This post is a fairly straightforward pair of memos from 1968 that provide a chronology of the foreign language requirement for the Ph.D. in the Division of Social Sciences from 1931 to 1968 as well as a particular substitution of additional foreign language training for matrix algebra in 1968.
Language requirements at Columbia in 1950.
___________________________
January 12, 1968
TO: Faculty, Division of the Social Sciences
FROM: D. Gale Johnson, Dean Division of the Social Sciences
In re: Foreign Language requirements for the Ph.D.
At a meeting of the faculty of the Division of the Social Sciences held November 18, 1931, the following statement was adopted as one of the requirements for admission to candidacy for the Ph.D.:
“The ability, demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Board of Examiners, to read two foreign modern languages approved by the department or interdepartmental committee, one of which must be French or German. It is advised that this requirement be met as early as possible in the student’s program of study.”
On January 15, 1943, the faculty of the Division modified the language requirement and made it read as follows:
“Demonstration of the ability to use one or more foreign languages effectively toward the objective of the student’s academic program. This ability in the case of at least one language will be tested by: (I) the passing of an examination administered and evaluated by the Board of Examinations; and (II) in addition to the examination, the writing of the paper or series of papers, or oral work, judge satisfactory by the Department in connection with the student’s program of study, in which extensive use is made of works in the foreign language. Departments may at their discretion specify the particular foreign language or languages required of their candidates for the doctorate. Exceptions in individual cases may be made by the Dean of Students on the recommendation of aDepartment.”
At its meeting on December 4, 1967, the faculty of the Division approved the following motion:
“That each Department or Committee in the Division should have the right to substitute for the divisional language requirement for the Ph.D. degree a requirement that the student demonstrate proficiency in a substantive field other than that of the department in question. The degree of proficiency to be required in such a field should be comparable or superior to that represented by the present divisional language requirement. The department at its option, may require that proficiency be demonstrated in a particular substantive field or may leave to the student, in some or all cases, the option of deciding whether to demonstrate proficiency in a language or a substantive field.”
If a department or committee wishes to act under the motion approved by the faculty of the Division Mr. Zimring and I urge that it do so with reasonable promptness to permit students to make their plans with full information concerning the requirements. Until a department or committee has taken action and so informs the Office of the Dean, it will be assumed that the language requirement as it existed on December 1, 1967, shall continue in force.
At the time a department or committee takes action, if any, to modify its language requirement, it should indicate the date on which any changes become effective and that date could be within a few days after action has been taken. I feel that before a departmental or committee action is made effective that Mr. Zimring should be given time to study it and to determine if his interpretation is the one that has been intended.
Mr. Zimring and I strongly urge that departments and committees accept a self-denying ordinance, namely the changes in the requirements will not be made more than once a year and the changes affecting 1968-69 be made by March 15, 1968.
The action taken with respect to the divisional language requirement does not change current procedures with respect to examination if the department retains a language requirement. It is my interpretation that while departments can require a supplementary or additional examination to be administered by the department, it cannot dispense with the examinations given by the Office of the University Examiner.
DGJ:BP
___________________________
Department of Economics University of Chicago
May, 1968
To: Graduate Students, Department of Economics
From: Arnold C. Harberger, Chairman
Re: Revision in Foreign Language/Mathematics Requirement
Foreign Language and Mathematics Requirement
Each Ph.D. candidate, before admission to candidacy for the Ph.D., must demonstrate effective command of relevant mathematical tools, including calculus and matrix algebra. The Department of Economics will accept three courses in calculus (mathematics 151, 152, and 154, or equivalent), and one course in linear algebra (mathematics 250, 252, Business 372, or equivalent) as meeting, respectively, the calculus and matrix algebra requirements.
In place of demonstration of competence in matrix algebra, students may opt to demonstrate proficiency at a high level in a foreign language by means of an examination administered by the Office of the University Examiner and must demand to the satisfaction of the Department ability to translate at site with reasonable ease material in economics in the foreign language. Any foreign language other than Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, or Swedish must be approved by the Department.
Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of Milton Friedman, Box 194, Folder “194.9 Economics Dept. A-G”.
Image: Lecture Hall 1, Social Science Research Building. University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf2-07482, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.