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Exam Questions Harvard History of Economics

Harvard. Exams for History of Economics up through 18th Century. Ashley, 1900.

 

The economic historian William James Ashley was also a historian of economics. As this Harvard course name and its semester exams transcribed for this post indicate, Ashley covered a huge chunk of waterfront–from Plato’s Republic through Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. Students were clearly expected to bring a solid reading knowledge of German and French to the course (Latin was probably covered in the entrance exams of the time). Notes and links have been added between square brackets.

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Course Enrollment

Primarily for Graduates:—

[Economics] 15. Professor Ashley. — The History and Literature of Economics to the close of the Eighteenth Century. Lectures (2 or 3 hours).

Total 11: 6 Graduates, 2 Seniors, 2 Juniors, 1 Sophomore.

Source: Harvard University. Annual Report of the President of Harvard College, 1899-1900, p. 69.

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1899-1900
ECONOMICS 15
[Mid-year Examination]

Not more than eight questions should be attempted, of which the first must be one.

  1. Explain the significance and context of the following passages:
    1. “If you were making a city of pigs, this is the way you would feed them.”
      [Plato, The Republic, Book II]
    2. “If a child be born in their class with an alloy of copper or iron, they are to have no manner of pity upon it.”
      [Plato, The Republic, Book III]
    3. “Each of them is very many cities, – in any case there are two.”
      [Plato, The Republic, Book IV]
    4. “A slave is an animate instrument.”
      [Aristotle. The Politics. Book I, Chapter IV.]
    5. “Every article admits of two uses.”
      [Aristotle. The Politics. Book I, Chapter IX.]
    6. “Mutuum date, nihil inde sperantes.”

[“Lend hoping nothing thereby.” Luke 6:35. Originally from the Vulgate, Latin version of the Bible prepared mainly by St. Jerome in the late 4th century.
“35 verumtamen diligite inimicos vestros et benefacite et mutuum date nihil inde sperantes et erit merces vestra multa et eritis filii Altissimi quia ipse benignus est super ingratos et malos”
“35 But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them without expecting to get anything back. Then your reward will be great, and you will be children of the Most High, because he is kind to the ungrateful and wicked.”]
cf. Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. Second Division of the Second Part of Question LXXVIII. Of the Sin of Usury That is Committed in Loans.
Also, Théodore Reinach, Mutuum date nihil inde sperantes. Revue des Ètudes Grecques, 1849, pp. 52-48.]

  1. Compare Plato’s conception of the division of labor with that of Adam Smith.
  2. Explain and illustrate the attitude of Aristotle towards the working classes.
  3. It has been remarked that after all Aristotle’s ideal polity is half communistic.
    Criticize this opinion.
  4. Describe the economic organization of the Spartan state. What do you gather from Plato and Aristotle as to the effects of the system?
  5. In one sense, if at all, can the early Christian Church be called communistic? Set forth briefly the nature of the evidence.
  6. Explain what you suppose to be the doctrine of Aquinas as to just price, and then consider whether the idea is in any way practically applicable under modern circumstances.
    [From the Second Division of the Second Part of Summa Theologica. Question LXXVII. Of Fraudulent Dealing in Buying and Selling.]
  7. Wherein did the medieval contract of partnership approach and wherein did it differ from usury?
  8. Distinguish between the various senses attached to the word “Mercantilism”.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Mid-year examinations, 1852-1943. Box 5, Bound volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years, 1899-1900.

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[1899-1900]
ECONOMICS 15
[End-year Examination]

Not more than eight questions should be attempted.

  1. Distinguish between the several lines of thought concerning the causes determining Value to be found in the various writings of John Locke.
  2. The place in economic literature of either Sir Josiah Child or Sir William Petty.
  3. Estimate the influence upon Adam Smith of the economic writings of Hume.
  4. “Es lässt sich ja auch nicht leugnen, dass gerade das Beste an der physiocratischen Theorie: die Darstellung des Wirtschaftlichen Kreislaufs, die Lehre von der Reproduktion der Urstoffe, ihre Formung, Cirkulation und Verteilung, die Berechnung des Kapitalzinses, welchen die Pächter haben muss, und anderes auf einer Beobachtung des wirtschaftlichen Lebens beruhte; kurz sich als eine Beschreibung der französischen Wirtschaft des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts darstellte.”—Hasbach. Translate and comment.
    [Wilhelm Hasbach. Die allgemeinen philosophischen grundlagen der von François Quesnay und Adam Smith begründeten politischen ökonomie, 1890, p. 138]
  5. “La division du travail rend de si grands et si évidents services qu’on les a remarqués dès l’antiquité….Mais personne n’en a tiré parti au point de vue économique avant Adam Smith; aussi le considère-t-on en quelque sort comme l’inventeur de la division du travail.” — Block. Translate and comment.
    [Maurice Block, Les Progrès de la Science Économique depuis Adam Smith. Tome Premier, Chapitre XVII, La Division du Travail, p. 433.]
  6. A rapid sketch of the literary history of the doctrine of the Balance of Trade.
  7. “The Component Parts of Price.” The significance of the phrase.
  8. Compare Adam Smith’s doctrine of Wages with that of Ricardo.
  9. State and criticise Adam Smith’s Canons of Taxation.
  10. “Un autre progrès doctrinal réalisé depuis Ad. Smith…c’est la part faite aux entrepreneurs.” Translate and comment.
    [Maurice Block, Les Progrès de la Science Économique depuis Adam Smith. Revue des Deux Mondes (1890, Vol. 97), p. 940.]
  11. The Historical School: its merits and defects.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 5, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1900-01, p. 38.

Image Source: Portrait of W. J. Ashley incluced in University and their Sons. History, Influence and Characteristics of American Universities with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Alumni and Recipients of Honorary Degrees. Editor-in-chief, General Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL.D. Vol II (1899), p. 595.