phrontistery.

The professor is one of a small group of men in America, numbering about 30, who set about studying political science in a different way.

“We are trying to apply a logical, scientific approach to the political phenomena in an effort to improve our knowledge of politics,” is the way Tullock explains why these few are interested in approaching the study of politics from an unconventional view.

He passed on some of his theories on that subject to Freedom School Phrontistery enrollees in his two series of lectures last November. The two topics were, “Property Institutions” and “Modern Political Theory”.

In the new approach to political science, Tullock attempted to apply the classic economic theories to politics. He hastened to point out that he and fellow theorists are not another group of economic determinists.

Rather, he explained, he and his confreres are applying economics to the study of politics as the pioneer political geographers applied geography to the study of politics.

Tullock added that the studies have no particular relevance to the specific political activities that are going on now and will increase later this year.

“Some people think that a professor of economics ought to be able to make a fortune in the stock market, but this is not necessarily so. That is the case with us. We are studying politics, but are not necessarily able to make predictions on any campaign,” Tullock said.

Tullock was graduated from the University of Chicago in 1947 with a degree in law, after having earned his bachelor’s degree there during prior study.

Shortly after his graduation he went to work in a law office in Chicago, and was given a chance to enter foreign service. In 1948 he was on duty in Tientsin, China. He was there for two years, including a year under the communists. He also served in Hong Kong and Korea and did post-doctoral studies in Chinese at Yale and Cornell Universities before he resigned from the service in 1955 to enter the academic world.

He now claims to have found the field of study which intrigues him most. He says there is plenty to keep him busy in his area of economics-political science.

Tullock knows there is lots of hard work ahead. “I’m an optimist and a crusader,” he explained. He and his fellow students in the field intend to push toward their goals as far as they can in one generation.

“We have a genuine theory of politics. We think ours is a more sensible view of politics,” he explained. The immediate goal of his studies is to learn more about how politics works and to determine these facts through scientific investigation.

_________________

Freedom School Growth Measured
in Land, Construction, Students

During the calendar year 1963, the Freedom School’s growth has been such as to amaze the early graduates of the School. In March, 206 acres of rolling meadow-land were added to the 320 acres that originally comprised the campus. This land adjoins the eastern boundaries of the School, and provides a mile of road frontage along Perry Park Road, Colorado Highway 105. This land will probably play a major role in the location and development of Rampart College.

Also in 1963 a new building was completed. Although construction was started in the fall of 1962, the building was not ready for occupancy until February. The major part of this building (called Falcon Lair) is hexagonal in shape, built of logs, and the focal point is a huge hexagonal stone fireplace in the center of a large room which serves as a combination living room-lounge, in which students can relax and where informal entertainment and discussion take place.

Also within the “hex” is a modern kitchen and other facilities. Attached to the “hex” and also built of logs is a rectangular building containing living accommodations for the president and his wife. A wide, open porch extends from the north and east sides of the building.

Other improvements include a general remodeling of Falconwood Lodge, the main building which housed the first classroom and the kitchen and dining room. The kitchen has been doubled in size — with commercial equipment added, making it possible to maintain the same high standard of food preparation and service the School has featured. The new, modern, attractive and comfortable dining room, which can seat 50, has new tables, chairs and lighting.

Below the dining room, the “Bunkhouse” which has, during the life of the School, served as student quarters and office space, is now a recreation room for students. Soft drink, coffee and hot chocolate machines have been added, along with a “Skittles” game and a regulation size pool table, making it a convenient place for students to relax and play various games.

Carpeting has been added to the living quarters in Reno Sales Lodge and to the two cabins that house four students each — Deer Haven and Tall Pines — resulting in more comfortable quarters for students.

The growth of the School can also be measured in the increased number of students who have been graduated each year. During the first year of operation, 26 students were graduated. That number has increased yearly and during the summer season of 1963, 143 students were graduated from Freedom School.

In addition, three special sessions (a workshop and two three-day seminars) were held, with a total enrollment of 44 persons. Inquiries for 1964 courses were received months before the new 1964 Bulletin was in the mails.

View of fireplace in Falcon Lair. The hexagonal stone fireplace, focal point of the 1469-square-foot main room, weighs 23 tons, seven tons of which is the stone facing, and is 14 feet tall. The striking hexagonal wrought-iron chandelier was a gift of Freedom School graduate Brian Monahan.

[Note: Substituted this better image from the Rampart College Bulletin, 1966.]

_________________

F.S. CALENDAR [1964]

Jan. 13 – 17: Prof. Ludwig von Mises, speaking on:
1) Determination of Prices of the Factors of Production;
2) Savings and Accumulation of Capital;
3) Profit and Loss.

Jan. 27 – 31: Prof. Sylvester Petro, speaking on:
1) Freedom, Competition and Property as Juridical Concepts;
2) the Monopoly Issue at Common Law and Under Interventionism;
3) Freedom and Trade Unionism.

Feb. 10 – 14: Dr. F. A. Harper, speaking on the Philosophical Aspects of Peace.

These lectures will take place from 9 a.m. until noon, with discussion from

2 to 5 p.m. on each of the dates specified. Anyone interested in attending any of these meetings may do so by applying to the Registrar of the Freedom School.

Information will be sent upon request.

_________________

Hamowy Wins Oxford Grant

Ronald Hamowy, graduate of the Freedom School (1962) and author of the Phrontistery Organizational Plan, is the recipient of a two-year fellowship to Oxford.

Hamowy’s association with the Freedom School began in the summer of 1962 when his services were obtained to prepare the outline and to project the operation of the Phrontistery. The Organizational Plan was the result of much study and with on modest modification is the working format presently employed. Hamowy also made the recommendations for enrollees and guest lecturers, but was required to depart for England and his studies at Oxford a few weeks before the Phrontistery program.

During much of the time he was preparing the outline and interviewing prospective students, Hamowy was conducting research at the University of Paris.

He is a graduate of City College of New York (1960), is a candidate for doctorate in social thought under F. A. von Hayek at the University of Chicago, and now Earhart Fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

During his two-year fellowship, Hamowy plans on making frequent trips to the United States, and hopes to visit the Phrontistery early in the year.

_________________

Phrontistery Under Way

Phrontistery enrollees are (seated): Dale M. Haywood, Michael F. Helm, Peter C. Blake, Kameon Kimball, Leanna Koehn, Eduardo Helguera, R. Douglas Pinkney; (standing) Juan Manzano-Taylor, Calvin Byles, Jerry Woloz, William A. Colson, Robert E. Gaskins, Jr., David S. Jackman III, R. James Graser, Charles M. McGehee, Charles F. Adams, Hollis B. Danvers, Burl B. Bigelow, and Juan Larreta.

[ Note: This clearer image has been substituted from a Colorado Public Radio podcast episode “Liberty’s Pitchman, Robert LeFevre: The Freedom School” ]

Dean of the Freedom School Phrontistery is Dr. V. Orval Watts, who for 17 years has been a college instructor and professor of economics. Dr. Watts has taught at Clark University, Harvard University, Antioch College, Carleton College, Claremont Men’s College and the Freedom School. Most recently he served as Visiting Professor of Money and Banking at Pepperdine College, California. He received his B.A. from the University of Manitoba and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. In conjunction with his duties at the Freedom School, Dr. Watts is Director of Economic Education for Northwood Institute in Midland, Michigan.

Dr. V. Orval Watts

Dr. Watts is a charter member of the Mont Pelerin Society and a member of the Economists’ National Committee on Monetary Policy, and has been economic counsel for the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, the Foundation for Economic Education, and business and industrial institutions in Southern California, as well as producer and moderator of radio and television forums. His experience and talents make him a valuable asset to the Phrontistery.

Assisting Dr. Watts is Robert J. Smith, assistant dean of the Phrontistery. Smith is a Freedom School graduate (1958) and received his B.S. from Stanford University. During the summer of 1959 he managed the Stanford Geological Survey, later joining the Foundation for Economic Education as a part time staff member. He was recently a William Volker Fellow in economics at New York University, and is working toward his master’s degree in Business Administration under Professor Ludwig von Mises.

Participating in the Phrontistery are 19 students, 16 of whom are Freedom School graduates, listed below:

Charles F. Adams, Denver, Colo., University of Colorado; Burl B. Bigelow, Denver, Colo., Western State College; Peter C. Blake, Weslaco, Tex., Yale University, University of Colorado; Calvin Byles, New Braunfels, Tex., Texas University; William A. Colson, Bellevue, Wash., San Jose City College, Calif.; Hollis B. Danvers, Houston, Tex., Southern Methodist University; Robert E. Gaskins, Jr., Encino, Calif., Summerfield Scholar, University of Kansas; R. James Graser, Oconomowoc, Wis., Beloit College, University of Wisconsin; Dale M. Haywood, Arcadia, Neb., University of Nebraska, New York University; Eduardo Helguera, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad de Buenos Aires; David S. Jackman III, Wichita, Kans., University of Kansas; Kameon Kimball, Waterville, Wash., University of Washington; Leanna Koehn, Dodge City, Kans., University of Kansas; Juan Manzano-Taylor, Rizal, P.I., University of the Philippines; Charles M. McGehee, El Paso, Tex., Texas Western College; and R. Douglas Pinkney, Willoughby, O., Grove City College, Pa.

Students who had not attended the Freedom School prior to the Phrontistery are: Michael F. Helm, Reseda, Calif., San Fernando Valley State College, Calif.; Juan R. Larreta, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad de Buenos Aires; and Jerry Woloz, Brooklyn, N.Y., San Fernando Valley State College, Calif.

_________________

Many Thanks

The Freedom School wishes to express its sincere gratitude to the following graduates for their recent contributions to the School (September through November, 1963).

$1,000 and above:

R. C. Hoiles
Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Threshie, Jr.

$100 and above:

Mrs. Mabelle Acorn
Robert E. Ahern
Russell E. Baetke
Mr. and Mrs. Albert Bassett
Burton Bergman
Mrs. May Bowman
Henry B. Herreid
Roland W. Holmes
Mr. and Mrs. Ned W. Kimball
Mrs. Mary H. Vincent

Up to $100:

Miss Susan M. Breck
Mr. and Mrs. George A. Brightwell, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Axtell Byles
Floyd E. Camp
Mr. and Mrs. Wayne T. Carroll
Mrs. Patricia F. Cornell
Miss Carol E. Dazey
Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Estes
Miss Margaret Harkness
Russell Johnson
Mrs. Marjorie Lawrence
Mr. and Mrs. J. Dohn Lewis
Dr. Ruth S. Maynard
Brian J. Monahan
Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Pavey
James Pessagno
John V. Peters
Cecil Quinn
Mr. and Mrs. John L. Russell
Butler D. Shaffer
Mrs. Katharine W. Spaulding
Leonard A. Talbot
Herman A. Tessmann
Joseph M. White, Jr.
Mrs. Louise Young

_________________

“Freedom and liberty always refer to interhuman relations. A man is free as far as he can live and get on without being at the mercy of arbitrary decisions on the part of other people.” —

Ludwig von Mises, “The Individual in Society”,
Essays on Liberty, 1952.

_________________

The Freedom School
NEWSLETTER

NAN CORBY
Editor

J. DOHN LEWIS
Director of Publications

Published on the 15th of each month.
Third class postage paid at Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Mailed to those interested in education for liberty.

Published by
Pine Tree Press
for The Freedom School, Inc.
Box 165
Colorado Springs, Colorado

Source: HenryHazlittarchives (Beta). Series>Henry Hazlitt Articles>LeFevere’s [sic] Journal 1964-1974.

Tags Friedman, LeFevre, Tullock, Watts

Libertarianism Philosophy Popular Economics Wing Nuts

Freedom School. Summer Prospectus. Robert LeFevre, 1962

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2023-11-16

We step outside the bounds of conventional economics education in this post to enter the intensive boot-camp for libertarians established in 1957 by Robert LeFevre in Colorado Springs. Economics in the Rear-view Mirror’s latest artefact is the 1962 Prospectus for the Freedom School transcribed below.

Like many prophets of new religions, Lefevre brought definite charismatic talent along with a checkered past to his job as entrepreneurial educator.

In the libertarian encyclopedia article about LeFevre, an observer-participant of the movement (Brian Doherty, the leading historian of Libertarianism in the United States) wrote:

“LeFevre worked as an actor, radio broadcaster, door-to-door salesman, real estate speculator and manager, TV newsman, and assistant to a pair of charismatic American cult leaders in a religious movement known as the Mighty “I AM.”

A definitely non-libertarian journalist expands on “assistant to a pair of charismatic American cult leaders” as follows:

In 1940, LeFevre published his first book, I AM: America’s Destiny, claiming that he had once driven his car for twenty minutes with his eyes shut while his soul cavorted with Saint Germain somewhere over California’s Lake Shasta. “Now, as I watched, and listened, Saint Germain talked to me. He was real! The world I lived in was unreal. He was the true reality.”
LeFevre quickly discovered how popular he became by claiming this power. Women made themselves available; crowds would gather in apartments to hear his “dictations” from the spirit of Saint Germain. One married woman he lusted after invited LeFevre to live with her and her husband in their San Francisco penthouse, causing her husband to drink himself almost to death.
It’s hard to tell if LeFevre genuinely anguished over his con job; in his memoirs, his language suggests that more than anything, he feared being found out:
“…What if I suddenly announced to all these good people that the whole thing was a sham? I was tempted to do it.”
“Was I guilty of fraud? Had I (subliminally) perhaps been engaged in some monstrous pretense?”
LeFevre’s stint as cult leader was short-lived. In late 1940, the FBI indicted him and 23 other top “I AM” figures with felony mail fraud. LeFevre immediately turned states’ witness, and charges against him were dropped, while Edna Ballard [note: she was the Tammy Faye Bakker of the I AM cult] and her son were sentenced to prison.

Source: Mark Ames, “Meet Charles Koch’s Brain.”

In a future post we will examine Charles Koch’s personal link to LeFevre’s Freedom School as well as some of the economist friends of the Freedom School.

________________________________

1962 Prospectus
The Freedom School

A Call to Introspection
and Thoughtful Appraisal

Today a whole series of concepts alien to the American ideal of 1776 has become acceptable to a great number of American people.

American business finds its back to the wall, confronted by outrageously high taxes, by regulations which impair its ability to operate and, additionally, by union organizers who not only force wages to rise in a manner disassociated with production but who are now usurping the functions of management in the field of hiring and firing. Without deep and thoughtful study of the economic and moral principles underlying a free market, today’s executive is ill-equipped to withstand union and government interventions.

American workers, caught in a vise between mounting taxes and soaring prices, and conditioned by various public media of education and communications, find themselves individually confronted with what appear to be only two possible alternatives: submit to unionism, or face unemployment and economic strangulation.

American students seeking to acquire an education are confronted with compulsion, illogic and ineptitude. Those who express a love and devotion to the ideas and ideals of the American founders are scorned, and admonished to forget “old-fashioned notions” about the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. They are advised that capitalism is outmoded, that private ownership of the means of production and distribution is out-dated and improper, and that a brave new world awaits them if they will conform to governmental intrusion in their lives, submit to authority at every level and try always to keep in mind that Society has become responsible for everything and everybody.

In a climate sired by big government, enormous taxes, legal intrusions, union violence, the threat of war, inflation and educational paucity. the individual must equip himself with the proper means of combatting false ideas and of standing firm in a sea of confusion. Only YOU can decide where you will stand in the ideological warfare of freedom vs. slavery.

This is a call to all Americans who are in rebellion against the foregoing evils and who wish to discover practical ways and means of meeting the challenge to their businesses and industries. to their families, their jobs and their property, and to their own intellectual integrity.

Robert LeFevre

The Freedom School

In poetic harmony with the setting of tall Douglas firs, the buildings comprising the Freedom School reflect in craftsmanship and rough-hewn simplicity the philosophy of individualism. The American tradition is articulated by the log facades on the buildings.

In such an harmonious setting away from jangle and tension, without the pressures caused by appointments, and undistracted by ordinary routine affairs, rigorous study can be pursued. Reflection and intellectual exploration in the field of human action can best be achieved in a tranquil atmosphere.

The student is encouraged to enter classroom discussions to probe human action philosophically, historically, economically, politically, ethically and morally.

He will sweep back through history examining the bright stars of freedom illuminating the course of human progress. The student will awaken to what governments can and cannot do; to the full impact of the merit of private ownership of property and its relationship to liberty.

The student will discover that there is no conflict between the highest moral beliefs and sound economic understanding.

The student is encouraged to seek self-improvement and his own excellence is pointed out as more important than the needs of societal groups.

He will find that all of these ideas, and more, are encompassed in a modern, intelligent philosophy of individualism, which rests its case on the natural, functional, rights of man.

Classwork convenes daily at 1:00 p.m. and continues until 5:00 p.m. when the student has a free hour before dinner, after which he returns to evening class. Evening class starts at 7:00 p.m, and concludes at 9:00 p.m. The student will discover that the pure mountain air, the brisk atmosphere, the rigorous use of his mental faculties encourage an early retiring.

Breakfast is served at 7:30 a.m. after which the student is free to go horseback riding, hiking, or to relax on one of the verandas and enjoy the vista of nature spread before him. There is available a fine libertarian library in which the student may sit in comfortable chairs and enter into lively discussion with his classmates. Superior reference material is close at hand. Each student’s quarters is equipped with a comfortable and well lighted study table. Books may be removed from the library for the student’s personal use.

Weather permitting, luncheon is held out-of-doors. The famous Sunday morning barbecue breakfast is held outdoors in a wooded glen.

Meals are served informally in the western tradition of hearty food. Most students have proclaimed the cuisine to be among the finest. Mrs. Loy LeFevre, who manages the school’s kitchen, has been urged by students to publish a cookbook comprised of the many savory recipes served at the Freedom School

Many days of sunshine each year provide excellent lighting for camera fans. Some of the pictures which appear in the Freedom School publications were taken by students.

At the Freedom School you will sleep better, eat better, think better, and feel better as you examine each facet of individualism.

One of the most telling statements pointing out a problem present in our country was volunteered by a Freedom School student: “I graduated from an American high school, I’m attending an American university, and I must ask the question: Why is it that I must travel 1100 miles to learn the facts that I have found at the Freedom School?”

Other graduates of the School described their experiences thusly:

* * *

“Before going to the Freedom School I considered myself a staunch supporter of liberty, but after experiencing the exchange of ideas that transpires there I discovered untenable taints of socialism remaining in me. These I have now discarded.”

Engineer, Northwest

* * *

“Your teachings opened up hitherto neglected directions in my thinking. I had been unknowingly utilizing methods of combating the activities of those who would destroy freedom which methods in themselves aided rather than opposed these activities.”

Former state legislator,
Southeast

* * *

“In our class without exception it was agreed that none of us had ever taken a course so thorough and dynamic, so enlightening as this one. We received inspiration and knowledge in the two weeks that would normally not be found in a quarter century. The professor from Milwaukee stated that it was more than a semester of college work so far as study goes.”

Businesswoman, Southwest

* * *

“It has provided me with the strongest philosophical underpinning that I have ever experienced. Since returning. I have had much more confidence in my politico-economic discussions and arguments.”

Graduate student, East

* * *

“The greatest intellectual challenge I ever encountered.”

Business executive — attorney,
Midwest

Comprehensive Course

This is an intensive, hard-hitting course of general instruction which is useful to any American of mature outlook who wishes to explore and discuss some of the basic questions of our time. The banalities of socialism are exposed. Our heritage of individual liberty and the philosophy of freedom and free enterprise are openly discussed. This course is particularly useful for instructors, ministers, editors, commentators, columnists — concerned with the dissemination of ideas. It is also well adapted for the businessman or for serious-minded students generally.

The Comprehensive Course is open to men and women, regardless of present academic rating, who are willing to work and apply themselves in a pursuit of philosophic and economic truths.

The 1961 Annual available upon request (limited supply).

Explorations in Human Action
(for Executives)

This is a special and definitive course of instruction reserved for executives only.

Executives may bring their wives if they choose; however, wives are excluded from class discussion, tho they may sit in as observers.

The instruction in this two-week period will place special emphasis upon economic problems to be found in today’s business and industrial operations.

Write for illustrated booklet. Do it today. Space is limited and only a few carefully selected executives are chosen each year.

This course is more intensive than the Comprehensive Course and is particularly adapted to the executive who is somewhat familiar with management and labor relations problems.

Explorations in Human Action brochure available upon request.

Workshop

One session is scheduled during 1962 for the accommodation of graduates, instructors in the libertarian philosophy, economists, philosophers, and others, so that they can meet in the atmosphere of the school for the purpose of discussion, sharing ideas in depth and the presentation of papers on a selected topic.

This four-day session will feature a number of the nation’s outstanding leaders in libertarian thought. They will be on hand to confer with students or guests, and to lecture on various phases of the understanding of liberty and economics. Their names will be announced later.

The topic will be: “Are Labor Unions Necessary?”

Graduates wishing to enroll in the Workshop are urged to prepare a formal paper on any phase of the labor union topic and may take any position they wish. A prize in the sum of $100 will be awarded for the best paper, plus a refund of tuition.

Graduates wishing to enroll without making a formal presentation may do so, altho they will not be eligible for the competition. Only graduates of the Comprehensive Course may compete.

Scholarships

Scholarships are available for the Comprehensive Course under three plans.

Full scholarships are available on the basis of a competitive examination. These examinations will be mailed from the Freedom School upon request beginning January 15. All competitive examinations will be judged the week of April 1, 1962, and awards announced thereafter. Winners will receive full tuition for any Comprehensive Course they select, tuition covering all room and board, books, instruction, recreation, and so on.
Full scholarships may also be obtained AFTER April 15, 1962, by application to the Board of Directors of the Freedom School. These scholarships will be awarded on the basis of sincerity and personal worth of application when financial need is demonstrated. In a limited number of cases, outright awards will be made. In other cases, a student loan fund can be utilized with the student agreeing to return funds borrowed without interest.
Partial scholarships may sometimes be obtained by any student who is willing to pay a part of his tuition himself.

Full-tuition scholarships will be presented to 1962 winners of the Freedom School competitive examinations from

The Arthur M. Hyde Foundation
The Rose Wilder Lane Scholarship Fund
The Campaign for the 48 States
The Spruille Braden Scholarship Fund
The Freedom School Alumni Scholarship Fund
and from other interested groups and individuals.

Local committees, such as the Sacramento (Calif.) Freedom School Scholarship Committee, will select candidates and present full-tuition scholarships to their winners.

NOTE: The school does not provide scholarships for either the Workshop or the Explorations in Human Action courses.

1962 Schedule

All courses of instruction at the Freedom School take two weeks. A minimum of six hours per day is spent in classroom work. Customarily, mornings are devoted to study, recreation and free time. Classroom sessions occur in the afternoon and evening.

Here is the schedule of all classes for the 1962 season:

May 20 – June 2 incl.	Explorations in Human Action (for Executives)
June 3 – 16 incl.	Comprehensive
June 17 – 30 incl.	Comprehensive
July 1 – 14 incl.	Comprehensive
July 15 – 28 incl.	Comprehensive
July 31 – August 3 incl.	Workshop*
August 5 – 18 incl.	Comprehensive
August 19 – Sept. 1 incl.	Comprehensive
Sept. 2 – 15 incl.	Comprehensive
Sept. 16 – 29 incl.	Comprehensive
Sept. 30 – Oct. 13 incl.	Explorations in Human Action (for Executives)
(Graduates and top-flight teachers and students only)

Pre-season or post-season courses can be arranged for special groups who wish to obtain exclusive use of the school for a stated period with instruction tailored to any particular business or industrial problem. Write for information.

Instructors
Associate instructors who have served at Freedom School:

R. W. Holmes
Design engineer, Boeing Aircraft, Seattle, Washington

Frank Chodorov
Editor, author, New York City, N.Y.

Elgie C. Marcks
Professor of economics, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

V. Orval Watts, Ph.D.
Economist, author, Altadena, California

Oscar W. Cooley
Professor of economics, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio

Ruth Alexander, Ph.D.
Nationally syndicated columnist, New Canaan, New York

James L. Doenges, M.D.
Surgeon; past president, Association of American Physicians & Surgeons, Anderson, Indiana

Ruth S. Maynard, Ph.D.
Professor of economics, Lake Erie Women’s College, Painesville, Ohio

Leonard E. Read
Founder-president, Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson, New York

Rose Wilder Lane
Author, journalist, Danbury, Connecticut

F. A. Harper, Ph.D.
Economist, author, Burlingame, California

Salvatore Saladino, Ph.D.
Professor of history, Queens College, Flushing, New York

Wm. J. Grede
President and chairman of the board, J. I. Case Co., Racine, Wis.; past president, National Association of Manufacturers; chairman of the board, Grede Foundries

Wm. A. Paton, Ph.D.
Economist, professor of accounting, School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Chas. E. Stenicka, III
Labor relations consultant, Midwest Employers Council, Lincoln, Nebraska

Transportation

Make your travel arrangements to come to Colorado Springs. It is serviced by leading airlines, bus and train companies. The school management will not guarantee to pick up students at any other destination.

You will be expected to be waiting at the Antlers Hotel in downtown Colorado Springs by 5 p.m. on the Sunday before your course begins. The school station wagon will pick you up from the lobby. You’ll be returned to the lobby of the Antlers Hotel on the Saturday following the conclusion of the course.

On your drive to the school (about 27 miles) you’ll glimpse the colorful rugged Colorado countryside, with Pikes Peak towering off to your left.

After registering, a delicious dinner with your fellow students will introduce you to life at the school, with your first night’s sleep in the pine-scented foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

Meals

All meals are served buffet style. With the exception of the Sunday morning picnic, breakfast and dinner are eaten in the school dining room. Weather permitting, luncheon is eaten out-of-door at the tables adjacent to the kitchen.

Top-right: Following one week of intensive study, weather permitting, a barbecue breakfast is held Sunday at 8:30 a.m. in a wooded glen.
Lower-left: In the foreground is Thunderbird residence cabin, which is duplicated by Falcon cabin (not shown). The building in the upper right portion of the photograph is the dining room. Adjacent to the dining room is the school’s library.

Clothes

There will be no formal functions requiring “dressing up.” On nights when “open house” is held, ordinary street wear is appropriate. Otherwise, comfortable western clothes are preferable. Students who like horseback riding are encouraged to bring at least one pair of jeans. Sturdy shoes which give support to ankles are necessary if you are interested in either riding or hiking.

Resort wear is in keeping for recreational activities. For class, sport shirts and cotton dresses are suitable, with slacks and sweaters for cooler evenings. Clothes should be warm and serviceable. The elevation of the school is at 7,000 feet in the foothills of the Rockies. Days are warm but evenings are always cool.

Accommodations

The Freedom School is placed in a remote setting of woodland beauty. Accommodations are delightful and fully modern. Buildings are finished in natural logs to provide an atmosphere of early American simplicity. Most rooms accommodate from two to four students. There are ample porches, desks and chairs for study or relaxation.

Recreation

The school owns a small string of fine saddle horses which the students may ride during the morning hours. On the property are many fine hiking trails. There is a badminton court, a volleyball court and an archery range. All equipment is furnished by the school.

Library

In the school library is a fine collection of books on libertarian philosophy.

Included is a wide selection of titles on political science, history. biography, economics, philosophy and kindred subjects.

Philosophy

The Freedom School provides an intellectual avenue toward economic truths. From the primary and basic definitions of truth and freedom, the student moves rapidly through the philosophy of socialism, communism, and interventionism to individualism.

The course of instruction is intensive and demanding. It isn’t a “snap” affair. Ideas presented are far-reaching and challenging. To complete the course successfully, it is not necessary to agree with points of view offered. But individual effort is necessary even though conformity is neither required nor sought.

Accreditation

The school is not interested in issuing credits or diplomas.

Certificates of proficiency are presented to those who successfully complete any of the school’s courses. No certificates are awarded during Workshop attendance.

How Do I Enroll?

Make use of the appropriate enclosed enrollment form.

Await confirmation of your enrollment. We will be as prompt as possible.

Enrollment agreements are made for the FULL TWO-WEEK SESSIONS. No reduction or refund is made where a student withdraws during the session or is absent for part of the session, unless upon certification of a physician.

The school reserves the right to ask the withdrawal of a student whose health, in the judgment of the school’s medical advisor, is such as to endanger the student himself or the other students; or of a student who, in the judgment of the school administration, is not in sympathy with the standards, objectives and ideals of the school. A student who is asked to withdraw by the school will receive a pro-rata reduction in charges.

Who Can Attend?

The school is particularly designed for the enrollment of businessmen, executives, branch managers, department heads and others who carry the burden of free enterprise. Special courses limited to executives have been provided. However, executives may also enroll in any of the other courses offered.

The school is also eager to attract young men and women who are at least 16 years of age and who have a mature outlook.

Any American is eligible, man or woman, who is concerned with the conflicting philosophies apparent in our society and who wishes to study the economic truths respecting these philosophies. Prior scholastic achievement is not necessary.

The directors will make every effort to place applicants in courses with enrollees of similar backgrounds and interests. The right to approve or reject applications for enrollment is unconditionally reserved by the Board of Directors.

Tuition

Explorations in Human Action (for Executives)	$350.00
Wives who wish to accompany husbands	$175.00
Comprehensive Courses	$275.00
(Scholarships are available for some of the Comprehensive sessions)
Workshop	$ 60.00
NOTE: No scholarships are available for any sessions at Freedom School except the Comprehensive sessions.

What Tuition Covers

Whether the student elects to pay his own tuition or obtains a full or partial scholarship, all tuitions listed are full-expense tuitions. There are NO extras required.

Tuition includes transportation to the school from Colorado Springs, Colorado, and return to Colorado Springs. It includes all meals and lodging while at the school. It includes all required books and study materials. Certain books will be presented to the student for his permanent use. It includes all costs of instruction and recreation, including horseback riding.

Students wishing to provide notebooks for themselves, to buy extra books, tape recordings of meetings, or photographs of the scenery, do so at their own expense,

How is School Supported?

To begin with, the school is NOT supported by tax money or by government handouts.

Its primary income comes from tuitions paid by students.

In addition, it receives grants, contributions and benefactions from individual Americans.

It has several scholarship funds which assist in providing tuition for students.

It receives assistance from certain business and professional groups, and has been remembered in several last wills and testaments.

All contributions to the Freedom School are exempt from the federal income tax.

Publications

“This Bread is Mine” … $4.95
Robert LeFevre (American Liberty Press)

“Rise and Fall of Society” … $3.95
Frank Chodorov (Devin-Adair Co.)

“Why Wages Rise” (paperback ) … $1.50
F. A. Harper (Foundation for Economic Education)

“Mainspring” (paperback) … $1.50
Henry Grady Weaver (Foundation for Economic Education).

“Liberty – A Path to its Recovery” (paperback) … $1.50
F. A. Harper (Foundation for Economic Education).

“The Nature of Man and his Government” (paperback) … $1.00
Robert Lefevre (Caxton Printers, Ltd.).

“The Law” (paperback) … $1.00
Frederic Bastiat (Foundation for Economic Education)

“Should We Strengthen the United Nations?” (paperback) … $0.75
V. Orval Watts (Pine Tree publication).

“Jobs For All — Who Want To Work” (pamphlet) … $0.35
F. A. Harper (Pine Tree publication) [The Writings of F. A. Harper. Volume 2: Shorter Essays, pp. 184-206]

“Flight to Russia” (pamphlet) … $0.25
Frank Chodorov (Pine Tree publication)

“Liberty Defined” (pamphlet) … $0.25
F. A. Harper (Pine Tree publication).

“Anarchy” (pamphlet) … $0.15
Robert Lefevre (Pine Tree publication)

Quantity purchases are available for discount in some cases. Write for information.

Pine Tree

The Pine Tree is the Freedom School’s tabloid newspaper published every two weeks, with the exception of the period from December 15 through January 15. Subscription rates are $10.00 per year, two years for $17.50, single copies free on request.

It acts as a forum answering questions sent in by its subscribers. Regular columnists include: George Boardman, Ph.D., Chloride, Arizona; Roger Lea McBride, Esq., New York, N.Y.

Robert LeFevre, editor of the Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph. Libertarians and economists of note will contribute guest columns.

Board of Directors

Ruth Dazey
William J. Froh
Lois Lefevre
Robert Lefevre
Marjorie Llewellin
Edith Shank
Robert B. Rapp

Board of Trustees

Robert W. Baird, Jr.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

James L. Doenges, M. D.
Anderson, Indiana

Wm. J. Grede
Racine, Wisconsin

Harry H. Hoiles
Colorado Springs, Colorado

R. W. Holmes
Bellevue, Washington

Ned W. Kimball
Waterville, Washington

Board of Graduate Fellows

Mrs. Mabelle Acorn Colville, Washington	Mr. Ira T. Langlois, Sr. Madison, Wisconsin
Mr. C. W. Anderson Milwaukee, Wisconsin	Mr. J. Dohn Lewis Colorado Springs, Colorado
Mr. Harold Angier San Francisco, California	Prof. Elgie C. Marcks Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dr. Lyman W. Applegate Colorado Springs, Colorado	Mr. John H. Marsh New York, New York
Mrs. Hermona C. Beardslee Woodstock, Illinois	Rev. Warren L. Norton Greeley, Colorado
Mr. Robert E. Borchardt Rockford, Illinois	Mr. Rodney H. Peck Seattle, Washington
Mr. George A. Brightwell, Jr. Houston, Texas	Mr. Fred C. Petersen Mexico City. Mexico
Mr. Thomas C. Buckley Los Angeles, California	Mr. Sartell Prentice, Jr. Pasadena, California
Mr. John J. Callahan, Jr. Reading, Massachusetts	Mr. Bryson Reinhardt Cloverdale, Oregon
Mr. William J. Colson Palm Springs, California	Mr. George Resch Burlingame, California
Prof. Oscar W. Cooley Ada, Ohio	Mr. O. R. Riddle Eagle Pass, Texas
Mr. Jim Dean Houston, Texas	Mr. Pat O. Riley Lima, Ohio
Mr. W. Dewey DeFlon Colorado Springs, Colorado	Mr. Richard D. Schwerman Hales Corners, Wisconsin
Mr. Dan Foley Fairmont, West Virginia	Mr. Roland R. Selin Salt Lake City, Utah
Mr. R. N. Gatewood Samnorwood, Texas	Mr. Elwood P. Smith Chicago, Illinois
Mr. Robert M. Gaylord, Jr. Rockford, Illinois	Mr. R. J. Smith Menlo Park, California
Mr. Frederick C. Gosewisch Elm Grove, Wisconsin	Mr. Charles E. Stenicka III Lincoln, Nebraska
Mr. G. F. Grant Colorado Springs, Colorado	Mr. R. J. Sumners Muskegon, Michigan
Mr. J. W. Greene Spartanburg, South Carolina	Mr. Leonard A. Talbot Santa Rosa, California
Mr. Gene Hausske Palmer Lake, Colorado	Mr. John E. Tate Omaha, Nebraska
Mrs. Evis S. Mays Pueblo, Colorado	Mr. Herman A. Tessmann Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mr. James D. Heiple Pekin, Illinois	Mr. Walter B. Thompson Fort Worth, Texas
Mr. Roland H. Hennarichs Milwaukee, Wisconsin	Mr. Ross Thoresen Salt Lake City, Utah
Mr. Frederick M. Hoagland Chicago, Ilinois	Mrs. Louise Young Pasadena, Texas
Mr. James Kolb Edmond, Oklahoma

These graduates are among those who serve as a point of reference for the school. Their own experience enables them to vouch for the work being done at Freedom School.

Source: Images and text from the 1962 Prospectus of the Freedom School found in the Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of V. Orval Watts, Box 4.

Tags LeFevre, Read, Watts, Wilder Lane

Harvard Ph.D. awarded in 1932

A Syllabus of Instruction for Economics 101-102

A Survey of Modern Economic Life

V. O. Watts Antioch College 1935-1936

The existing incomplete transcript

The National Broadcasting Company Presents

MEET THE PRESS America’s Press Conference of the Air Volume 19, Number 25 Sunday, June 22, 1975

Produced by Lawrence E. Spivak

Guest: Dr. Friedrich A. von Hayek, Co-recipient, 1974 Nobel Prize in Economic Science

Panel:

Hobart Rowen, The Washington Post Eileen Shanahan, The New York Times George F. Will, The National Review Irving R. Levine, NBC News

Moderator: Lawrence E. Spivak

To Our Readers…

Texas Biochemist Discusses “Equality

Tullock Tells of New Approach to Politico-Economic Study

Freedom School Growth Measured in Land, Construction, Students

F.S. CALENDAR [1964]

Hamowy Wins Oxford Grant

Phrontistery Under Way

Many Thanks

The Freedom School NEWSLETTER

1962 Prospectus The Freedom School

A Call to Introspection and Thoughtful Appraisal

Robert LeFevre

The Freedom School

Comprehensive Course

Explorations in Human Action (for Executives)

Workshop

Scholarships

1962 Schedule

Instructors Associate instructors who have served at Freedom School:

Transportation

Meals

Clothes

Accommodations

Recreation

Library

Philosophy

Accreditation

How Do I Enroll?

Who Can Attend?

Tuition

What Tuition Covers

How is School Supported?

Publications

Pine Tree

Board of Directors

Board of Trustees

Board of Graduate Fellows

A Syllabus of Instruction
for
Economics 101-102

A Survey of Modern
Economic Life

V. O. Watts
Antioch College
1935-1936

MEET THE PRESS
America’s Press Conference of the Air
Volume 19, Number 25
Sunday, June 22, 1975

Guest: Dr. Friedrich A. von Hayek,
Co-recipient, 1974 Nobel Prize in Economic Science

Hobart Rowen, The Washington Post
Eileen Shanahan, The New York Times
George F. Will, The National Review
Irving R. Levine, NBC News

Freedom School Growth Measured
in Land, Construction, Students

The Freedom School
NEWSLETTER

1962 Prospectus
The Freedom School

A Call to Introspection
and Thoughtful Appraisal

Explorations in Human Action
(for Executives)

Instructors
Associate instructors who have served at Freedom School: