Category: Suggested Reading

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Agricultural Economics Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Marketing of agricultural commodities. John D. Black, 1947-48.

 

 

John D. Black took over the agricultural economics courses at Harvard that were previously the responsibility of Thomas Nixon Carver. The course of this post was co-taught by Professor Black and Dr. Charles D. Hyson and was simultaneously taught to both Harvard undergraduates and graduate students. Following the course syllabus for 1947-48 are the midyear exams for both the undergraduate and graduate courses and the final year-end exam for the undergraduates. I have been unable to find the graduate examination questions for the year-end final (they were not included in the collection of examinations archived at Harvard).

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Course Enrollment

[Economics] 7a. Professor Black and Dr. Hyson.—Consumption, Distribution and Prices (F)

Total 86: 43 Seniors, 30 Juniors, 11 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 1 Radcliffe.

 

[Economics] 7b. Professor Black and Dr. Hyson.—Consumption, Distribution and Prices (Sp).

Total 44: 25 Seniors, 15 Juniors, 4 Sophomores.

 

[Economics] 107a. Professor Black and Dr. Hyson.—Consumption, Distribution and Prices (F)

Total 13: 5 Graduates, 5 Public Administration, 3 Radcliffe.

 

[Economics] 107b. Professor Black and Dr. Hyson.—Consumption, Distribution and Prices (Sp).

Total 8: 1 Graduate, 4 Public Administration, 3 Radcliffe.

 

Source.  Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College 1947-1948, pp. 89.

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SYLLABUS FOR ECONOMICS 7 AND 107
1947-1948

The required readings for Economics 7 and Economics 107 will be chosen from the references given below. The symbols used for frequently cited references are as follows:

**S.D.—Stewart and Dwehurst, DOES DISTRIBUTION COST TOO MUCH?, Twentieth Century Fund, 1942.

**Shep.—Shepherd, G.S., AGRICULTURAL PRICE ANALYSIS, Iowa State College Press, 1947 (revised edition).

**Waite—Waite and Cassady, THE CONSUMER AND THE ECONOMIC ORDER, McGraw-Hill Co., 1939.

*Cassels—Cassels, J.M., A STUDY OF FLUID MILK PRICES, Harvard University Press, 1937.

**T.N.E.C.—PRICE BEHAVIOR AND BUSINESS POLICY, Temporary National Economic Committee, Monograph No. 1, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1941.

**Nourse—Nourse, E.G., PRICE MAKING IN A DEMOCRACY, Brookings Institution, 1944.

**Dew.—Dewhurst and Associates, AMERICA’S NEEDS AND RESOURCES, Twentieth Century Fund, New York, 1947.

**Stig.—Stigler, G.J., THE THEORY OF PRICE, Macmillan Company, 1946.

**M.B.—Maynard and Beckman, PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING, Ronald Press, 1947.

*Nicholls—Nicholls, W.H., IMPERFECT COMPETITION WITHIN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES, Iowa State College Press, (reprinted 1947).

**Com.—Department of Commerce, MARKET ANALYSES FOR BUSINESS, May, 1947.

 

PART I—INTRODUCTION

Ch. 1. Definition of the Field

M.B., Ch. 1.
Black, J.D. and Galbraith, J.K., “The Quantitative Position of Marketing in the United States”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1935.
S.D., pp. 3-14; 115-123.

Ch. 2. The Importance of the Field

Cassels, J.M., “The Significance of Early Economic Thought on Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, October 1936, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129-133.
S.D., pp. 15-22; 123-126.

Ch. 3. The Evolution of Markets and Marketing

Marshall, A., PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS, 8th ed., Bk. V, Ch. 1.
M.B., Ch. 2.

PART II—CONSUMPTION ASPECTS

Ch. 4. The Field of Consumption Economics Considered in Relation to Marketing.

M.B., Chs. 3, 4, and 5.

Ch. 5. The Nature and Classification of Human Wants and Goods or Utilities

Dew., Chs. 5, 6, 7.
Waite, Chs. 1 and 14.
Scope and Method Bulletin No. 11, Research in Farm Family Living. Social Science Research Council, (1933), pp. 3-8; 45-58.

Ch. 6. The Dimensions of Utility and Its Measurement

Stig., Ch. 5.
Dew., Ch. 4.
The Review of Economic Statistics, November 1946, Five Views of the Consumption Function”.
Inadequate Diets and Nutritional Deficiencies in the U.S. Their Prevalence and Significance. Bulletin of National Research Council, November 1943.
Scope and Method Bulletin, cited above, pp. 13-18; 31-42.

Ch. 7. Levels of Consumption

Scope and Method Bulletin, cited above, pp. 8-18.
Dew.—Ch’s. 8, 9, and 10.
Waite—Ch’s. 3, 12, and 13.

Ch. 8. Consumer Income and Income Elasticity

Dew.—Ch’s. 11 and 12.
Woytinsky, W.S., “Relationship Between Consumers’ Expenditures, Savings, and Disposable Income”, Review of Economic Statistics, February, 1946.

Ch. 9. The Consumer Purchases and Related Studies

Waite—Ch’s. 9, 13, 16, and 17.

Ch. 10-11. Administration of Income

Dew.—Ch’s 13 and 14.
Waite—Ch’s 20 and 21.

Ch. 12. The Cost of Living and its Measurement

Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Cost of Living Index of the BLS, and appraisal of “The Cost of Living” by George Meany and R. J. Thomas, labor members of the President’s Committee on the Cost of Living, February 28, 1944.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of Living, Monthly Labor Review, January, 1945.
Mills, Bakke, Cox, Reid, Schultz, and Stratton (Special Committee of the American Statistical Association), “An Appraisal of the BLS Cost of Living Index”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, December, 1943.
National Industrial Conference Board. A Critical Analysis of the Meany-Thomas Report on the Cost of Living, April 1944.
Waite—Ch. 5.

Ch. 13. Consumer Sovereignty

Dew.—Ch. 15.

PART III—MARKETING ORGANIZATION

Ch. 14. Production Economics Aspects of Marketing

M.B.—Ch’s 6 to 8.

Ch. 15. Approaches to Marketing Organization Analysis

[note: no reading item listed here]

Ch. 16. The Definition of a Market

Fetter, “The Economic Law of Market Areas”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1924.
Price, Marketing of Farm Products, Ch. 16.
Shepherd, MARKETING OF FARM PRODUCTS, Appendix A.

Ch. 17. Marketing Agencies

M.B.—Ch’s. 9 to 11.

Ch. 18. Classification by Commodities

M.B.—Ch’s. 13 to 15.

Ch. 19. The Census of Distribution

M.B.—Ch’s. 16 to 18.

Ch. 20. The Location of Markets

Dean, W.H., THE THEORY OF THE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, Edward Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1938.
S.D.—Ch. 4.

Ch. 21. Inter-Unit Marketing Organization

M.B.—Ch. 19 and 20.

Ch. 22-23. Intra-Unit Marketing Organization

M.B.—Ch. 36.
S.D.—Ch. 2, pp. 33, 36, 37.
Com.—pp. 86-91.

 

PART IV—MARKET PRICE

Ch. 24. The Function of Market Prices

M.B.—Ch. 32.
Stig.—Ch. 2.
S.D.—Ch. 2.
Waite—Ch’s. 14, 15.

Ch. 25. The Behavior of Prices

Shep.—Ch’s. 1, 2, and 3.
Cassels, J.M.—Ch’s 1, 5, and 9.
Com.—pp. 43-50.
Nicholls—Ch. 18.

Ch. 26. Demand

Stig.—Ch. 6.
Shep.—Ch’s. 4, 5, and 6.
Cassels—Ch’s 1, 6, and 9.
Working, E.J.—“What Do Statistical Demand Curves Show?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 1927.
Waite—Ch. 10.

Ch. 27. Supply

Stig.—Ch’s 7 to 10, inclusive
Shep.—Ch’s. 10 and 11
Black, J.D., “The Elasticity of Supply of Farm Products”, Journal of Farm Economics, 1924.
Cassels—Ch’s 1 and 2.
Cassels, J.M., “The Nature of Statistical Supply Curves”, Journal of Farm Economics, April, 1933.
Mighell, R.L. and Allen, R.H., “Supply Schedules—Long Time and Short Time”, Journal of Farm Economics, August, 1940.
Reynolds, L.G., “The Canadian Baking Industry: A Study of an Imperfect Marekt,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1938.
Reynolds, L.G., “Competition in the Rubber Tire Industry,” American Economic Review, September 1938.
Waite—Ch. 6.

Ch. 28. Selling Prices under Imperfect Competition

Cassels—Ch’s. 9 and 10.
Nicholls—Ch’s 5 to 11, inclusive
Stig.—Ch’s 11 to 14, inclusive
TNEC—Part I, Ch’s 2 and 3.
Hyson, G.D. and Sanderson, F.H., “Monopolistic Discrimination in the Cranberry Industry”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1945.
Waugh, F.V. et al, “The Controlled Distribution of a Crop Among Independent Markets”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1936.
Waite—Ch. 6.

Ch. 29. Buying Prices under Imperfect Competition

Nicholls, Ch’s—16 and 17.
TNEC—Part III, Ch’s 1 and 2.

Ch. 30. Futures markets and Speculation

M.B.—Ch’s. 28 and 29.
Howell, L.D., Cotton Prices in Spot and Futures Markets, USDA Technical Bulletin No. 6851, 1939.
Shepherd, THE MARKETING OF FARM PRODUCTS, Ch’s 9 and 10.

Ch. 31. Price Forecasting

Shep.—Ch’s 7, 8, 9, and 13.

 

PART V—SELLING AND BUYING

Ch. 32. The Selling Function

TNEC—Part I, Ch. 4[?].
S.D.—p. 225.

Ch. 33. Advertising

M.B.—Ch. 23.
S.D.—pp. 225-229.
Borden, Neil, “Findings of the Harvard Study on the Economic Effects of Advertising”, Journal of Marketing, April, 1942.
Waite—Ch. 11.

Ch. 34. The Buying Function

M.B.—Ch. 22.
TNEC—Part I, Appendix 2.
Nicholls, Ch’s. 12-15, inclusive.

Ch. 35-36. Price Policy

S.D.—Ch. 2.
Cassels—Ch. 6.
Nourse—Ch’s 6, 10, and 11.
TNEC.—Part I, Preface and C-h. 1.

 

PART VI—MARKETING MARGINS, COSTS, INCOME, AND EFFICIENCY

Ch. 37. Margins and Costs

S.D.—Ch’s. 2, 6, and 7.
TNEC.—Part III, Ch’s. 2 and 3.

Ch. 38. The Incidence of Marketing Costs

S.D.—Ch’s. 10 and 11, pp. 333-349[?].
Nourse—Ch’s. 8 and 9.
TNEC., Part II, Ch. 1.

Ch. 39. Incomes in Commodity Distribution

S.D.—Ch. 5.

Ch. 40. Marketing Efficiency

M.B.—Ch’s. 37 and 38.

 

PART VII—AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

Ch. 41. Transportation

M.G.—Ch. 24.
S.D.—Ch. 8, pp. 210-222.

Ch. 42. Warehousing and Storage

M.B.—Ch. 25.
S.D.—p. 225.

Ch. 43. The Financing of Marketing

M.B.—Ch. 27.
S.D.—pp. 229-244.

Ch. 44. The Insurance of Commodity Distribution

[note: no reading item listed here]

 

PART VIII—COOPERATION IN COMMODITY DISTRIBUTION

Ch. 45. Principles and Philosophy of Cooperation as Exhibited in Commodity Distribution

Black, J.D., Cooperative Central Marketing Organization, University of Minnesota Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 211, April, 1924.
Childs, Marquis, SWEDEN: THE MIDDLE WAY, 1938, (conclusions only).

Ch. 46. Cooperative Selling

M.B.—Ch. 21.
S.D.—pp. 85-94.

Ch. 47. Cooperative Buying and Consumer Organization

M.B.—Ch. 12.
Sorenson, THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT, Ch’s 1, 4-9, inclusive.
Waite—Ch. 18.

 

PART IX—PUBLIC ACTIVITY IN COMMODITY DISTRIBUTION

Ch. 48. The Functions of Government in Commodity Distribution and Prices

M.B.—Ch’s. 37 to 39.
S.D.—Ch. 11, pp. 349-367.
Nourse—Ch’s. 1 to 5 inclusive.

Ch. 49. The Marketing Services

M.B.—Ch’s. 26 and 30.
Waite—Ch’s 6 and 7.

Ch. 50. Government Controls

Nourse—Ch’s 12 to 14, inclusive.
S.D.—Ch. 11; pp. 333-348.

Ch. 51. Price Control

Shep.—Ch’s 14 and 155.
TNEC.—Part III, Ch. 1.

Ch. 52. Marketing Operations

Shepherd, G.S., MARKETING OF FARM PRODUCTS, Ch. 14.

Ch. 53. Intergovernmental Commodity Agreements

Mason, Edward, CONTROLLING WORLD TRADE, McGraw-Hill, 1946, Part II.
Davis, J.S., INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY AGREEMENTS: HOPE, ILLUSION, OR MENACE?, The Committee on International Economic Policy, New York, 1947.
REPORT OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE OF THE PREPARATORY COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT, United Nations Economic and Social Council. Lake Success, New York, January 20 to February 25, 1947, Ch’s 5 to 7, inclusive.

 

PART X—CONCLUSION

Ch. 54. Outlook and Policy

Com.—pp. 1-42; 51-85.
Dew.—Ch’s 6 and 26.
S.D.—Ch. 11.
Hyson, C.D., “Savings in Relation to Potential Markets”, American Economic Review, December, 1946.
Hyson, C.D., “Maladjustments in the Wool Industry and Need for New Policy,” Journal of Farm Economics, May, 1947.
Waugh, F.V., “Does the Consumer Benefit From Price Stability?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1944.

 

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003.   Box 4, Folder “Economics, 1947-1948 (1 of 2)”.

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1947-48
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
MIDYEAR EXAMINATION
January 1948
ECONOMICS 7a

Commodity Consumption, Distribution and Prices

Answer No. 1, and 5 of the remaining 6.

  1.      a.  Cite all the conditions that may make competition “imperfect”.
    1. Point out the differences between Maynard and Beckman’s and Stigler’s sets of conditions.
    2. Why do Maynard and Beckman object to the term “imperfect” competition?
    3. Is their objection valid? Give reasons for your answer.
  2.      a.  Explain the statement that “utility has a time dimension,” and show the relevance of this time dimension to determination of the relative productivity of four or five different types of marketing operations or activities.
    1. Comment on the statement: Introducing the time dimension into measurement of utility does not introduce ethical considerations.
  3.      a. Explain and illustrate by a diagram unit elasticity of demand, elastic demand, and inelastic demand.
    1. Explain income elasticity.
    2. Show how demand elasticity and income elasticity are related to each other.
  4.     Outline the four approaches to analysis of marketing organization and indicate the advantages of each.
  5.      a. Make a classification of markets on two or more bases.
    1. Outline briefly the principles that are involved in the location of major types of markets.
  6.      Contrast the marketing systems for farm products and for manufactured products, defining the functions performed by the marketing agencies engaged in each.
  7.     Explain briefly 4 of the following 5:
    1. Standard of living.
    2. Consumer sovereignty.
    3. Inter-unit marketing organization.
    4. Regular wholesaler.
    5. Supplementary relationship.

MIDYEAR EXAMINATION
January 1948
ECONOMICS 107a

Commodity Consumption, Distribution and Prices

Answer No. 1; 4 questions out of the remaining 6 listed above; and 2 out of the following 3.

  1. Explain the aggregate consumption function and the individual consumption function, and show their significance in marketing analysis.
  2. Comment on the several attempts to determine the relative growth of marketing and other forms of economic activity in the United States.
  3. Explain briefly 3 of the following 4:
    1. Indifference curves (as explained, for example, in Stigler’s Chapter 5.)
    2. LePlay’s approach to consumption analysis.
    3. Principal features of the Consumer Purchases Study.
    4. Either Wicksteed’s or Patton’s main lines of thought on consumption economics.

 

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University. Final Examinations, 1853-2001.Box 15. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Papers Printed for Final Examinations, History, History of Religions, …,Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. January, 1948.

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1947-48
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
FINAL EXAMINATION
May 1948
ECONOMICS 7b

Commodity Consumption, Distribution and Prices

(Answer No. 1, and any 5 of the remaining 6)

  1. Outline the basic doctrines of a sound price policy as presented by Nourse. Appraise his doctrines and discuss them critically with particular reference to the price policy and business behavior of the individual firm. (45 minutes)
  2. Explain how the relative elasticities of the demand for Class I and for Class II milk are related to the practice of discriminative marketing. Illustrate with diagram. (27 minutes)
  3. What is the effect of speculation in futures contracts upon commodity prices? Does speculation stabilize prices? Appraise. (27 minutes)
  4. Prices of what types of commodities are flexible, inflexible? Why these differences? (27 minutes)
  5. Outline a group of measures and procedures that will promote efficiency in commodity distribution. (27 minutes)
  6. Discuss cost analysis as a tool of marketing analysis. (27 minutes)
  7. In what ways can cooperation contribute most effectively to efficiency in commodity distribution? (27 minutes)

[Note: examination questions for Economics 107b not included in collection]

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University. Final Examinations, 1853-2001.Box 15. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Papers Printed for Final Examinations, History, History of Religions, …,Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. May, 1948.

Image Source:  Professor John D. Black in Harvard Class Album 1945.

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Johns Hopkins Suggested Reading

Johns Hopkins. Reading List for Macroeconomic Theory course. Carl Christ, 1963

Carl Christ

 

The life and career of Carl Christ has been honored at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror in an earlier post. His syllabus for an econometrics course he taught in 1957 at the University of Chicago has been posted as well. Today we have a new-economics themed macroeconomics course, perhaps inspired by the first year of the legendary Council of Economic Advisers under President John F. Kennedy.

_____________________

Political Economy 302:
Economic Theory (Macroeconomics)

Spring 1963
Johns Hopkins University

Dr. Christ

Reading List

  1. Texts

Bailey, Martin J., National Income and the Price Level, Appendix on Income and Chs. 1, 2, 6,8, 3.

U.S. President, Economic Report, January 1963, as assigned after publication.

  1. Other Readings

Ackley, Gardner, Macroeconomic Theory, pp. 3-120, Ch. XV, pp. 505-42 and pp. 549-53 (see next item)

Ruggles, Richard and Nancy, National Income Accounts and Income Analysis, 2d ed., pp. 1-143 (an alternative to Ackley, pp. 3-101).

Keynes, J. M., The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.

Chs. 1,3; Ch. 6, Sec II; Ch. 7, Sec V; Chs. 8-11; Ch. 12, Secs I-II and p. 164; Chs 13-15; Ch 17, Secs I-IV; Chs 18, 2; Ch 20, Sec [II? or III?].

Samuelson, P.A., “The Simple Mathematics of Income Determination,” in L. Metzler et al, Income Employment and Public Policy

Samuelson, P.A., “Interactions Between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration,” Rev. Econ. Stat., Vol. 21, No. 2 (May, 1939), pp. 75-78; also in Readings in Monetary Theory.

Patinkin, Don, “Price Flexibility and Full Employment,” in Readings in Monetary Theory.

Mitchell, W. C., “Business Cycles”, in Readings in Business Cycle Theory.

Abramovitz, Moses, “Resource and Output Trends in the U.S. since 1870; Am. Econ. Rev. Vol 36, No. 2 (May, 1956), pp. 5-23; reprinted as N.B.E.R. Occasional Paper No. 52.

Harris, S. E., P. A. Samuelson, G. Haberler, A. H. Hansen, H. C. Wallich, C. L. Schultze, O. Eckstein, and W. L. Smith, “Economic Policy for 1962: A Symposium”, Rev. Econ. Stat.Vol. 44, No. 1 (Feb., 1962), pp. 1-24.

Friedman, Milton, “A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability,” Amer. Econ. Rev. Vol. 38, No. 1 (June, 1948), also in Readings in Monetary Theory, also in Friedman’s Essays in Positive Economics.

 

Source:  Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Series 6, Box 1, Folder 3 “Department of Political Economy, Course Outlines and Reading Lists. C. 1900, c. 1950, 1963-68.”

Image Source: Clipped from the Johns Hopkins University yearbook, Hullabaloo 1964, p. 42.

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Courses Curator's Favorites Exam Questions Lecture Notes M.I.T. Problem Sets Suggested Reading Syllabus Uncategorized Undergraduate

M.I.T. Principles of Macroeconomics. Slides, problems sets, exams. Krugman, 1998

 

One might think that putting together robust links to economics course materials found in the internet archive, Wayback Machine, would be relatively straightforward, and sometimes it is. But most of us are inconsistent with the use of folders and sometimes pages get updated by other people so that traditional archival persistence is generally required to find missing pieces to the historical puzzle. In any event, today’s post manages to pack links to course content for a principles of macroeconomics course taught at M.I.T. exactly two decades ago by Paul Krugman.

I remember that semester well, because immediately after Paul Krugman finished his teaching obligations at M.I.T. for that fall term, he came to Berlin to receive an honorary doctorate from Freie Universität Berlin. The audio recording to his lecture “The return of demand-side economics” can still be heard (beginning around minute 2:00) at a webpage maintained by the John-F.-Kennedy Institute for North American Studies of Freie Universität.

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14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics
Fall 1998
Professor Paul Krugman

Course Syllabus

Text: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics.

Schedule (with links to lecture slides and exams)

Note: the lecture slides may differ slightly from those presented in class.

September 14 — Chapter 2: Preliminary Concepts

Slides: Tracking the Macroeconomy: Five Key Aggregates

September 16 — Chapter 3 & 4: The Goods Market (lecture by Roberto Rigobón)

September 21 — Chapter 5: Financial Markets

Slides: Review. Multiplier Analysis

Handout by Adam B. Ashcroft on bond yields about here

September 23 — Chapter 5: More on Financial Markets

Slides: The Federal Reserve and the Money Supply

September 28 — Chapter 6: IS-LM

Slides: The IS-LM Model

September 30 — Chapter 7: Expectations

Slides: Expectations and Macroeconomics

October 5 — Chapter 8: Expectations, Consumption, and Investment

Slides: Consumer Behavior–Not that simple

October 7 — Banks and the Banking System

Slides: Banking and the Financial System

October 8
Exam 1

Exam #1 Questions
Solutions

October 13 — Chapter 9: Expectations and Financial Markets

Slides: (missing)

October 14 — Chapter 10: Expectations and Policy

Slides: Expectations and Macroeconomic Policy 

October 19 — Chapter 11: Introduction to the Open Economy

Slides: The Open Economy

October 21 — Chapter 12: The Open Economy Goods Market

Slides: Macroeconomics in the Open Economy

October 26 — Chapter 13: Interest Rates and Exchange Rates

Slides: What Determines Exchange Rates

Handout on exchange rates about here.

October 28 — Chapter 13: Exchange Rate Regimes

Slides: Fixed Exchange Rates

November 2 — Chapter 14: Expectations, Crises, and General Mayheim

Slides: (missing)

November 4 — Chapter 15: The Labor Market

Slides: Why Study the Labor Market?

November 5
Exam 2

Exam #2 review
Exam #2 questions
Solutions

November 9 — Chapter 16: General Equilibrium

Slides: Putting It All Together–AS-AD

November 16 — Chapter 17: The Phillips Curve

Slides: From Aggregate Supply to the Phillips Curve

November 18 — Chapter 18: Disinflation

Slides: Long-run Unemployment-Inflation Dynamics [note: “?” for the greek letter pi, i.e. rate of inflation]

November 23 — Chapter 19 & 21: Seigniorage and Devaluation

Slides: Inflation, Interest Rates, and Hyperinflation

November 25 — Chapter 22 & 23: Long-run Growth

Slides: Economic Growth

November 30 — Chapter 24: Technical Progress

Slides: Savings, Investment, and Growth

Handout on growth about here.

December 2 — Chapter 20: Great Depression and European Unemployment

Slides: High Unemployment and Growth Slowdowns 

December 7 — Zuckerman & Krugman Foreign Affairs articles (lecture by Roberto Rigobón)

[Paul Krugman, Debate: America the Boastful, and Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Debate: A Second American Century,  Foreign Affairs (May/June 1998)]

December 9 — Course Review

Slide: Overview Graphic [Note: graphic cut-off on right hand side]

Final Examination (December, 2018)

Final Exam Review
Pablo Garcia’s Review
Final Exam Questions 

 

Problem Sets

Set Number Assigned Due Returned
1 9-11 9-18 9-21
2 9-18 9-25 9-28
3 9-25 10-2 10-5
4 10-9 10-16 10-19
5 10-16 10-23 10-26
6 10-23 10-30 11-2
7 11-6 11-13 11-16
8 11-13 11-20 11-23
9 11-20 12-4 12-7

 

Problem Set 1
Solutions

Problem Set 2
Solutions

Problem Set 3
Solutions (missing)

Optional Problem Set 1
Solutions

Problem Set 4
Solutions

Problem Set 5
Solutions

Problem Set 6
Solutions

Problem Set 7
Solutions

Optional Set 2
Solutions

Problem Set 8
Solutions

Problem Set 9
Solutions

Optional Set 3
Solutions

 

Image: Photograph taken in December 1998 at Cecilienhof, Potsdam (Germany). Irwin Collier and Paul Krugman.

Categories
M.I.T. Suggested Reading Syllabus

M.I.T. Undergraduate intermediate macroeconomics. Blanchard, 1984

 

Since relatively few people can be expected to stumble upon an M.I.T. course syllabus of Olivier Blanchard in Evsey Domar’s papers, I figure it is part of the value-added of Economics in the Rear-view Mirror to provide a transcription of such hidden treasure. Earlier Blanchard’s graduate M.I.T. course syllabus for 1997 was posted.

__________________

Intermediate Macro Theory
14.06
O.J. Blanchard
Fall 1984

This course is a continuation and extension of 14.02. It is divided in two parts of approximately equal length The first builds on the aggregate demand and aggregate supply apparatus developed in 14.02. The second examines three topics of current interest.

There will be a midterm exam, covering the first part of the course, and counting for half of the course grade. Students will then have the option of taking a final exam or writing a course paper on one of the three topics covered in the second part of the course.

 

Background Readings

Dornbusch and Fischer, Macroeconomics, 3rded. (D.F.)

Economic Report of the President, February 1984.

R.J. Gordon, “Postwar Macroeconomics: The Evolution of Events and Ideas”, Chap. 2, in the American Economy in Transition, Feldstein, ed.

As the course starts, you may want to review Chapters 1 to 5 in D.F.

 

Part I. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply

  1. The ISLM in the closed economy

D.F. Chapters 6 to 9

F. Modigliani, “Monetary Policy and Consumption”, (in xerox packet at Graphic Arts). pp. 12-46.

L. Summers, “Taxation and Corporate Investment: A q-theory approach”, Brookings Papers (BPEA), 1981, 68-119.

J. Tobin, “Monetary Policies and the Economy: The Transmission Mechanism”, Southern Economic Journal, January 1978.

  1. The ISLM in the open economy

D.F. Chapters 18, 19-1.

Economic Report of the President, 1984, chapter 2.

R. Dornbusch and S. Fischer, “The Open Economy, Implications for Monetary and Fiscal Policies”, mimeo, MIT 1984.

R. Dornbusch, Open Economy Macroeconomics, chap. 3 (optional)

  1. Aggregate demand aggregate supply

D.F. Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14, 19-2.

R. Lucas, “Understanding Business Cycles”, in “Studies in the Business Cycle Theory”, 215-239.

J. Tobin, “How Dead is Keynes?”, Economic Inquiry, Oct. 1977.

J. Tobin, “The Wage-Price Mechanism”, in The Econometrics of Price Determination”, Eckstein ed., 1972, 5-15.

 

Part 2. Three topics

  1. Real wages and unemployment in Europe

E. Malinvaud, “The Theory of Unemployment Reconsidered”, Wiley 1977.

R. Dornbusch et al., “Macroeconomic Prospects and Policies for the European Community”, CEPS Paper 1, 1983.

J. Sachs, “Wages, Profits and Macroeconomic Adjustment: A Comparative Study”, BPEA 1979-2, 269-332.

J. Sachs, “Real Wages and Unemployment in the OECD Countries”, BPEA 1983-1, 255-289.

  1. The Volcker disinflation

W. Poole, “The Theory of Monetary Policy under Uncertainty”, in Readings, W.L Smith and R. L. Teigen, 1974, 360-369.

O. Eckstein, “Disinflation”, DRI Economic Studies 114, October 1983.

W. Buiter and M. Miller, “Changing the Rules: Economic Consequences of the Thatcher Regime; BPEA 1983, 305-365 (optional).

T. Sargent, “the Ends of Four Big Inflations”, on Reserve (optional).

B. Friedman, “Lessons from the 1979-82 Monetary Policy Experiment”, American Economic Review P&P, May 1984, 382-87.

M. Friedman, “Lessons from the 1979-82 Monetary Policy Experiment”, American Economic Review P&P, May 1984, 397-400 (Authors not related).

R. Gordon, “The Conduct of Domestic Monetary Policy”, on Reserve, pp. 1-33 only (optional)

  1. U. S. fiscal deficits and the world economy

D.F. Chapter 15

“Setting National Priorities: The 1984 Budget”, J. Pechman ed., Chapters 2, 8.

M. Feldstein, “Budget Deficits, Economic Activity and Net Capital Formation”, Testimony to Congress, 1983.

R. Dornbusch, “The Overvalued Dollar”, mimeo, MIT 1984.

O. Blanchard and R. Dornbusch, “U.S. Deficits, Europe and the Dollar”, mimeo MIT 1983 (optional).

O. Blanchard and L. Summers, “High Real Interest Rates”, on Reserve (optional).

 

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Economists’ Papers Archive. Evsey D. Domar Papers, Box 15, Folder “Macroeconomics. Lecture Notes, Exams, Paper: ‘Stability Without Planning? The American Experience’”.

Image Source:Olivier Blanchard’s MIT homepage, captured June 2, 2001 by   Wayback Machine.

Categories
Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Advanced Economic Theory, Second Term. Schumpeter, 1948

 

 

In 1947-48 the advanced economic theory sequence of two semester courses featured the pairing of Gottfried Haberler and Joseph Schumpeter in the Winter and Spring terms, respectively. In this post you will find course enrollment data along with the course outline and assigned readings for the Spring term taught by Schumpeter. Alas I could not find the final examination questions for this course in the otherwise fairly complete collection of course examinations in the Harvard Archives.

Materials from the Winter Term course 1947-48 taught by Gottfried Haberler.

__________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 103b. Professor Schumpeter.—Advanced Economic Theory (Sp).

Total 10:  8 Graduates, 1 Public Administration, 1 Radcliffe.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1947-48, p. 90.

__________________

Advanced Economic Theory
Joseph Schumpeter

Economics 103b
Spring Term 1947-48

Plan of Course and Suggestions for Reading

The plan of the course is to start from and to build upon Professor Haberler’s lectures in the Fall Term (103a). We shall start from the statics of equilibrium and then discuss at some lengths the use and limitations of the method of Comparative Statics. After this, we shall survey various Dynamic Models. These models will be made the starting points of excursions into relevant fields of pure and applied theory.

Professor Haberler’s reading list remains in force. Wicksell’s Lectures I being particularly recommended. In addition, perusal of the following items will prove helpful. The more important ones are marked by an asterisk. The list is intended to cover also suggestions for the reading period.

J. Tinbergen*, Suggestions on Quantitative Business Cycle Theory, Econometrica, July 1935.

F. Modigliani*, Liquidity Preference, Interest, and Money, Econometrica, January 1944.

N. Kaldor*, Stability and Full Employment, Economic Journal, December 1938

F. Lavington, Approach to a Theory of Business Risks, Economic Journal, June 1925

L. Metzler, Factors Governing the Length of Inventory Cycles, Review of Economic Statistics, February 1947

M. V. Jones, Secular and Cyclical Saving Propensities, Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, January 1944

L. M. Lachmann, Uncertainty and Liquidity Preference, Economica, August 1937

M. Kalecki, A Theorem on Technical Progress, Review of Economic Studies, June 1941

P. A. Samuelson*, Foundations of Economic Analysis, 1947

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 4. Folder “Economics, 1947-48 (2 of 2)”.

Image Source: Joseph Schumpeter in Harvard Class Album 1946.

 

 

Categories
Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Advanced Economic Theory. Outline and readings. Haberler, 1947

 

 

In 1947-48 the advanced economic theory sequence of two semester courses featured the pairing of Gottfried Haberler and Joseph Schumpeter in the Winter and Spring terms, respectively. In this post you will find course enrollment data along with the course outline and assigned readings for the Winter term taught by Haberler. Alas I could not find the final examination questions for this course in the otherwise fairly complete collection of course examinations in the Harvard Archives.

Materials from the Spring Term course 1947-48 taught by Joseph Schumpeter.

__________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 103a. Professor Haberler.—Advanced Economic Theory (F).

Total 20:  15 Graduates, 2 Seniors, 2 Public Administration, 1 Radcliffe.

Source:Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1947-48, p. 90.

__________________

Advanced Economic Theory
Gottfried Haberler

Economics 103a
Fall Term, 1947

This course will be devoted to a discussion of some selected topics centering around the theory of capital and interest. An attempt will be made to conduct the course in a seminar-like fashion.

Content

  1. Introduction

Types of economics

Theoretical vs. non-theoretical approach.

Logical types of economic theory

Individualistic—collectivistic economics
Microscopic—Macroscopic (aggregative) theories
Psychological—behavioristic approach
Static—dynamic analysis
Equilibrium—disequilibrium
General—Partial equilibrium
Price theory—welfare theory
Pure—monetary economics

Some major schools

Classical and neo-classical economics
Marxian economics
Keynesian economics
Others

  1. Brief recapitulation of modern time-less theory

Theory of household
Theory of firm
Theory of distribution

  1. Theory of capital and interest

“Pure” vs. “Monetary” theories of capital and interest
Time preference
“Productivity” of capital
Liquidity preference theory of interest
Dynamic theory of interest
Profits and interest
Uncertainty and time

  1. Topics in the theory of capital and interest

Substitutability of “capital” and “labor”
Influence of changes in wage and interest rates or the substitution of capital for labor
The “Ricardo” effect
“Capital intensity” and the trade cycle
Theoretical problems of capital accumulation

*  *  *  *  *  *

Reading

  1. [Introduction] No definite assignments. Suggestions:

Joan Robinson: An Essay on Marxian Economics
P. M. Sweezy: “Orthodox and Marxian Economics,” Science and Society, Summer 1947.
L. R. Klein: The Keynesian Revolution
L. R. Klein: “Theory of Effective Demand and Employment,” Journal of Political Economy, April 1947.

  1. [Brief recapitulation of modern time-less theory]

Hicks: Theory of Wages, Part I.
Hicks: Value and Capital, Parts I and II.
Readings in the Theory of Income Distribution, Chs. 5, 7, 8, 12.
P. H. Douglas: The Theory of Wages, Chs. I, II, III.

  1. [Theory of capital and interest]

I. Fisher: Theory of Interest, mainly Part II and first two chapters of Part III.
F. H. Knight: Articles on Capitaland Interest in Ethics of Competitionor in Readings.
F. A. Hayek: “Mythology of Capital,” in Readings
Schumpeter: Theory of Economic Development, Chs. IV and V.
D. H. Robertson: “Mr. Keynes and the Rate of Interest,” in Readings
K. Wicksell: Lectures, Vol. I, Chs. on interest.
F. Lutz: “The Criterion of Maximum Profits in the Theory of Investment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1945.

  1. [Topics in the theory of capital and interest]

Hayek: Profit, Interest and Investment, first essay.
Hayek: “The Ricardo Effect,” Economica, May 1942.
Haberler: Prosperity and Depression, 1941, pp. 481-491.
N. Kaldor: “Capital Intensity and the Trade Cycle,” Economica, 1939.
N. Kaldor: “Professor Hayek and the Concertina-effect,” Economica, 1942.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 4. Folder “Economics, 1947-48 (2 of 2)”.

Image Source: Gottfried Haberler, Harvard Class Album 1946.

 

Categories
Bibliography Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Course outlines and reading lists. Business Cycles and Economic Forecasting, Haberler & Hansen, 1955-56

 

The pairing of Gottfried Haberler and Alvin Hansen at Harvard for business cycle teaching spanned decades.

For comparison, the reading list and final exam for the course 17 years earlier:   Haberler and Hansen, 1938.

________________

Economics 245a
Business Cycles

Professor Haberler — Fall Term, 1955

Part I. Basic Facts and Concepts.

Types of economic changes and fluctuations

Definition of business cycles

Constant and varying characteristics

Income, production, employment, unemployment
Prices, wages, interest rates, etc.

Cyclical phases

Amplitude, length

Short cycles, intermediate cycles, long waves

Cycles and crises

Cycle history

Approaches to the study of business fluctuations

Descriptive and historical
Statistical and econometric
Theoretical

Part II. Explanation of Business Cycles

Theory of business cycles and theory of employment

Economic fluctuations and long-term growth

Formal characteristics of cycle theories

Statics-dynamics
Exogenous-endogenous theories

Older Cycle Theories

“Monetary” theories vs. “real” theories
Savings — investment
Inventions, innovations; Schumpeter’s theory
Psychological factors: Pigou, Keynes
Agriculture and the business cycle

Modern Cycle Theories

Keynesian contribution
Multiplier — acceleration models
Harrod, Hansen, Samuelson, Kaldor, Kalecki, Metzler
Hicks’ “Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle”
Inventory cycles
The role of wage and price rigidity in the cycle
Competition and monopoly and the business cycle
Many-cycle hypothesis
Is there still a business cycle?

Part III. Economic Growth

Part IV. Business Cycle Policy

Cycle Policy and Employment Policy

Can and should the Cycle be suppressed?

Have depressions a useful function?

Should business booms be prevented?

Preventive and curative depression policy?

Instruments of Policy

Monetary and credit policies
Fiscal policies
Price and wage policies
The role of business forecasting
Other measures

International aspects of business cycles and business cycle policy

Business cycles in planned economies

 

General Texts and Comprehensive Monographs

A. F. Burns, The Frontiers of Economic Knowledge (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1954)

Hansen, Business Cycles and National Income

Schumpeter, Business Cycles

Achinstein, Introduction to Business Cycles

Mitchell, Business Cycles

Bratt, Business Cycles and Forecasting

Pigou, Industrial Fluctuations (2ndedition, 1929)

Tinbergen and Polak, Dynamics of Business Cycles

Haberler, Prosperity and Depression

Gordon, Business Fluctuations

Readings in Business Cycle Theory (Blakiston)

Hansen-Clemence, Readings in Business Cycles and National Income

Readings in Monetary Theory (Blakiston)

N.B.E.R., Conference on Business Cycles

Speithoff, in International Economic Papers, III

Post Keynesian Economics. Kurihara, editor, Rutgers University Press, 1955.

 

Specific Readings

Part I.

Blakiston, Readings in Business Cycle Theory, Chs. 1, 2, 3.

Haberler, Prosperity and Depression, Ch. 9

Hansen, Business Cycles and National Income, Part I

Hansen-Clemence, Readings, Chs. 2, 3, 4 (for Part II: Chs. 11, 12, 16; for Part III: Chs. 28, 33, 36)

Mitchell, What Happens During Business Cycles? Chs. 2, 3, 4, 8, 10

N.B.E.R., Conference on Business Cycles, Gordon, Klein

Tinbergen-Polak, Dynamics of Business Cycles, Part I

H. L. Beales, “The Great Depression,” Economic History Review, October 1934

Slichter, “The Period 1919-1936….,” RES, 1937

Gordon, R. A., “Investment Behavior and Business Cycles,” RES, (to be published)

Ames, “A Theoretical and Statistical Dilemma—the Contributions of Burns, Mitchell, and Frickey to Business Cycle Theory, Econometrica, October 1948

K. D. Roose, “The Empirical Status of Business Cycle Theory,” Journal of Political Economy, October 1952

K. D. Roose, The Economics of Recession and Revival, New Haven, 1954

Part II.

(1) Haberler, Chs. 3, 8, 13
Hansen, Part III

(2) Schumpeter, Theory of Economic Development, Ch. 6
Frisch, “Propagation Problems and Impulse Problems….,” in Economic Essays in Honor of G. Cassel
Goodwin, “Innovations and Irregularity…,” RES, 1946

(3) Harrod, Toward a Dynamic Economics
Baumol, Economic Dynamics, Ch. 4

(4) Hicks, Trade Cycle
Goodwin, “Secular and Cyclical Aspects of Multiplier and Accelerator” in Income, Employment and Public Policy
Goodwin, “A Nonlinear Theory of the Cycle,” RES, Nov. 1950
Alexander, “Issues of Business Cycle Theory,” AER, Dec. 1951
Duesenberry, “Hicks on the Trade Cycle,” QJE, August 1950
Chenery, “Overcapacity and the Acceleration Principle,” Econometrica, Jan. 1952
Alexander, “Accelerator as a Generator of Steady Growth,” QJE, May 1949
Matthews, “Capital Stock Adjustement—Theories of the Trade cycle and the Problem of Policy” in Post-Keynesian Economics, Kurihara, ed.
Kaldor, “Economic Growth and Cyclical Fluctuations,” Economic Journal, March 1954
Meyer and Kuh, “Acceleration and Related Theories: An Empirical Inquiry,” RES, August 1955

(5) Keynes, General Theory…, Ch. 22
New Economics, Harris, ed., Ch. 36 (Goodwin), Ch. 39 (Smithies), Ch. 40 (Tobin)
Readings, Ch. 5 (Ohlin), Ch. 12 (Samuelson)
Kaldor, “A Model of the Trade Cycle,” Economic Journal, 1940
Kalecki, Essays in Theory of Economic Fluctuations
Fellner, “Employment Theories and Business Cycles,” in Survey of Contemporary Economics, 1948, Vol. I, Ellis, editor.

(6) Metzler, “Nature and Stability of Inventory Cycles,” RES, 1941
Abramovitz, Inventories and Business Cycles (and in Conference, above)
Nurkse, “The Cyclical Pattern of Inventory Investment,” QJE, August 1952

(7) Readings, Part IV, Monetary Theory
Haberler, Ch. 2
Wicksell, Lectures, II, pp. 209 ff.
Fisher, “Debt-Deflation…,” Econometrica, 1933

Part III.

Domar, “Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth and Employment,” Econometrica, April 1946
Harrod, Dynamic Economics
Harrod, “An Essay in Dynamic Theory,” in Harrod, Economic Essays
N.B.E.R., Studies in Income and Wealth, No. 16, Long-Range Economic Projection
L. B Yeager, “Some Questions about Growth Economics,” AER, March 1954
Meier, “Some Questions about Growth Economics—Comment,” and Yeager, “Reply,” AER, December 1954

Part IV.

Bishop, “Alternative Expansionist Fiscal Policies…,” in Income, Employment and Public Policy
Readings in Monetary Theory (Friedman)
Hansen, Part IV
N.B.E.R., Conference on Regularization of Business Investment, 1951
N.B.E.R., Studies in Income and Wealth, No. 17, Short-term Economic Forecasting Readings in Fiscal Policy (Richard Irwin).

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

BUSINESS CYCLES AND ECONOMIC FORECASTING
Economics 245b
Spring 1956
Professor Hansen

  1. Archibald, G.C., “Inventory Investment and the Share of Wages”, THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, June, 1955.
  2. Brems and Ozga, “Economic Growth and the Price Level”, THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, March, 1955.
  3. Kaldor, N., “The Relation of Economic Growth and Cyclical Fluctuations”, THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, March, 1954.
  4. Blyth, C.A., “The 1948-49 American Recession”, THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, September, 1954.
  5. Marris, R.L., “The Position of Economics and Economists in the Government Machine”, THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, December, 1954.
  6. Gordon, R.A., “Investment Behavior and Business Cycles”, REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, February, 1955.
  7. Matthews, R.C.O., “The Saving Function and the Problem of Trend and Cycle”, REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES, Vol. XXII, 1954-55.
  8. Stigler, George J., “The Early History of Empirical Studies of Consumer Behavior”, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, April, 1954.
  9. Brems, Hans, “Business Cycles and Economic Policy”, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, June, 1954.
  10. Lewis, John P., “The Lull that Came to Stay”, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, February, 1955.
  11. Brown, E. Cary, “The Static Theory of Automatic Fiscal Stabilization”, THE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, October, 1955.
  12. Nurkse, Ragnar, “Period Analysis and Inventory Cycles”, OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS, September, 1954.
  13. Mills, E.S., “Professor Nurkse on Inventory Cycles”, OXFORD ECONOMIC PAPERS, June, 1955.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

BUSINESS CYCLES AND ECONOMIC FORECASTING
Economics 245b
Spring 1956
Professor Hansen

  1. National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 16, LONG-RANGE ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS.
  2. Goldsmith, A STUDY OF SAVINGS IN THE U.S. 1955.
  3. Dewhurst, AMERICA’S NEEDS AND RESOURCES, 1955.
  4. Creamer, PERSONAL INCOME DURING BUSINESS CYCLES, (National Bureau of Economic Research), 1956.
  5. Fellner, TRENDS AND CYCLES IN ECONOMIC GROWTH, (Holt), 1956.
  6. Schumpeter, HISTORY OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
  7. Klein, ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS IN THE U.S.
  8. Tinbergen, ECONOMETRICS.
  9. Abramovitz, INVENTORIES AND BUSINESS CYCLES.
  10. Baumol, ECONOMIC DYNAMICS.
  11. Harrod, TOWARDS A DYNAMIC ECONOMICS.
  12. Ricardo, Vol. II, NOTES ON MALTHUS, (ed. by Sraffa).
  13. Colean and Newcomb, STABILIZING CONSTRUCTION, (McGraw-Hill).
  14. Smithies, THE BUDGETARY PROCESS IN THE U.S.
  15. Smithies and Butters, READINGS IN FISCAL POLICY.
  16. Colm, ESSAYS IN PUBLIC FINANCE AND FISCAL POLICY.
  17. Burns, THE FRONTIERS OF ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE.
  18. Hicks, THE TRADE CYCLE.
  19. Kurihara, POST-KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS.
  20. Lundberg, THE BUSINESS CYCLE IN THE POST-WAR WORLD.
  21. Wallich, MAINSPRINGS OF THE GERMAN REVIVAL.
  22. National Bureau of Economic Research, BUSINESS CONCENTRATION AND PRICE POLICY.
  23. Svenniloson, GROWTH AND STAGNATION IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY.
  24. Joint Committee on the Economic Report, (Nov. 9, 1955), FEDERAL TAX POLICY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STABILITY.
  25. PRESIDENT’S ECONOMIC REPORT, 1956.
  26. Lane and Riemersma, ENTERPRISE AND SECULAR CHANGE.

 

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 6, Folder “Economics, 1955-56 (2 of 2)”.

Image Source:  Hansen (left) and Haberler (right). Harvard Class Album, 1942.

Categories
Chicago Suggested Reading

Chicago. Bibliography on double-taxation. Bloch, 1940

 

 

Biographical information for Henry (Henri) Simon Bloch (1915-1988) along with an earlier post of a selected list of French, German and Italian works on public finance  by S. E. Leland and H. S. Bloch for Economics 360 (Government Finance). Below we have another bibliography prepared by Henry S. Bloch on international fiscal relations, essentially on the issue of double-taxation.

The book-review reprint mentioned in Bloch’s postscript was for the book by André Piatier, L’évasion fiscale et l’assistance administrative entre états (Paris, 1938).The review was published in the Journal of Political Economy (October 1939), pp. 742-743.

____________________

The University of Chicago
Department of Economics

Jan 3, 1940

Dear Professor Haig:

I thought you might be interested in this bibliography. I lectured on the topic and distributed the bibliography to the students.

Faithfully yours,
[signed] Henri

P.S. I enclose also a book-review.

____________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INTERNATIONAL FISCAL RELATIONS
(Compiled by Dr. Henri Bloch)

Allix, E., La condition des étrangers au point de vue fiscal (The Hague*, 1937).

De Bar, Les doubles impositions (Thesis, Paris, 1900).

Barcley, “Les doubles impositions dans les rapports internationaux notamment en matière de droits de mutation par décès,” Annuaire du Droit International, 14, p. 118, 1897.

Berland, Les evasions fiscales (Thesis, Paris).

Bloch, H. S., “L’Assistance mutuelle en matière fiscale,” Revue de Science et législation financière, Paris, June, 1937.

Boué, Double imposition et évasion fiscal (Thesis, Lille, Paris, 1919).

Buhler, O., Les accords internationaux concernant la double imposition et l’évasion fiscal (The Hague, 1936).

Carroll, M. B., “International Double Taxation,” Tax Magazine, Oct., 1938, pp. 588ff.

Carroll, Double Taxation Relief. Discussion of Convention drafted at international conference of experts, 1927. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce. Trade Information Bulletin no. 527, Washington, 1928.

Clavier, “Les doubles impositions et l’évasion fiscal,” Revue économique international, 1923, p. 479 (Brussels).

Compain, “Les successions dans le droit fiscal international,” Clunet, 1909, pp. 640, 661, and 982-1003; Clunet, 1910, pp. 416-444, and 1072-1077.

Crocker, The Injustice and Inexpediency of Double Taxation (Boston, 1892).

Dorn, “Internationales Finanzrecht und international Doppelbesteuerung,” Deutsche Juristen Zeitung, XXIX, p. 189; 1924, pp. 682-688.

Einaudi, Luigi, La cooperation international en matière fiscal (La Haye*, 1928).

Fasolis, Le Doppie imposizioni (Citta di Castello, 1914).

Garelli, “Il diritto internazionale tributario,” Parte Generale: La Scienza della Finanza internazionale tributaria, Torino, 1899.

Grassi, “Il fenómeno financiere de la doble imposición,” Rivista de la Universitad de Buenos-Ayres, 1925.

Griziotti, L’imposition fiscal des étrangers, Vol. XIII (The Hague*, 1926).

Guerin, Des ententes internationales pour la répression des fraudes fiscales (Thesis, Paris, 1910).

Guggenehim, L’imposition des successions en droit international et le problème de la double imposition (Geneva, 1928).

Guilmard, L’évasion fiscale (P. Rosier, 5th ed., Paris, 1908).

Herndon, John Goodwin, The Development of International Reciprocity for the Prevention of Double Income Taxation (Philadelphia, 1932).

Jahn, George, Die Doppelbesteuerung (1928).

Jèze, Gaston, “La fraude fiscale,” Revue de Science et législation financière (1933).

Kambe, “Double Taxation with Special Reference to its International Aspects,” Kyoto Economic Review(1927).

King, Eldon P., “Income Tax Reciprocity with Canada,” Tax Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 205, April, 1939.

Kluhe, SteuerlicheHeranziehung der Ausländer und Auslandsdeutschen nach dem heutigen deutschen Steuerrecht (1932).

Lamouche, Essai sur la territorialité de l’impôt(Thesis, Alger, 1927).

Lampe, A., “Doppelbelastung und Doppelbesteuerung,” Wörterbuch der Volkswirtschaft, Vol. I, 1931, pp. 581-583.

Lavagne, La question des double imposition (Thesis, paris, 1929)

League of Nations (Economic and financial committee), Report on Double Taxation (Geneva, 1923).

League of Nations (Committee of Technical Experts on Double Taxation and Tax Evasion), Double Taxation and Tax Evasion, II. Economic and Financial Committee, II, 40 (Geneva, 1927).

Lippert, “Das internationale Finanzrecht,” Handbuch des internationalen Finanzrechts, (Vienna, 1928)

Molodowsky, Le domicile fiscal des étrangers en France (Thesis, 1924).

Neumeyer, “Internationales Finanzrecht,” Zeitschrift Niemeyr’s, Vol. XXXIV, 1914, pp. 186, 200.

Niboyet, J. P., La double imposition au point de vue juridique, The Hague*, 1930.

Oualid, William, “Les solutions internationales du problème des doubles impositions,” Revue de Science et de Législation Financières, Paris, 1927, pp. 5-31.

Paillot, Fernand, Les doubles impositions (Ed. Caduce, Brussels, 1935).

Peeters, J., “Les Pays-Bas et la question des doubles impositions,” Bulletin Institut de droit intermédiaire international, 1930, pp. 191, 208.

Piatier, André, L’évasion fiscale et l’assistance administrative entre états (Paris, 1938).

Picard, R., “Le problème des double impôts à la Chambre de commerce internationale,” Clunet, 1925, pp. 40-53.

Ploquin, L’étranger et l’impôt (Thesis, 1934).

Pugliese, M., L’imposizione delle imprese di carattere internazionali (Padua, 1930).

Rosendorff-Henggeler, Das internationale Steuerrecht des Erdballs, 1936. Europa, Verlag fürRecht und Gesellschaft, AG. 1936, 1937, Zürich, Leipzig.

Rosier, “Problèms du droit fiscal international,” Revue critique de droit international, 1935, pp. 332-356. (Paris)

Sack, “La double imposition et les travaux de la S. D. N.,” Revue générale de droit international public, pp. 97-143.

Salvioli, Le doppie imposte in diritto internazionale, Napoli, 1914.

Schanz, G. V., “Die Doppelbesteuerung und der Völkerbund,” Finanzarchiv, 1923.

Schanz, “Zur Frage der Steuerpflicht, 1892,”Finanz. Archiv, IX, p. 365.

Seligman, E. R. A., Essays in Taxation, 10thed., Ch. iv. (New York, 1925).

Seligman, E. R. A., Double Taxation and International Fiscal Cooperation (New York, 1928).

Sénéchal, Les conventions fiscales passées par la France contre la double imposition (Thesis, Paris, 1933).

Spitaler, Arnim, Das Doppelbesteuerungsproblem bei den Direkten Steuern. 678 pp. 1936.

Stamp, Sir Josiah, “Double Taxation and Freedom of International Investment,” Chap. IX in Current Problems in Finance and Government(1924).

Stamp, J. C., “Double Taxation (International)”, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, pp. 224-225.

Tax Systems of the World, 6thedition. Tax Research Foundation, Chicago, 1935.

Tranter, Evasion in Taxation (G. Routledge and Sons, Ltd., London, 1929).

Wackernagel, Zur Frage der Vermeidung internationalen Doppelbesteuerung (1933).

Wahl, A., “Les étrangers devant l’impôt général sur le revenue,” Journal de Droit International, 1916, pp. 1095 and 1512.

Wengler, Beiträge zum Problem der internationalen Doppelbesteuerung (1935).

Williams, Sir John Fisher, L’entr’aide financière international, The Hague*, 1924.

*Recueil des Cours of the Académie de Droit International.

 

Source: Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. Papers of Robert M. Haig, Box 16, Folder “Bibliography”.

Source: Social Science Research Building. University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf2-07466, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Categories
Bryn Mawr Sociology Suggested Reading

Bryn Mawr. Readings for Graduate Course in Sociology. Franklin H. Giddings, 1893

 

 

From 1891-94 Franklin H. Giddings held overlapping appointments at Bryn Mawr College and Columbia University. In 1894 he was appointed professor of sociology at Columbia. Most economists today are not aware that academic economics and sociology were much closer to being siblings than kissing-cousins back in 1893 and even for several decades into the twentieth century. Giddings taught economics, political science, and sociology while at Bryn Mawr.

After several years of service as a vice-president of the American Economic Association, Franklin H. Giddings  went on to become a president of the American Sociological Association. 

Frank H. Hankins wrote the entry on Franklin H. Giddings for the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968).

Economics in the Rear-view Mirror is happy to provide links to all but one of the items listed in Giddings’ printed Readings in Sociology that can be found in his papers at Columbia University. He writes “In the following bibliographical notes and directions for reading only the most essential things are included. No attempt is made to offer a bibliography for advanced or special students.”

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Graduate Course
Bryn Mawr College

Sociology, Mr. Giddings.
Once weekly throughout the year.

A course of thirty lectures will be given on General Sociology. The various attempts that have been made to construct a philosophical science of society as an organic whole will be examined, and the field of sociology, as a study distinct from history, politics, and economics, will be defined. The causes and laws of social change will be sought, and the lectures will then lead up to the problem of progress, its conditions and limits. The different types of progressive and unprogressive societies will be studied comparatively. Statistical methods will be employed to show the reactions of civilisation that take such forms as insanity, suicide, crime, pauperism, and changes in birth-rates and A death-rates. Fellows and graduate students expecting to do advanced work in this course must have, besides their equipment in history and political-economy, a general knowledge of the history of philosophy, and some acquaintance with the literature of modern biology and empirical psychology. A reading knowledge of French and German is requisite.

 

Source:  Program. Bryn Mawr College. 1893.   Philadelphia: Sherman & Co., Printers, p. 72.

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READINGS IN
SOCIOLOGY

To accompany lectures given by
FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS.
1893.

General or Philosophical Sociology

The word “sociology” was first used by Auguste Comte, in the Cours de Philosophie Positive, as a name for that part of a positive, or verifiable, philosophy, which should attempt to explain the phenomena of human society. It was exactly equivalent to “social physics,” for the task of sociology was to discover the nature, the natural causes, and the natural laws of society, and to banish from history, politics, economics, etc., all appeals to the metaphysical and the supernatural, as they had been banished from astronomy and from chemistry. Comte argued also that society should be studied as a whole, as a unit or organism, and objected to political economy, for example, as unscientific, because it was partial or fragmentary in its view of the social organization and process.

Since Comte the evolutionist explanation of the natural world has made its way into social interpretations, and from this point of view sociology has become an attempt to explain society in terms of natural causes, working themselves out in a process of evolution.

Christian thinkers, on the other hand, have adopted the term, and, so far as it goes, the conception, but have insisted on the recognition of a divine, providential, and final cause back of, or co-operating with efficient or natural causes, in working out human destinies.

In either case, general or philosophical sociology is a broad but penetrating and thorough scientific study of society as a whole; a search for its causes, for the laws of its structure and growth, and for a rational view of its purpose, function, meaning or destiny.

General sociology cannot be subdivided into special social sciences, such as economics, law, politics, etc., without losing its distinctive character. It should be looked upon as the foundation or ground-work of those sciences, rather than as their sum, or as their collective name.

But the general sociology of those savage and barbarian peoples who are organized in hordes, clans, and tribes, should be in a measure familiar to the student before he attempts the sociology of the great modern populations which are politically organized in national states. The former may be called ethnographic, the latter demographic, sociology. The data of ethnographic sociology are found mainly in the works of ethnologists. Among its most important problems are those of the origins and development of the forms of social intercourse and pleasure, the origins and early forms of the family, the relation of the clan to the family and to the tribe, and the development of tribal into national life. The data of demographic sociology are for the most part statistical. Among its chief problems are those of the characteristics and the conditions of progress, of the growth and limitations of population, of the vast and complex development of the division of labor, and of the growth and mutual relations of the so-called social classes.

In working his way through these problems the student finds that, at any given time and in given circumstances, certain social relations and conditions may be described as normal, while others are unmistakably abnormal. In like manner, certain elements in the population are normal and others most clearly abnormal in character and conduct. The latter are the so-called defective, dependent, and delinquent classes. He perceives that, for both practical and theoretical purposes, the thorough study of abnormal phenomena is so important that the problems here presented may be conveniently grouped under the separate head, social pathology.

Theoretically, social pathology has for the sociologist the same importance that physical or mental abnormality or illness has for the physiologist or the psychologist. The abnormal reveals and defines the normal. Many sociologists would maintain that a constructive general sociology can be built up only on the basis of researches in social pathology.

In the following bibliographical notes and directions for reading only the most essential things are included. No attempt is made to offer a bibliography for advanced or special students.

The student of sociology should begin his readings, if possible, with a concise but comprehensive work. The best book for this purpose is:

Grundriss der Sociologie, von Dr. Ludwig Gumplowicz, Vienna, 1885.

The first 50 pages are a history of sociological theories and literature to the present time. The remaining 195 pages are a compact outline of sociological principles. Starting with a search for the elements of social life. Professor Gumplowicz insists that “the true social element is neither an institution nor an idea nor a biological process. it is a concrete social group of living men with all their feelings and habits; in short, the primitive horde or tribe. Social structure, industrial organization, government, and intellectual progress all begin when these elements are bound together in lordship and subordination; some groups having subdued others, established government over them, and set them at enforced labor.”

This work is now being translated into English. [English translation by Frederick Douglas Moore (1899) ]

The student should next become acquainted with the beginnings of sociological philosophy in Comte, and with the evolutionist sociology of Spencer. Read, therefore, as follows:

The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. Third edition. London, 1893.

Volume I., Introduction. Chapters I. and II.
Volume II., first six chapters.

Social Statics. By Herbert Spencer. Revised edition. New York, 1892.

Chapter on “General Considerations.”

An Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy [of Herbert Spencer]. By F. Howard Collins. New York, 1889.

Chapter II. (a summary of Part II. of First Principles).
Chapter III., first six sections. (A summary of the first six chapters of The Principles of Biology.)
Chapter VIII. (A summary of Part VI. of The Principles of Biology.)
Chapter XI. (A summary of Part III. of The Principles of Psychology.)

The Principles of Sociology. By Herbert Spencer.

Part I., first eight chapters, and Chapter XXVII.
Part II. entire.

Comte attempted to interpret society in terms of physical forces. His knowledge of physical science and his grasp of social relations were inadequate.

Spencer actually does carry the physical interpretation a long way. His shortcoming is an inadequate recognition and an imperfect treatment of the psychical, especially the volitional aspects of the social process. He is best in his exposition of social evolution as a consequence of an equilibration of energies in accordance with the Newtonian laws of motion, and as a phase of the progressive adjustment of organism to environment. But only a small part of this portion of his work is found in those of his books that bear sociological titles. For this reason it is absolutely necessary for the student to read either the First Principles, the Biologyand the Psychology, or Mr. Collins’ epitomes, as above.

 

Walter Bagehot and John Fiske lay much emphasis on the combined workings of imitation and volition on the subjective side, with natural selection on the objective side. Read:

Physics and Politics. By Walter Bagehot. New York, 1876.
Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy. By John Fisk. Boston, 1874-1891.

Chapters XVI.—XXII., inclusive.

The most adequate treatment of the psychic forces in social evolution is found in the writings of Lester F. Ward, who argues that artificial selection gradually supplements natural selection, and that society, becoming self-conscious, can and should volitionally shape its own destiny. Read:

Dynamic Sociology. 2 volumes. By Lester F. Ward. New York, 1883.

Volume I., Chapter VII.

The Psychic Factors of Civilization. By Lester F. Ward. Boston, 1893.

As yet there are no systematic and comprehensive treatises on sociology from a distinctly Christian or theistic point of view. The following works are recommended:

An Introduction to Social Philosophy. By John S. Mackenzie. London and New York, 1890.

The philosophy is neo-Hegelian.

Social Aspects of Christianity. By Brooke Foss Westcott. London, 1887.

The Nation. By Elisha Mulford. Boston, 1881.

 

The following works should be referred to:

Gedanken über eine Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft. Von Paul von Lilienfeld. Mitau, 1873.
Bau und Leben des socialen Körpers. Dr. A. Schäffle, Tübingen, 1875. [Vol. I ; Vol II]
Der Mensch in der Geschichte. Zur Begründung einer Psychologischen Weltanschauung. By Adolf Bastian. Leipzig, 1860. [Vol. I ; Vol. II; Vol. III]
Introduction à la Sociologie. Par Dr. Guillaume de Greef. Bruxelles. Première partie, 1886.  Deuxième Partie, 1889.
Éléments de Sociologie. Par Combes de Lestrade. Paris, 1889.

The foregoing expository reading should be supplemented by two or three critical works on the province, aims and methods of sociological science. The best are:

The Study of Sociology. By Herbert Spencer. New York, 1875.
La Science Sociale Contemporaine. Par Alfred Fouillée. Deuxième édition. Paris, 1885.
La Sociologie. Par E. Roberty. Deuxième édition. Paris, 1886.

 

The following works are the best introduction to ethnographic sociology, demographic sociology, and social pathology.

Ethnographic Sociology.

La Sociologie d’après l’Ethnographie. Par Dr. Charles Letourneau. Troisième édition. Paris, 1892.

An English translation of the first edition was published in London in 1881.

An Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy. (Collins, as above.) .

Chapters XX., XXI., XXII., XXIII. (A summary of Part III., “The Domestic Relations;” Part IV., “Ceremonial Institutions;” Part V., “Political Institutions;” and Par VI., “Ecclesiastical Institutions,” of The Principles of Sociology.)

The History of Human Marriage. By Edward Westermarck. London, 1891.

This is the most comprehensive, and, on the whole, the most judicious treatment of this warmly debated question.

Ancient Society. By Lewis H. Morgan. New York, 1878.

Read especially Part II.

The Early History of Institutions. By Sir Henry Sumner Maine. Fifth edition. London and New York, 1889.

Read especially Chapters II.-V., inclusive.

 

As works of reference consult:

Studies in Ancient History.By John Ferguson McLennan, London and New York, 1886.
The Patriarchal Theory. By John Ferguson McLennan. London and New York, 1885.
Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. By W. Robertson Smith. Cambridge, University Press, 1885.
The Primitive Family. By Dr. C. N. Starcke. New York, 1889.
Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Familienrechts. Von Dr. Albert Hermann Post.   [This hathitrust.org item is not available online]
The Evolution of Marriage. By Dr. Charles Letourneau. New York, 1891.
L’Évolution Juridique dan des Diverses Races Humaines. Par Dr. Charles Letourneau. Paris, 1891.

 

Demographic Sociology.

Read:

National Life and Character. By Charles H. Pearson. London, 1893.

Chapters I. and II.

Introduction à la Sociologie. Par Guillaume De Greef. Paris, 1889.

Deuxième Partie.

Or:

Principles of Economics. By Alfred Marshall. London, 1890.

Book IV., Chapters VIII.-XII.

Marshall, as above:

Book IV., Chapters IV.-VI.

Studies in Statistics. By G.B. Longstaff. London, 1891.

Chapters I.-XII.

Statistics and Economics. By Richmond Mayo-Smith. The American Economic Association, 1888.
Emigration and Immigration. By Richmond Mayo-Smith. New York, 1892.
Labour and Life of the People. Edited by Charles Booth. London, 1891.

Vol. I., Part I. and Part III., Chapter II.

Études Pénales et Sociales. Par G. Tarde. Paris, 1892.

Last four papers

 

Consult:

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
Publications of the American Statistical Association.

 

Social Pathology

 

Read:

Philanthropy and Social Progress. Edited by Henry C. Adams. Boston, 1893.

Chapter VI.

An Introduction to the Study of the Dependent, Defective, and Delinquent Classes. By Charles R. Henderson. Boston, 1893.
The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity. By R. L. Dugdale. New York, 1884.
Suicide. By Henry Morselli. New York, 1882.
Crime and its Causes. By W. D. Morrison. London, 1891.

Or:

La Criminalité Comparée. Par G. Tarde. Paris, 1890.
The Criminal. By Havelock Ellis. London, 1892.
Illegitimacy, and the Influence of Seasons Upon Conduct.  By Albert Leffingwell. London, 1892.

 

Source: Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Franklin Henry Giddings papers, 1890-1931. Box 4.

Image Source:  University and their Sons. History, Influence and Characteristics of American Universities with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Alumni and Recipients of Honorary Degrees. Editor-in-chief, General Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL.D. Vol. II, p. 454.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Economy of the U.S. Course outline, readings, exam. Leontief, 1945-46

 

 

Not much to say here about the material I have found for the first iteration of Wassily Leontief’s course on the economy of the United States other than I was surprised that his own book, Structure of the American Economy, 1919-1929, was not mentioned among the readings.

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Course Announcement

Economics 12a. The Economy of the United States.

Half-course (fall term). Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 3.  Associate Professor Leontief.

Source: Announcement of the Courses of Instruction offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences during 1945-46. Published in Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. 42, No. 8 (March 31, 1945), p. 36.

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Course Enrollment

[Economics] 12a (fall term) Associate Professor Leontief.—The Economy of the United States.

Total 30: 2 Graduates, 8 Seniors, 5 Juniors 5 Sophomores, 10 Radcliffe.

Source:Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1945-46, in Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. 45, No. 12 (May 20, 1948), p. 58.

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ECONOMICS 12a
The Economy of the United States
Winter Semester, 1945-46

  1. General Interrelation of Industries and Households:
    1. Commodity flow and allocations of commodities and services.
    2. Cost structure of industries and Direct and Indirect demand.
    3. Capital stock and the Balance of Saving and Investment.
    4. Basic determinants of the Economic Structure of the United States: National Resources and Population, State of technical arts, consumers’ behavior, Public Policies
  2. Structural Characteristics of Selected Branches of the National Economy:
    1. Manufacturing
    2. Mining
    3. Agriculture
    4. Transportation
    5. Foreign Trade
    6. Domestic Trade
    7. Service Industries
  3. Structure of Consumers’ Demand:
    1. Sources of income
    2. Income distribution
    3. Spending and Saving pattern
  4. Price Structure:
    1. Price structure and the industrial structure
    2. Prices and incomes
  5. Economic Structure and Economic Policies

In this course, lectures are supplemented by simple research problems assigned as home work.

Readings:

J. R. Hicks and A. G. Hart, The Social Framework of the American Economy

and selected readings from publications of

National Resources Planning Board
National Bureau of Economic Research
Brookings Institution

[Handwritten additions:
Williamson, Growth of American Economy
Kuznets, Secular Movements of Production]

            Since Economics 12a is being given for the first time, the above outline probably will be modified in the course of instruction.

*  * *  *  *  *

Handwritten list following course outline

Econ 12A

Desk. Hicks JR & Hart—Social Framework

Desk. Leontief W—Economic statistics & postwar policies.
Reprint Harris Post-war Economic Problems.

Desk. National Resources Committee—Structure of the American Economy

Desk. National Resources Planning Board. Industrial Location & Nat. Resources

Desk. Kuznets, S.S.—Secular Movements in Production & Prices

Desk. Bell, S.—Productivity, wages and national income. Chs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9. Appendix A: II & III

Desk. Glover, J.G.—Development of American Industries. Chs. 17, 31

Desk. Williamson, Growth of the American Economy. Chs 20, 21, 22.

Desk. U.S. Nat. Resources Comm., Consumer Spends his Income

Desk. Bd. Governors Federal Res. System [Postwar Economic Studies No. 1]. Jobs, production & living standards, 1945.
Goldenweiser)

 

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1), Box 4, Folder “Economics, 1945-1946 (1 of 2)”.

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1945-46
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 12a

The Economy of the United States
Final. January. 1946.

Answer FOUR questions including question six. If you choose to answer question one, spend approximately one hour on it; in the final score it will be given double weight.

  1. Present a short discussion of your special research topic.
  2. How would you go about estimating the probable effect of a changed distribution of national income on the output and employment in the metal fabricating industry?
  3. Discuss the principal factors which have determined the changes in agricultural employment from the end of the last century up to the beginning of the second World War.
  4. Analyze the position of foreign trade in the structure of American economy.
  5. Describe the mutual dependence of wages, profits, and prices from the point of view of interindustrial relationships.
  6. Review critically of the papers included in the Postwar Economic Studies assigned for the Reading Period.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Final examinations, 1853-2001. Box 11, “Harvard University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Papers Printed for Final Examinations. History, History of Religions, …, Economics, … , Military Science, Naval Science. January, 1946”.

Image Source:  Wassily Leontief in Harvard Class Album 1947.