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Harvard. Syllabus for Economic Development taught by Robert Baldwin (Econ PhD 1950), 1956

 

The sequence I followed for preparing this post was that I first decided to transcribe the outline and readings for a course dealing with economic development (Economics 108) taught at Harvard in the spring term, 1956. To figure out who the instructor was, I then turned to the annual report of the president of Harvard College that provides enrollment figures as well as names of course instructors. Once I found the last name of the instructor “Baldwin”, I looked to see if perhaps there was a recent Harvard economics Ph.D. with that name since the course had been taught by an assistant professor. Bingo, Robert Edward Baldwin, a rising star in international economics at the time appeared indeed to be our man. I confirmed that he was on the faculty of Harvard at the time from his ca. 1997 c.v. at the NBER. Finally my search of the internet pulled up the Robert E. Baldwin’s obituary that I have copied and pasted as the last item below.

The post would not be complete without links to his offspring who have gone off on their own economics careers (Jean Grossman in Princeton and Richard Baldwin in Geneva). 

______________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 108. Theories and Problems of Economic Development. Assistant Professor Baldwin. Half course. [Spring]

Total 42: 13 Graduates, 13 Seniors, 6 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 4 Radcliffe, 1 Special

Source:  Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College 1955-1956, p. 76.

______________

Course Outline and Readings

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Department of Economics
Spring Term, 1955-1956

Economics 108

  1. Theories of Economic Development
    1. Smith and Ricardo

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book I, chs. 1-9; Book II, ch. 3.
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, chs. 2-6, 21.

    1. Marx

Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Preface.
M. M. Bober, Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History, chs. 1-3
OR
H. B. MAYO, Democracy and Marxism, chs. 2,3.
M. M. Bober, op. cit., chs. 9-13
OR
Joan Robinson, An Essay on Marxian Economics.

    1. The Neo-Classical System

Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics, chs. 11-13.
Knut Wicksell, Lectures on Political Economy, Vol. 1, Part III.
Gustav Cassel, The Theory of Social Economy, ch. 1, Sections 4-6.

    1. Schumpeter

J. A. Schumpeter, Business Cycles, Vol. 1, chs. 3, 4.
J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Part II, chs. 11-14.

    1. The Stagnationists and the Post-Keynesian Growth Theorists

Alvin Hansen, “Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth,” American Economic Review, March 1939.
J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, ch. 10.
Evsey Domar, “Expansion and Employment,” American Economic Review, March 1947.
W. J. Baumol, Economic Dynamics, ch. 4.

    1. A Survey of other Socio-Economic Theories

J. J. Spengler, “Theories of Socio-Economic Growth,” Problems in the Study of Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research.

    1. A Comparison of Development Theories
  1. Accelerating Development in Poor Countries
    1. Basic Characteristics of Poor Countries
    2. Obstacles to Development
    3. General Requirements of Development
    4. Domestic and International Policy Issues

Required Reading

Buchanan and Ellis, Approaches to Economic Development, Part I and Part III.
W. Arthur Lewis, The Theory of Economic Growth, chs. 3-7

Suggested Reading

Baran, P., “On the Political Economy of Backwardness,” The Manchester School, January 1952.
Duesenberry, J., “Some Aspects of the Theory of Economic Development,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, December 1950.
M. Fleming, “External Economics and Doctrine of Balanced Growth,” Economic Journal, June 1955.
Frankel, S. H., The Economic Impact on Underdeveloped Societies, ch. 2.
Hoselitz, B. F., “Social Structure and Economic Growth,” Economia Internazionale, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1953.
Lewis, W. A., “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour,” The Manchester School, May 1954.
E. S. Mason, Promoting Economic Development, chs. 2, 3.
Meier, G. M., “The Problem of Limited Economic Development,” Economia Internazionale, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1953.
Mikesell, R.F., “Economic Doctrines Reflected in U.N. Reports,” American Economic Review, Proceedings, May 1954.
Myint, H., “An Interpretation of Economic Backwardness,” Oxford Economic Papers, June 1954.
Nurkse, R., Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries
Singer, H., “The Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries,” American Economic Review, Proceedings, May 1950.
Spengler, J. J., “Population Obstacles to Economic Betterment,” American Economic Review, Proceedings, May 1951.
Sweezy, P., “Duesenberry on Economic Development.” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, Volume 3, February 1951.
United Nations Department of Economic Affairs, Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries
Viner, J., International Trade and Economic Development, Ch. 3

  1. Maintaining Development in Rich Countries—the U.S. as an Illustration
    1. Continued Economic Growth as a Goal of U.S. Economic Policy
    2. The Changing Structure of the American Economy
    3. The Institutionalization of Economic Growth
    4. Possible Barriers to Continued Growth

Economic Report of the President, January 1956.
Galbraith, J. K., American Capitalism, ch. 1, 4-10
Hansen, A., “Growth or Stagnation in the American Economy,” Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1954.
Kaysen, C., “Looking Around—Book About Competition,” Harvard Business Review, May-June 1954.
Kuznets, S., Economic Change, chs. 9, 10.
Schumpeter, J. A., Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Part II, chs. 28.
Slichter, S., The American Economy
Wright, D. M., Democracy and Progress, chs. 5-7, 12.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003, Box 6, Folder “Economics, 1955-1956 (1 of 2)”.

______________

Mid-year and Course Final examinations

Posted here.

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Harvard Economics Ph.D. 1950

Robert Edward Baldwin, A.B. (Univ. of Buffalo) 1945, A.M. (Harvard Univ.) 1949.

Subject, Economics. Special Field, International Trade.
Thesis, “The Economics of Internal Migration in the United States, 1870-1940.”

 

Source:Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1949-50, p. 195.

______________

Robert E. Baldwin
Education and Positions

1945: A.B., University of Buffalo
1945-46: Instructor, University of Buffalo
1950: Ph.D., Harvard University
1950-52: Instructor, Harvard University
1952-57: Assistant Professor, Harvard University
1957-62: Associate Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
1962-64: Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
1964-present: Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison
1975-78: Chairman, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin
1974-: F.W. Taussig Research Professor, University of Wisconsin
1960-61: Ford Foundation Foreign Area Training Fellowship, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1963-64: Chief Economist, Office of Special Trade Representative, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C.
1967-68: Research Professor, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
1969-70: Ford Faculty Research Fellowship
1974-75: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor, Washington, D.C., Research Contract
1975 (Summer): United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland, Consultant
1978-79: Consultant, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
1982-: Hilldale Professorship, University of Wisconsin-Madison
1982-: Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research
1986-1989: Chair, Social Systems Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison
1988 (Summer): Shelby Cullom and Katheryn Davis Visiting Professor, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva
1994-: Research Associate, Centre for Economic Policy Research
1995-: Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Science

Source:  Robert Baldwin’s NBER c.v. that also included a list of publications to date (ca. 1997).

______________

Robert Edward Baldwin (1924-2011)
Obituary

Robert Edward Baldwin, born in Buffalo New York on July 17, 1924, died in Madison on April 7, 2011. He was Hilldale Professor of Economics, Emeritus, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A lifelong academic, Baldwin was one of the world’s most influential thinkers on international trade, an adviser to governments and international organizations, and an inspiring teacher much beloved by generations of students who carry forward his light as renowned scholars in their own right.

Graduating from the University of Buffalo, he enrolled in the Harvard and received his doctorate in 1950. In Cambridge, he married his lifelong soul mate, Janice Murphy, mother of his four children, two of whom were born while he was an Assistant Professor at Harvard. During this time, he published his best-known theoretical contribution – the “Baldwin Envelope” [“Equilibrium in International Trade: A Diagrammatic Analysis,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 62(5), (November, 1948), pp. 748-762.] – which has been taught widely for six decades and remains part of trade economists’ training even today. After Harvard, he moved to UCLA as an Associate Professor where his third and fourth children were born.

In 1960, he took the whole family for a year to Salisbury Rhodesia (now Harare Zimbabwe) while he worked on his theory of trade and development (published as the book “Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960”). Soon after returning to UCLA, President Kennedy appointed him as Chief Economist of the newly formed Office of the Special Trade Representative. The family moved to Washington while he worked in the White House helping the US prepare for the GATT trade negotiations known as the Kennedy Round.

After his White House stint, he was appointed professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a position that he held till his death (Emeritus since 1997). He was appointed Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995, the same year he was elected President of the Midwest Economics Association.

Baldwin was author or editor of 22 books (last one in December 2008) and over a hundred academic articles (the last one in December 2010). [list through ca 1997] His early contributions were mostly to mathematical trade theory, but he also made important contributions to the profession’s empirical understanding of global trade patterns. After his time in the Kennedy White House, he wrote several books and many articles on trade policy and trade politics. Throughout his professional life, his interest in trade was interwoven with an interest in and research on developing nations, with a special emphasis on the development-inhibiting effects of tropical diseases.

In addition to his academic positions, Baldwin engaged actively in the policy world. He was on the External Advisory Panel to the General-Secretary of the WTO (2001-03), and in that capacity attended the Ministerial Meeting in Doha Qatar that launched the WTO’s ongoing trade negotiations. He often testified before US Senate and House Committees on trade matters, and spent time at the US Department of Labour, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Geneva), and the World Bank (Washington). In an effort to improve US trade statistics, he chaired the National Academy of Science’s Panel on Foreign Trade Statistics (1991-92). In his role as policy advisor, he was a member of the Council of Foreign Relations (1968-2011), the US Chamber of Commerce’s Committee for Economic Development and the Atlantic Council (1960s and 1970s), and more recently, the International Advisory Board for Ukraine’s Economics Education and Research Consortium (1999-2009).

He is survived by his wife Janice, his daughters Jean and Nancy, and his son Richard as well as grandchildren Shari, Dina, Leila, Elise, Robert, Ellen, Julia, and Nicky. He was predeceased by his oldest son, Robert, in 2007.

Baldwin was also an “academic father” to scores of students, inspiring them with his quiet but deeply held passion for combining academic rigor with real-world applicability. Many of his students have become professors in Universities across the world. His vocation is also carried on by his son Richard, and son-in-law Gene Grossman, both of whom are professors of economics specialising in international trade.

 

Source: Obituary for Robert E. Baldwin posted by the Cress Funeral Home, Madison, Wisconsin.

Image Source: Selection from photograph (ca. 1975) of Robert E. Baldwin from the University of Wisconsin Archives/The University of Wisconsin Collection/The UW-Madison Collection/UW-Madison Archives Images.

 

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Economics Faculty Salaries for 15 U.S. universities. Hart Memo, April 1961

 

Here we have a memo written by member of the Columbia University economics department executive committee, Albert G. Hart, that presents the results of what appears to be his informal polling of the chairpersons of 21 departments. Fifteen of the departments provided the salary ranges at four different ranks. No further details are provided, this one page memo was simply filed away in a folder marked “memoranda”. Maybe there is more to be found in Hart’s papers at Columbia University. Up to now I have only sampled Hart’s papers for teaching materials and perhaps next time, I’ll need to look into his papers dealing with departmental administrative affairs.

For a glance at salaries about a half-century earlier:  Professors and instructors’ salaries ca. 1907

________________

AGH [Albert Gailord Hart] 4/21/61

CONFIDENTIAL information on economic salaries, 1960-61, from chairmen of departments

Institution

Professors Associate professors Assistant professors

Instructors

Harvard

$12,000-22,000

$9,000-12,000 $7,500-8,700

$6,500

Princeton

$12,000-…?…

$9,000-11,500 $7,000-8,750

$6,000-6,750

California

$11,700-21,000

$8,940-10,344 $7,008-8,112

$5,916-6,360

MIT

$11,000-20,000

$8,000-11,000 $6,500-9,000

$5,500-5,750

Minnesota

$11,000-18,000

$8,500-11,000 $6,800-8,400

?

COLUMBIA

$11,000-20,000

$8,500-10,000 $6,500-7,500

$5,500-5,750

Northwestern

$11,000-…?…

$8,000-11,000 $6,800-7,500

?

Duke

$11,400-16,000

$8,200-10,000 $7,200-8,200

$5,800-6,500

Illinois

$11,000-15,000

$7,500-10,000 $6,900-8,600

$6,500-7,100

Cornell

$10,000-15,000

$8,000-10,000 $6,500-7,500

$5,500-6,500

Indiana

$10,000-14,800

$8,300-10,000 $6,500-7,500

?

Michigan

$10,000-…?…

$8,700-..9,500 $6,600-8,000

$5,000

Virginia

$..9,800-15,000

$7,800-..9,800 $6,600-7,800

?

Wisconsin

$..9,240-16,150

$8,000-..9,000 $6,550-8,460

$5,250-5,450

Iowa State (Ames)

$..8,500-13,000

$7,500-..8,500 $6,700-8,000

$4,700-6,600

[…]

Note: The following institutions for which data were not included in the source materials are believed to pay their economists at scales at or above the Columbia level:

Carnegie Tech
Chicago
Johns Hopkins
Stanford
Yale
UCLA

[…]

 

Source:  Columbia University Archives. Columbia University, Department of Economics Collection. Carl Shoup Materials: Box 11, Folder: “Economics—Memoranda”.

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Columbia Ph.D. Alumnus. Benjamin M. Anderson, 1886-1949

 

 

While the bulk of my internet trawling time for Economics in the Rear-View Mirror is devoted to tracking down curricular material and texts, serendipity occasionally takes me to biographically interesting places. Benjamin Anderson is of interest to ERVM both as having earned an economics Ph.D. from the Columbia School of Political Science and later as an economics professor at Harvard and UCLA. 

Research Tip: The University of California’s series of In Memoriam volumes.

____________________

Benjamin McA. Anderson, Economics: Los Angeles
(1886-1949)

Earl J. Miller, Marvel Stockwell, John Clendenin, Vern O. Knudsen

BENJAMIN MCALESTER ANDERSON (May 1, 1886-January 19, 1949), son of Benjamin McLean and Mary Frances (Bowling) Anderson, was born in Columbia, Missouri. He married Margaret Louis Crenshaw May 27, 1909. He is survived by his wife and three children, John Crenshaw, William Bent, and Mary Louise (Brown). A fourth child, Benjamin M. Anderson III, died in 1919.

Professor Anderson received the A.B. at the University of Missouri in 1906, the A.M. at the University of Illinois in 1910, and the Ph.D. in Economics at Columbia in 1911. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and an active member of the American Economic Association, in which he served as vice-president and a member of the Executive Committee. He served as Professor of History in the State Normal School at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in 1905; Professor of English Literature and Economics at Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri, in 1906; Professor of History and Economics at the State Teachers College, Springfield, Missouri, from 1906 to 1911; Instructor in Economics at Columbia from 1911 to 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics at Columbia, 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics, Harvard, 1913-1918; economic advisor in the National Bank of Commerce in New York, 1918-1920; economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, 1920-1939; Professor of Economics in the University of California at Los Angeles, 1939-1949 (Connell Professor of Banking, 1946-1949).

Professor Anderson enjoyed a rich experience as a youth in his home at Columbia, Missouri. His father was for many years a prominent member of the Missouri State Legislature. Their home was the scene of innumerable political conferences to which Dr. Anderson was invited and from which he developed a keen interest in the then current political and economic problems.

Dr. Anderson’s publications were extensive, including four books and many articles and reviews. Outstanding among them were his books, Social Value, 1911; The Value of Money, 1917; Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the United States, 1919; Financing American Prosperity (coauthor with J. M. Clark, Columbia; A. H. Hansen, Harvard; S. H. Slichter, Harvard; H. S. Ellis, California at Berkeley; and J. H. Williams, Harvard), 1945. Much of his time during the last few years of his life was devoted to the writing of another book entitled Economics and the Public Welfare, a financial and economic history of the United States, 1914-1946. This extensive work was ready for proofreading at the time of his death. The book has now been published. It is a further major contribution to the field of economic literature comparable in quality to the high standard set in his previous works.

He contributed articles to many magazines and journals. Among them were the American Economic Review; Annals of the American Academy; Political Science Quarterly; Quarterly Journal of Economics; The New York Times; The Commercial and Financial Chronicle; The Bankers Magazine (London); The London Times; and the Wall Street Journal. During the past ten years he has published eight issues of the Economic Bulletin under the sponsorship of the Capital Research Company of Los Angeles. He associated himself for many years with a group of well-known economists in the organization known as the Economists’ National Committee on Monetary Policy, and served as President of that organization. Several of his articles were reprinted and circulated on a wide basis by that organization.

While economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, Professor Anderson published over two hundred issues of the Chase Economic Bulletin, which was distributed and read extensively in government, banking and educational circles in many countries. Representing the Chase National Bank he traveled extensively in foreign countries to conduct negotiations with leading government and banking officials. He was called on numerous occasions to testify before committees of the U.S. Congress and the New York State Legislature on questions of state, national and international policy relating to the fields of money and banking. These activities together with the wide circulation of his books, and of his articles in professional and financial journals and magazines, made him one of the best-known and most distinguished economists of his generation in both the national and international fields.

The firsthand contact with practical banking, with American and foreign banking officials, and with government agencies concerned with our economic and monetary affairs, which Dr. Anderson had enjoyed through many years, greatly enriched the content of his teaching and enabled him to provide for his students a sound and thoroughly practical experience. He originally possessed a scholarly command of history, literature, and languages which added impressively to his work, and he brought to his teaching and advisory tasks a broad perspective and keen judgment which made his pronouncements on economic affairs surprisingly accurate and wise.

Professor Anderson was a modest and distinguished scholar and a man esteemed by his colleagues for his personal qualities of kindly manner, stimulating humor, sympathetic appreciation and helpful cooperation. As a scholar and as a man he made a memorable contribution to the community in which he lived.

Source: Calisphere website: University of California, In Memoriam 1949, pp. 1-4.

Image Source: Benjamin M. Anderson in Harvard Class Album, 1915.

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Columbia. Ph.D. alumnus (1911) Benjamin M. Anderson, Obituary

_____________________

Benjamin McA. Anderson, Economics: Los Angeles

by Earl J. Miller, Marvel Stockwell, John Clendenin, Vern O. Knudsen

BENJAMIN MCALESTER ANDERSON (May 1, 1886-January 19, 1949), son of Benjamin McLean and Mary Frances (Bowling) Anderson, was born in Columbia, Missouri. He married Margaret Louis Crenshaw May 27, 1909. He is survived by his wife and three children, John Crenshaw, William Bent, and Mary Louise (Brown). A fourth child, Benjamin M. Anderson III, died in 1919.

Professor Anderson received the A.B. at the University of Missouri in 1906, the A.M. at the University of Illinois in 1910, and the Ph.D. in Economics at Columbia in 1911. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and an active member of the American Economic Association, in which he served as vice-president and a member of the Executive Committee. He served as Professor of History in the State Normal School at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in 1905; Professor of English Literature and Economics at Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri, in 1906; Professor of History and Economics at the State Teachers College, Springfield, Missouri, from 1906 to 1911; Instructor in Economics at Columbia from 1911 to 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics at Columbia, 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics, Harvard, 1913-1918; economic advisor in the National Bank of Commerce in New York, 1918-1920; economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, 1920-1939; Professor of Economics in the University of California at Los Angeles, 1939-1949 (Connell Professor of Banking, 1946-1949).

Professor Anderson enjoyed a rich experience as a youth in his home at Columbia, Missouri. His father was for many years a prominent member of the Missouri State Legislature. Their home was the scene of innumerable political conferences to which Dr. Anderson was invited and from which he developed a keen interest in the then current political and economic problems.

Dr. Anderson’s publications were extensive, including four books and many articles and reviews. Outstanding among them were his books, Social Value, 1911; The Value of Money, 1917; Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the United States, 1919; Financing American Prosperity (coauthor with J. M. Clark, Columbia; A. H. Hansen, Harvard; S. H. Slichter, Harvard; H. S. Ellis, California at Berkeley; and J. H. Williams, Harvard), 1945. Much of his time during the last few years of his life was devoted to the writing of another book entitled Economics and the Public Welfare, a financial and economic history of the United States, 1914-1946. This extensive work was ready for proofreading at the time of his death. The book has now been published. It is a further major contribution to the field of economic literature comparable in quality to the high standard set in his previous works.

He contributed articles to many magazines and journals. Among them were the American Economic Review; Annals of the American Academy; Political Science Quarterly; Quarterly Journal of Economics; The New York Times; The Commercial and Financial Chronicle; The Bankers Magazine (London); The London Times; and the Wall Street Journal. During the past ten years he has published eight issues of the Economic Bulletin under the sponsorship of the Capital Research Company of Los Angeles. He associated himself for many years with a group of well-known economists in the organization known as the Economists’ National Committee on Monetary Policy, and served as President of that organization. Several of his articles were reprinted and circulated on a wide basis by that organization.

While economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, Professor Anderson published over two hundred issues of theChase Economic Bulletin, which was distributed and read extensively in government, banking and educational circles in many countries. Representing the Chase National Bank he traveled extensively in foreign countries to conduct negotiations with leading government and banking officials. He was called on numerous occasions to testify before committees of the U.S. Congress and the New York State

Legislature on questions of state, national and international policy relating to the fields of money and banking. These activities together with the wide circulation of his books, and of his articles in professional and financial journals and magazines, made him one of the best-known and most distinguished economists of his generation in both the national and international fields.

The firsthand contact with practical banking, with American and foreign banking officials, and with government agencies concerned with our economic and monetary affairs, which Dr. Anderson had enjoyed through many years, greatly enriched the content of his teaching and enabled him to provide for his students a sound and thoroughly practical experience. He originally possessed a scholarly command of history, literature, and languages which added impressively to his work, and he brought to his teaching and advisory tasks a broad perspective and keen judgment which made his pronouncements on economic affairs surprisingly accurate and wise.

Professor Anderson was a modest and distinguished scholar and a man esteemed by his colleagues for his personal qualities of kindly manner, stimulating humor, sympathetic appreciation and helpful cooperation. As a scholar and as a man he made a memorable contribution to the community in which he lived.

 

Source: Academic Senate of the University of California. University of California: In Memoriam 1949, pp. 1-4.

Image Source:  Wikipedia article on Benjamin McAlester Anderson.