Tag: Sherwood

Categories
AEA

American Economic Association. Economic Studies, 1896-1899

 

A few posts ago I put together a list of links to the contents of eleven volumes of monographs published by the American Economic Association from 1886 through 1896.

Those eleven published volumes were briefly followed (1896-1899) by two series of AEA publications, viz.: the bi-monthly Economic Studies, and an extremely short “new series” of larger monographs that would be printed at irregular intervals. In 1900 the American Economic Association reverted to the policy of issuing its monographs, called the “third series” of the publications, at quarterly intervals.

This post provides links to the 1896-1899 intermezzo of AEA publications.

______________________

American Economic Association
ECONOMIC STUDIES.

Price of the Economic Studies $2.50 per volume in paper, $3.00 in cloth. The set of four volumes, in cloth, $10.00.

VOLUME I, 1896
[prices in paper]

No. 1 (Apr., Supplement) Eighth Annual Meeting: Hand-Book and Report. Pp. 178. Price 50 cents.

No. 1 (Apr.). The Theory of Economic Progress, by John B. Clark, Ph.D.; The Relation of Changes in the Volume of the Currency to Prosperity, by Francis A. Walker, LL.D. Pp. 46. Price 50 cents.

No. 2 (Jun.). The Adjustment of Wages to Efficiency. Three papers: Gain Sharing, by Henry R. Towne; The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor, by F.A. Halsey; A Piece-Rate System, by F.W. Taylor. Pp. 83 Price 50 cents.

No. 3 (Aug.). The Populist Movement. By Frank L. McVey, Ph.D. Pp. 81 Price 50 cents.

No. 4 (Oct.). The Present Monetary Situation. An address by Dr. W. Lexis, University of Göttingen translated by Professor John Cummings. Pp. 72. Price 75 cents.

Nos. 5-6 (Dec.). The Street Railway Problem in Cleveland. By W.R. Hopkins. Pp. 94. Price 50 cents.

 

VOLUME II, 1897

No. 1 (Feb., Supplement). Ninth Annual Meeting: Hand-Book and Report. Pp. 162. Price 50 cents.

No. 1 (Feb.). Economics and Jurisprudence. By Henry C. Adams, Ph.D. Pp. 48. Price 50 cents.

No. 2 (Apr.). The Saloon Question in Chicago. By John E. George, Ph.B. Pp. 62. Price 50 cents.

No. 3 (Jun.). The General Property Tax in California. By Carl C. Plehn, Ph.D. Pp. 88. Price 50 cents.

No. 4 (Aug.). Area and Population of U. S. at Eleventh Census. By Walter F. Willcox, Ph.D. Pp. 60. Price 50 cents.

No. 5 (Oct.). A Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British Plantations in America, etc. By William Douglass. Edited by Charles J. Bullock, Ph.D. Pp. 228. Price 50 cents.

No. 6 (Dec.). Density and Distribution of Population in U.S. at Eleventh Census. By Walter F. Wilcox, Ph.D. Pp. 79.Price 50 cents.

 

VOLUME III, 1898

No. 1 (Feb., Supplement). Tenth Annual Meeting: Hand-Book and Report. Pp. 136. Price 50 cents.

No. 1 (Feb.). Government by Injunction. By William H. Dunbar, A.M., LL.B. Pp. 44. Price 50 cents.

No. 2 (Apr.). Economic Aspects of Railroad Receiverships. By Henry H. Swain, Ph.D. Pp. 118. Price 50 cents.

No. 3 (Jun.). The Ohio Tax Inquisitor Law. By T. N. Carver, Ph.D. Pp. 50. Price 50 cents.

No. 4 (Aug.). The American Federation of Labor. By Morton A. Aldrich, Ph.D. Pp. 54. Price 50 cents.

No. 5 (Oct.). Housing of the Working People in Yonkers. By Ernest Ludlow Bogart, Ph.D. Pp. 82. Price 50 cents.

No. 6 (Dec.). The State Purchase of Railways in Switzerland. By Horace Micheli; translated by John Cummings, Ph.D. Pp. 72. Price 50 cents.

 

VOLUME IV, 1899

No. 1 (Feb.). I. Economics and Politics. By Arthur T. Hadley, A.M.; II. Report on Currency Reform. By F. M. Taylor, F.W. Taussig, J.W. Jenks, Sidney Sherwood, David Kinley; III. Report on the Twelfth Census. By Richmond Mayo-Smith, Walter F. Willcox, Carroll D. Wright, Roland P. Falkner, Davis R. Dewey. Pp.70. Price 50 cents.

No. 2 (Apr.). Eleventh Annual Meeting: Hand-Book and Report. Pp. 126. Price 50 cents.

No. 2 (Apr.). Personal Competition: Its Place in the Social Order and Effect upon Individuals; with some Consideration upon Success. By Charles H. Cooley, Ph.D. Pp. 104. Price 50 cents.

No. 3 (Jun.). Economics as a School Study. By Frederick R. Clow, A.M. Pp. 72. Price 50 cents.

Nos. 4-5 (Aug.-Oct.). The English Income Tax, with Special Reference to Administration and Method of Assessment. By Joseph A. Hill, Ph.D. Pp. 162. Price $1.00.

No. 6. (Dec.) The Effects of Recent Changes in Monetary Standards upon the Distribution of Wealth. By Francis Shanor Kinder, A.M. Pp.91. Price 50 cents.

______________________

NEW SERIES

No. 1 (Dec., 1897). The Cotton Industry. By M. B. Hammond. Pp. 382. (In cloth $2.00.) Price $1.50.

No. 2 (Mar., 1899). Scope and Method of the Twelfth Census. Critical discussion by over twenty statistical experts. Pp. 625. (In cloth $2.50.) Price $2.00.

 

 

Categories
Economics Programs Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins. Graduate Studies and Exams of Yukimasa Hattori, Ph.D. 1903

 

This post begins with a chronicle of the course work and seminar presentations of the Japanese graduate student of economics, Yukimasa Hattori, at the Johns Hopkins University for the academic years 1900-01 and 1901-02. I find it really remarkable that one is able to put together such a detailed timeline for an arbitrary single graduate student well over a century ago from online sources.  A transcription of the doctoral examination questions given to Hattori found in the Johns Hopkins archive and a link to Hattori’s published dissertation complete the post.

Perhaps a Japanese visitor to this blog could find and share additional biographical information about Hattori from Japanese language sources?

____________________________

Date of death of Yukimasa Hattori

In Graduates and Fellows of the Johns Hopkins University, 1876-1913. Yukimasa Hattori was listed as having died April 6, 1913.

Source: The Johns Hopkins University Circular, (April 1914). Graduates and Fellows of the Johns Hopkins University 1876-1913, p. 23.

____________________________

Coursework of Yukimasa Hattori

First Half-Year, 1900-1901

Daily except Wednesday, 11 a.m. Class B. Elementary German and German Reader. Dr. Kurrelmeyer

Minor Course, Class B. Four hours weekly. Otis, Elementary German (First Part); Brandt, German Reader (50pp.); Heyse, L’Arrabbiata; Goethe, Egmont; E. S. Buchheim, Elementary German Prose Composition; Whitney, German Grammar.

Monday and Tuesday, 9 a.m. Labor Problems. Mr. W. F. Willoughby

Labor Problems. Mr. W. F. Willoughby, of the United States Bureau of Labor, lectured on Labor Problems to ten graduate students, two hours weekly, during the first half-year.
This course was devoted primarily to a study of the group of movements having for their purpose the increase in the economic security of the laboring classes. Each of the contingencies was considered in which workingmen are unable to earn wages, as disability, sickness, accident, premature invalidity old age, and inability to obtain work, and the effort now being made in Europe and the United States for providing for them through insurance or otherwise A few lectures were also given on the organization and practical work of statistical bureaus in various countries.

Monday and Tuesday, 12 M. United States Constitutional Law. Dr. Willoughby

Advanced United States Constitutional Law. Eleven graduate students, two hours weekly, throughout the year. These lectures presupposed a general knowledge of our political history and of the elements of our public law, and were therefore devoted to the discussion of the more perplexing and as yet unsettled points in our constitutional law, the illustrations being largely drawn from the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court during the last few years. Especial attention was given to the examinations of the legal problems involved in the annexation and government of foreign territories. Carefully prepared written analyses of the leading cases considered were required of the students.

Wednesday, 9 a.m. Economic Development. Associate Professor Sherwood.

The Law of Economic Development. Eight graduate students, one hour weekly, through the year. This course was an examination of the law of evolution as applied to economic life. The basis of this application is found in the fact that social activity and organization begin in the want and will of individuals, and that these are governed by an economic or utilitarian principle which leads men to act so as to secure the greatest satisfaction with the least sacrifice. The operation of this principle was shown in military, political, and religious life, as well as in industrial activity. Individual variation, which begins change, in itself an illustration of this law and the new social organization which results, is evolved from these utilitarian choices and efforts of the individuals. Division of labor, the varying forms of industrial organization and the growth of capital are all to be explained in the same way.

Wednesday and Thursday, 12 m. History of Political Philosophy. Dr. Willoughby.

History of Political Theories, 1300 to 1750 A.D. Twelve graduate students, two hours weekly, throughout the year. The political ideals and principles of this period were analyzed and criticized. An especial effort was made to show the extent to which these theories were the outcome of the political conditions and general characteristics of the times in which they were formulated.

Alternate Thursdays, 4-6 p.m. Economic Seminary, Associate Professor Sherwood

Economic Seminary met two hours fortnightly, with eight graduate students. The special study of Commerce and Commercial Policy of the United States has been continued, in part by the preparation of papers and in part by the critical study of List’s National System of Political Economy. Papers upon other topics were also read and reviews were given of current economic literature.

Thursday and Friday, 9 a.m. Banking. Associate Professor Sherwood

Modern Banking. Two hours weekly, first half-year, with ten graduate students. A comparative study of the banking systems of England, France, Germany, and the United States was made. Attention was directed to the internal organization of the central banks and their relation to the other banking institutions of their respective countries, to the present status of the business done by the banks, and to the relation of these banks to the government. Conclusions were drawn from these studies as to the tendencies in modern banking, and certain needed reforms in the American system were pointed out.

Alternate Fridays, 8 p.m. Historical Seminary. Professor Adams.

Historical Seminar [also called “Historical and Political Science Association”] met regularly on alternate Friday evening and was attended by eighteen students and five instructors. The more important original work of the department was presented in these fortnightly meetings, and the current literature of history, economics, and political science was subjected to review and criticism. The proceedings from October 5 to March 15 are published in the University Circulars in January, March,[ and May-June] 1901.

Sources:  Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XX. No. 148 (November, 1900), pp. 5-6; Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the President of Johns Hopkins University, 1901, pp. 72, 84-87.

 

Second Half-Year, 1900-1901

Daily except Wednesday, 11 a.m. Class B. Elementary German Grammar and Prose. Dr. Kurrelmeyer

Monday, 9-11 a.m. American Finance. Dr. E. D. Durand.

American Financial History. Dr. E. Dana Durand, Secretary of the United States Industrial Commission, on leave of absence from Stanford University, lectured…to a class of six graduate students, two hours weekly, during the second half-year. The course covered the history of the public finances of the United States Government, from the beginning of the Revolution to 1890. The development of the customs duties and of other methods of taxation was traced and the policy of debt management was discussed. The history of the currency and banking system was also considered in so far as it bears on the general subject of the administration of the public treasury. The students did collateral reading from a number of original documents and of secondary treatises, and each of them presented a paper on some phase of financial history.

Monday and Tuesday, 12 M. United States Constitutional Law. Dr. Willoughby

See First Half-year 1900-1901, above

Wednesday, 9 a.m. Economic Development. Associate Professor Sherwood.

The Law of Economic Development [Associate Professor Sherwood], with eight graduate students, one hour weekly, through the year. This course was an examination of the law of evolution as applied to economic life. The basis of this application is found in the fact that social activity and organization begin in the want and will of individuals, and that these are governed by an economic or utilitarian principle which leads men to act so as to secure the greatest satisfaction with the least sacrifice. The operation of this principle was shown in military, political, and religious life, as well as in industrial activity. Individual variation, which begins change, in itself an illustration of this law and the new social organization which results, is evolved from these utilitarian choices and efforts of the individuals. Division of labor, the varying forms of industrial organization and the growth of capital are all to be explained in the same way.

Wednesday and Thursday, 12 m. History of Political Philosophy. Dr. Willoughby.

See First Half-year 1900-1901, above

Alternate Thursdays, 4-6 p.m. Economic Seminary, Associate Professor Sherwood

See First Half-year 1900-1901, above

Thursday and Friday, 9 a.m. Theory of Credit. Associate Professor Sherwood

Theory of Credit with six graduate students, two hours weekly, second half-year. Analysis of credit was made so as to indicate the operation of credit in its economic rather than in its legal aspect. The part played by credit in productive organization and processes was then traced. The adequacy of present credit institutions to meet the requirements of the various classes of industry was also discussed, as well as the relation of credit to prices. The course was closed with a brief review of the historical development of the theory of credit.

Alternate Fridays, 8 p.m. Historical Seminary. Professor Adams

See First Half-year 1900-1901, above

Sources: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XX, No. 150 (March, 1901), pp. 40-41.; Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the President of Johns Hopkins University, 1901, pp. 72, 84-87.

 

First Half-Year, 1901-1902

Monday 9 a.m. Current Economic Literature, Associate Professor Hollander and Dr. Barnett

During the first half-year, Associate Professor Hollander also directed a journal club, in weekly meetings, for the review and discussion of current economic literature, and for exercise in the use of original sources of economic and financial information.

Monday and Tuesday 10 a.m. Germanic Civilization. Associate Professor Vincent.

No further information available.

Tuesday and Wednesday, 9 a.m. Theory and Practice of Finance. Associate Professor Hollander

Finance, [was taught by Associate Professor Hollander] two hours weekly through the year. The past financial experience and the present fiscal practice of the United States — federal, state, and local — were taken as the basis for critical and comparative study. The emergence of contemporary problems in our public economics was traced, and the concrete issues thus presented served to introduce an exposition of the fundamental theories of the science of finance. Emphasis was put upon the place of financial technique in public economics, and attention was directed to the immediate financial problems presented by our new insular possessions. A reasonable amount of collateral reading from selected texts was done in connection with the course.

Wednesday, 11 a.m. Oral Examinations in General History. Dr. Ballagh.

Oral Examinations in General History, [Dr. J. C. Ballagh, Associate in History has conducted] one hour weekly, through the year. This work is particularly designed for candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, though advanced graduates are sometimes admitted to attendance. Important fields of general history were consecutively and systematically reviewed, but especial emphasis was laid upon those in which greater concentration was needed by the individual members of the class. The special course on the political history of Greece and Rome given last year was replaced by a similar specialized course on the constitutional history of England and the political history of the United States. The sources and best exponents of the history of the periods covered were discussed and used by the class.

Wednesday and Thursday, 10 a.m. Mediaeval France. Associate Professor Vincent.

Mediaeval France [taught by Associate Professor J. M. Vincent]. Two hours weekly, first half-year. These two courses together provided a systematic treatment of the history of Europe during the early Middle Ages. Each student was required to present a syllabus of the whole subject with references to sources and authorities.

Wednesday and Thursday 12 m. Legal Aspects of Economic and Industrial Problems. Associate Professor Willoughby.

The Legal Aspects of Economic and Industrial Problems [taught by Associate Professor Willoughby] two hours weekly, throughout the year. The points of law involved in such matters as the control of interstate commerce, taxation, factory legislation and other exercises of the so-called police power, the fixing of wages and prices, the management of strikes, lockouts, boycotts, the control of industrial combinations, of labor unions, etc., were examined. The development of the present law was traced both in the common law and in statutory enactments, and proposals for its amendment outlined and discussed.

Thursday and Friday, 9 a.m. Development of Economic Theories since Adam Smith. Associate Professor Hollander

Development of Economic Theories since Adam Smith, [was taught by Associate Professor Hollander] two hours weekly through the year. A detailed historical survey was made of the development of the fundamental concepts of economic science from Adam Smith to current thought. The body of English thought was followed in the main, but other writers and schools were examined wherever direct influence or analogy was discerned. The method of treatment was topical, resulting in a series of cross-sectional views of the history of economic thought. In connection with the course, members of the class read Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, Thomas Robert Malthus’s Essay on Population, and John Stuart Mill’s Principles of Political Economy.

Alternate Tuesdays, 8 p.m. Economic Seminary, Associate Professor Hollander and Dr. Barnett

Economic Seminary, [was led by Associate Professor Hollander] fortnightly, in two-hour sessions, through the year, with membership limited to the most advanced students, and designed to develop the use of sound methods of economic research. The general subjects of study were the commercial policies and the industrial institutions of Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century. Dr. George E. Barnett, Instructor in Political Economy, assisted in the conduct of the work. Each member of the Seminary prepared and submitted, for detailed criticism as to method and content, one or more studies within [their] field of inquiry.

Alternate Fridays, 8 p.m. Historical and Political Science Association.

 

Sources: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI, No. 154 (December, 1901), p. 15; Twenty-Seventh Annual Report of the President of The Johns Hopkins University, 1902, pp. 58-60, 62-64.

 

Second Half-Year, 1901-1902

Monday, 9 a.m. Elements of Statistics. Dr. Barnett.

Dr. George E. Barnett, Instructor in Political Economy, gave a course of twenty lectures on the Elements of Statisticsduring the second half- year. Attention was directed chiefly to the history of statistics and to methods of statistical investigation. As illustrative material, some of the chief problems of vital statistics were discussed.

Monday and Tuesday, 10 a.m. German Reformation. Associate Professor Vincent

The German Reformation [taught by Associate Professor J. M. Vincent]. Two hours weekly, second half-year. Beginning with the causes of the Lutheran movement these lectures extended through the Swiss Reformation until the Protestant churches were firmly established. Emphasis was laid particularly upon the social and political conditions which influenced this revolution.

Alternate Tuesdays, 8 p.m. Economic Seminary, Associate Professor Hollander and Dr. Barnett

See First Half-year 1901-1902, above

Tuesday and Wednesday, 9 a.m. Theory and Practice of Finance. Associate Professor Hollander

See First Half-year 1901-1902, above

Wednesday and Thursday, 10 a.m. English Reformation. Associate Professor Vincent

England in the Sixteenth Century [taught by Associate Professor J. M. Vincent]. Two hours weekly, second half-year. This course covered the period of the Reformation in England and included the significant parts of the reign of Elizabeth.

Wednesday, 11 a.m. Oral Examinations in General History. Dr. Ballagh.

See First Half-year 1901-1902, above

Wednesday and Thursday 12 m. Legal Aspects of Economic and Industrial Problems. Associate Professor Willoughby.

See First Half-year 1901-1902, above

Thursday and Friday, 9 a.m. Development of Economic Theories since Adam Smith. Associate Professor Hollander

See First Half-year 1901-1902, above

 

Sources: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI., No. 157 (April, 1902), pp. 73-74; Twenty-Seventh Annual Report of the President of The Johns Hopkins University, 1902, pp. 58-60, 62-64.

____________________________

Fellowship Announced June 10, 1902

Yukimasa Hattori, of Sagaken, Japan, Tokyo College of Science, 1898. Economics.

 

Source: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI., No. 159 (July, 1902), p. 111.

 

____________________________

Presentations by Yukimasa Hattori

Historical and Political Science Assocation

May 10, 1901. International Private Law in Japan.

Source: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XX., No. 152 (May-June, 1901), p. 89.

February, 1902. Patten’s Theory of Prosperity.

Source: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI., No. 157 (April, 1902), p. 66.

Economic Seminary

December 10, 1901. Commercial Relations of Japan since 1868.

April 22, 1902. Japan’s Foreign Trade since the Restoration, (1868-1900).

Source: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI., No. 158 (June, 1902), p. 77.

____________________________

Ph.D. Examinations

Mr. Y. Hattori.

General Examination in Political Economy, May 27, 1903
(General)

  1. Discuss the commercial development of Japan with reference to the theory of international value.
  2. What theoretical influences contributed to Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations?
  3. Trace the development of economic thought with respect to the measure of value.
  4. Describe and criticize the wage-fund theory.
  5. Discuss modern industrial combinations in the light of an assignable limit to the growth in the size of the modern industrial unit.
  6. Describe the history of the general property tax, and discuss its shifting and incidence.
  7. What successive financial measures should be taken by Japan upon the declaration of war with a foreign power?
  8. Discuss the theoretical difficulties and the practical advantages in the use of index numbers.
  9. Upon what principle should railroad rates be fixed? Discuss fully.
  10. Discuss the validity of collective bargaining with reference to industrial conditions in Japan.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Mr. Y. Hattori.

SPECIAL EXAMINATION IN POLITICAL ECONOMY
MAY 30, 1903.
(Money and Banking.)

  1. Discuss the relation of prices to the money supply.
  2. Define credit and describe its functions.
  3. Describe the chief stages in the history of the Bank of England.
  4. Discuss the theory of bimetallism.
  5. Describe the chief classes of banks in the United States.
  6. Compare the Bank of Japan with the German Reichsbank.
  7. Discuss the relation of deposits to reserve.
  8. Describe the history of the Japanese Currency since 1868.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

EXAMINATION IN POLITICAL ECONOMY, MAY 29, 1903.
Graduate Courses, 1902-1903.

  1. Discuss credit and its service in modern economic life.
  2. What changes are desirable in the American currency system?
  3. Discuss the movement of the precious metals as a feature of international trade.
  4. Speculation and its relation to modern industrial organization.
  5. Describe the inter-relations of mercantilistic theory and practice.
  6. The forerunners of Adam Smith and their contributions to the “Wealth of Nations”.
  7. What is the genesis of the differential law of rent?
  8. Contrast the places of Adam Smith and David Ricardo in the history of economic thought.

Source:  Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library. Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy. Series 6. Box 3/1. Folder “Graduate Exams, 1903-1932”.

____________________________

Ph.D. Dissertation

Hattori, Yukimasa. The Foreign Commerce of Japan Since the Restoration, 1869-1900. In the series Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Series XXII, No. 9-10. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, September-October, 1904. (text: 71 pages)

 

JAPAN’S FOREIGN TRADE SINCE THE RESTORATION (1868-1900).
By YUKIMASA HATTORI.

[Abstract of a paper read before the Economic Seminary, April 22, 1902.]

The total amount of Japan’s exports and imports was 26 million yen in 1868; 65 million yen in 1880; 138 million yen in 1890, and from that year on, the aggregate increased by leaps and bounds—most notably after the China-Japanese War (1894-5)—until it reached the enormous sum of 491 million yen in 1900. Stated in terms of the yen, this increase is, however, more apparent than real. Since 1873 the value of silver not only relative to gold but also relative to all commodities has gradually gone down, or in other words general prices in Japan have gone up about seventy-five per cent, so that the figures above stated must be reduced according to the index number of prices in each, particular year in order to show the actual quantity of commodities.

In character, it is only since 1890 that Japan’s export trade has undergone important change. Such commodities as cotton yarn, habutaye (white silk fabric,) silk handkerchiefs, matches, straw braids, floor matting, and European umbrellas, which now form the most important exports, first appeared in the foreign trade of Japan almost simultaneously in 1890. For example, in the case of cotton yarn and habutaye,—in 1890 the export of the former was only 2,000 yen and of the latter 818,000 yen; in 1900 the corresponding figures were 20,589,000 yen and 18,314,000 yen, respectively. In other words, up to 1890, the principal articles of export were the natural products most suited to the soil of Japan such as tea, raw silk, rice, copper, coal, camphor and marine products. Since 1890, the export of manufactured goods has gradually risen to a far larger percentage than that of raw materials.

The logical consequence of this change in the character of Japan’s foreign trade has been a change in its geographical distribution. The tide of Japanese trade is moving more and more towards the eastern shores of continental Asia, namely, Russian Asia, Corea, China, Hongkong, British India and the Straits Settlement. Both exports to and imports from European countries are decreasing, relatively; while the imports from the United States show a remarkable increase.

Source: Johns Hopkins University Circulars Vol. XXI., No. 158 (June, 1902), p. 81.

Ph.D. Awarded, 1902-03:

Yukimasa Hattori, of Sagaken, Japan, Tokyo College of Science, 1898.
Subjects: Political Economy, Political Science, and History. Dissertation: The Foreign Commerce of Japan since the Restoration. Referees on Dissertation: Professor Hollander and Dr. Barnett.

Source: Johns Hopkins University, University Publications No 2, 1903-04. The Twenty-Eight Annual Report of the President with Accompanying Reports, 1903 (Baltimore, January 1904), p. 71.

Image Source: Frontpiece of the Johns Hopkins University yearbook, The Hullabaloo 1903.

Categories
Johns Hopkins Pennsylvania Suggested Reading

Johns Hopkins/Wharton. Linked Reading List for History and Theory of Money. Sherwood, 1891-92

 

 

Sidney Sherwood, 1860-1901 received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1891 where he was to become the successor of Richard T. Ely as head of the department of Political Economy.

This post includes two memorials that provide a bit of biographical background followed by a rich, linked course of readings that were published in an appendix to the University Extension lecture material for Sherwood’s course, The History and Theory of Money, during the year he taught at the Wharton School of Finance and Economy (1891-92). 

The next post will provide the course outline with the specific reading assignments for Sherwood’s twelve lectures.

____________________

SIDNEY SHERWOOD.

Sidney Sherwood, Associate Professor of Economics in the Johns Hopkins University, died after a brief illness at Ballston, New York, August 5,1901. While spending a part of his vacation on a farm he accidentally cut his right hand. Blood poisoning ensued which led to fatal results in spite of the best medical aid. He was buried at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, where for many years he maintained a summer home.

Dr. Sherwood was born at Ballston, May 28, 1860. He graduated from Princeton College in 1879, then entered Columbia University, where he studied law. He afterwards practiced that profession in New York City, but having become interested in economic questions he entered the Johns Hopkins University in 1888 in order to pursue advanced studies under Professors Ely and Adams. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1891 and was called at once to the University of Pennsylvania as Instructor in Economics. In 1892, Dr. Sherwood returned to Baltimore, having been appointed Associate in Economics; in 1895, he was made Associate Professor.

At a meeting of the Board of University Studies a committee was appointed to draft appropriate resolutions. Their report is as follows:

“The Board of University Studies is compelled with sorrow to record the death of Associate Professor Sidney Sherwood, who as student and teacher, was connected with this University for more than twelve years.

“During all this period Dr. Sherwood grew steadily in the esteem and affection of his colleagues. Beneath a modest demeanor he revealed most amiable as well as most substantial qualities. As a writer he gave evidence of solid learning and sound judgment. As a teacher and counsellor of students in this University his services were of great value and his absence will be deeply felt.

“The members of the Board desire to extend to Mrs. Sherwood and her family their heartfelt sympathy in this bereavement.”

Source: Johns Hopkins University. University Circulars. (Vol. XXI. No. 154, December 1901) p. 9.

____________________

SIDNEY SHERWOOD: A MUCH LOVED PROFESSOR OF OTHER DAYS
BY BERNARD C. STEINER, PH.D. 1891

ABOUT a month after the opening of the University year of 1888, there came into the Historical Seminary, a quiet, rather reserved man, somewhat older and considerably more experienced than the rest of the graduate students. He chose for his subjects, history, political economy, and English, and wrote, as his dissertation, a “History of the University of the State of New York.” In 1891, he took the degree of Ph.D. — such is the skeleton of the University life of Sidney Sherwood. To those who were his fellow-students, the mention of his name recalls a personality of gentle force, an accurate and careful scholarship, a faithful friend, who could be relied upon in any emergency. In the large third story room, known as the Bluntschli Library, the historical students came into such close contact that they knew each other thoroughly and all came to esteem Sherwood highly. In a little quiz class of a few men who took their degree together, he showed his thoughtful studiousness, even more than in the larger seminary, and also displayed his sane and ripe judgment.

He was born on May 28, 1860, at Ballston Spa, Saratoga County, N. Y., his parents being Thomas Burr and Mary Frances (Beattie) Sherwood. He prepared for College at Mr. Buckley’s private school in his native town, having the reputation of being the brightest boy that the master had ever taught. In the fall of 1875, he entered the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University was then called.

After graduating from Princeton in the well-known class of ’79, with Woodrow Wilson and other prominent men, to use his own words, written to his class secretary in 1894, he “tackled life, in the capacity of professor of Latin, Greek, mathematics, French, and German in the Newton Collegiate Institute of Newton. N. J. I likewise officiated as coach in football. The idea of a college course, as giving general culture, was certainly realized in the Princeton curriculum of that period, otherwise I never should have been fitted for that broad chair.” After a year of teaching, he went to Europe and spent two years, to quote him again, “in Great Britain and Western Europe, trying to get more general culture.” When he returned to the United States, he served a few months as a reporter upon the New York Tribune, “reading law on the sly.” Then the death of his father, in February, 1883, made it necessary for him to spend a year on the paternal farm in Saratoga County, during which time he read law at Ballston Spa. In the autumn of 1884, he entered the Columbia Law School; but, after a year of study there, he left the school and entered the office of Abner C. Thomas, LL.D., with whom he formed a partnership, when admitted to the bar in February, 1886 and for whom he did much of the hard research work connected with the preparation of the well-known and useful work known as Thomas on Mortgages. He continued this connection, until he gave up the practice of law and came to Baltimore. This change of purpose came through the mayoralty campaign, in which Henry George was one of the candidates, in which campaign Sherwood was much interested. He found that it “opened up a new field of study and work — the field of social philosophy and social progress. An academic career, the study and teaching of the forces and mechanism of human progress became henceforth my chief aim.” He said “I belong to the party of progress” and his mind in an unusual manner faced the future, while preserving conservative modes of thinking.

Few men ever held opinions more firmly, or with less bigotry than Sherwood, nor did he ever confuse the essential principles, which must be held firmly, with the unessential ones, which may be changed. So he was a moderate Republican and a Presbyterian, but he was a thoroughly convinced patriot and Christian.

Shortly after leaving the University, on September 3, 1891, he married Miss Mary A. Beattie of Cornwall, N. Y.

In a sketch such as this, the delightful home life of Sherwood’s family may not be more than mentioned and yet all who knew him know also that no sketch of him should be written without some such mention. The loving devotion of that true woman, who linked her fortunes with his and the ingenuous charm of the children made a fine background to the picture, and in that home, he found refreshment and strength. Four daughters and a son came into the family — the last too late, however, to remember his father, for he was born only a few months before the end.

In the autumn of 1891 he began teaching in the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, as instructor in finance. While in this position, he delivered a course of lectures on the “History and Theory of Money,” which was published in 1893. In 1892, Professor Richard T. Ely was called from the Johns Hopkins to the University of Wisconsin and Sherwood became his successor in Baltimore. He carried on the work of the economic department until his death, growing yearly in power and influence, giving faithful and patient attention to each of his students, and showing equal faithfulness in the directorship of such institutions in Baltimore as he found time to enter. His thought ripened slowly and his great work on finance was ever in preparation. One summer towards the close of his life, he forewent the pleasure of staying with his family and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Germany to collect material there, but the book remained unwritten to the end. His History of the University of the State of New York published in 1893, widened to an History of Higher Education in New York State, a bulky volume, printed by the United States Bureau of Education in 1900 as part of a series, in the preparation of which Professor Adams had enlisted the services of a number of Hopkins men.

With fearful suddenness came the interruption of the useful work he was doing. Hale and strong, in the mellow maturity of his powers, he went into the garden of his summer home one day to prune some bushes. A scratch must have conveyed some vegetable poison into his veins, blood poisoning followed, and, after a very few days’ illness, he died “during a beautiful golden sunset” on August 5, 1901. The poignancy of the grief at the loss of a friend mingled in the minds of those who knew him, with the keen regret that the University was deprived of a scholar whose teaching by his example, what should be the attitude of a professor, was as important as the principles of political economy which he laid down in his lectures. The influence of such a man is pervasive and permanent and one of the privileges which lengthening years bring to the University is that it can look back upon the unselfish and complete service of such men as Sidney Sherwood.

Source: The Johns Hopkins Alumni Magazine. Vol. 5, No. 1 (November, 1916) pp. 32-35.

____________________

READINGS FOR THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF MONEY

USEFUL BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

The literature of Money is so vast that a wise selection of a few books is almost impossible. The list here given is meant to contain books which are easily accessible, and which will tempt to further study after the lectures are finished.

Two books mentioned in the list — viz., Report of the International Monetary Conference of 1878 and W. S. Jevons’s Investigations in Currency and Finance — contain extensive and valuable bibliographies of money which will be of great service in making a thorough study of the subject.

Reference to works in foreign languages has been avoided. The French literature on this subject is very rich; the Italian and German also. The student reading any of these languages can easily find trace of the books he needs from references in the books here mentioned.

 

THE GENERAL SUBJECT OF MONEY.

Andrews, E. B., Institutes of Economics.

Bastable, C. F., “Money.” Encyclopaedia Britannica [9th ed.]

Colwell, Stephen, Ways and Means of Payment.

Ely, R. T., Introduction to Political Economy.

Jevons, W. Stanley, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. [Text-book of the course, which should be in the hands of every student.]

Mill, J. S., Principles of Political Economy. [Ashley edition of 7th ed., 1909]

Nicholson, J. S., Money and Monetary Problems.

Patterson, R. H., The Science of Finance.

Poor, H. V., Money: its Laws and History.

Ricardo, David, Works.

Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations. [Cannan ed. (1904)]

Walker, Francis A., Money in its Relations to Trade and Industry. [Text-book of the course, which should be in the hands of every student.]

_______, Political Economy (larger edition).

_______, Money.

Walker, J. H., Money, Trade, and Banking.

Willson, H. B., Currency.

 

SPECIAL MONETARY TOPICS.

Ashley, W. J., English Economic History. [2nd ed. Volume I; Volume II]

Atkinson, Edward, Report on Bimetallism in Europe. (Sen. Exec. Doc, No. 34, 50th Congress.)

Bagehot, Walter, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money-Market.

Böhm-Bawerk, Capital and Interest.

Bolles, Financial History of the United States. [1774-1789; 1789-1850; 1861-1885]

Carey, H. C, Pamphlets on the Currency. See Works, Vol. XXXI. [Perhaps “The Currency Question” in Miscellaneous Works of Henry C. Carey (1872?)]

Dunbar, C. F., Theory and History of Banking.

Evans, History of the United States Mint and Coinage.

Giffen, Robert, Essays in Finance. [1880; Second series, 3rd ed (1890)]

Gilbart, J. W., History, Principles, and Practice of Banking. [1904 ed.: Volume I; Volume II]

Goschen, Theory of the Foreign Exchanges.

Horton, S. Dana, Gold and Silver. [sic.  Silver and Gold and their Relation to the Problem of Resumption (1877)]

_______, The Silver Pound.

_______, [Appendix: Historical Material for and contributions to the Study of Monetary Policy] Report of International Monetary Conference of 1878. (Sen. Exec. Doc, No. 58, 45th Congress.)

Ingram, J. K., History of Political Economy.

Jacob, William, Historical Inquiry into the Production and Consumption of the Precious Metals. [Volume I; Volume II]

James, E. J., “Banks of Issue.” Lalor’s Cyclopaedia.

Jevons, W. S., Investigations in Currency and Finance.

Knox, John Jay, United States Notes.

_______, “Banking in the United States.” Lalor’s Cyclopaedia.

Laughlin, J. L., History of Bimetallism in the United States.

Laws of the United States relating to Loans and the Currency, Coinage and Banking. (Compilation published by the Government in 1886.)

Leslie, T. E. C, Essays in Political and Moral Philosophy.

Linderman, H. R., Money and Legal Tender in the United States.

Liverpool, Lord, A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm.

Macaulay, T. B., History of England. [Volume I; Volume II; Volume III; Volume IV; Volume V; Volume VI; Volume VII;Volume VIII; Volume IX; Volume X] [Popular edition (1889) in two volumes: Volume I; Volume II]

Patterson, R. H., The New Golden Age. [Volume I; Volume II]

Rogers, J. E. T., The First Nine Years of the Bank of England.

Sherman, John, Speeches and Reports on Finance and Taxation.

Sumner, W. G., History of American Currency.

Upton, J. K., Money in Politics.

Wells, David A., Recent Economic Changes.

 

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Finance Reports of the United States, containing reports of

Comptroller of the Currency, Director of the Mint, etc.

Congressional Record.

House and Senate Documents.

Report of the International Monetary Conference of 1878.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London.

American Bankers’ Magazine.

Rhodes’s Journal of Banking.

Reports of the Annual Meetings of the American Bankers’ Association.

Bradstreet’s and other periodicals devoted to economic, financial,

commercial, and monetary subjects.

Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Lalor’s Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and United States History. [Volume I (Abdication-Duty); Volume II (East India Company-Nullification); Volume III (Oath-Zollverein)]

 

OUTLINE OF A COURSE OF READING.

Two books are essential, and should be carefully studied:

  1. Jevons’s Money and the Mechanism of Exchange.
  2. Walker, F. A., Money in its Relations to Trade and Industry.

For the purpose of this course of lectures, no substitutes for these books could be suggested which would be of equal worth. If students wish to purchase a few more books, the following are recommended: Knox, United States Notes; Dunbar, Theory and History of Banking; Andrews, Institutes of Economics; Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money-Market; Sumner, History of American Currency; Laws of United States relating to Loans, etc., 1886.

 

SHORT COURSE OF READING.

Jevons and Walker should be followed by the reading suggested at the beginning of each lecture. The reader will find frequent reference in these books to other books, and can follow the line of his special interest still further if he wishes. Some good text-book in Political Economy should be always at hand for the close study of the economic principles involved. Walker and Andrews are especially good on money.

 

LONGER COURSE OF READING.

After Jevons and Walker, Professor Bastable’s article on “Money,” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.), may be read as giving an admirable general review of the subject.

The historical evolution of money and money substitutes should be grasped before going deeply into the theory and the practical aspects of the subject.

Enough is given in Jevons, Walker, and Bastable on the subject of primitive money. Books of travel, writings of anthropologists, accounts of early institutions, history of ancient or barbarous peoples, old laws, early records of state, etc., furnish innumerable instances of all types of early money. The student should form the habit of making all his general reading aid his systematic special study.

On the subject of coins and coinage, read articles “Mint” and “Numismatics,” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Liverpool’s Coins of the Realm, pp. 25-56, Walker’s Money, Chapters IX., X., XL, and Linderman’s Money and Legal Tender. Linderman was formerly Director of the Mint, and has given a very clear and interesting account of the history of United States coinage and some of the processes of coinage. Consult the Laws of the United States relating to Loans and the Currency, Coinage and Banking (1886). The coinage laws from 1792 to 1886 are there given, pp. 211-288. Consult, also, Evans, United States Mint and Coinage. Visit the Mint, and learn as much as possible of the technical processes of coinage, and examine the various collections of United States and foreign coins.

The subject of the production of the precious metals is very important. Jacob’s book is the great authority, and will repay reading through, although rather long. Walker’s Money (the large work), in Chapters V.-VIII., treats historically of this subject, and follows Jacob quite closely. An excellent plan would be to read these chapters in Walker, referring constantly to Jacob, and reading such parts as are of special interest. Having thus got the general facts clearly in mind, read Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Book I., Chapter XI., ” Digression on the Variations in the Value of Silver,” for the sake of getting an idea of this old master. The most valuable discussions of the problems involved by great discoveries of gold and silver have been written since 1850. Read in Laughlin’s Bimetallism, Chapter V., on the gold discoveries; VIII., on production of gold since 1850; and XII., on cause of fall in value of silver. Follow this with the essay in Nicholson’s Money on the “Effects of Great Discoveries of the Precious Metals,” and Chapter VII. in the same book, on the international influences that fix general prices. The second article in Jevons’s Investigations, etc. (on the fall in the value of gold), may then be read, followed by “Changes in General Prices and in the Purchasing Power of Gold,” being Part VII. of Appendix D in Atkinson’s Report on Bimetallism. Various other parts of this Report will be found helpful. Patterson’s New Golden Age may be consulted with much profit. Wells’s Recent Economic Changes is excellent, as pointing out other factors than the quantity of money which may be operative in change of prices.

Passing on to credit substitutes for money, we take up first the “Organization of Credit” in the Banking System. Begin with Adam Smith’s account of the Bank of Amsterdam, Wealth of Nations, Book IV., Chapter III., Part I. Then read the chapters of Gilbart’s Banking, indicated below. Mr. Gilbart was a practical banker for half a century, from his twentieth year till his death in 1863. After twenty years’ experience in a London and in an Irish bank, and after publishing various writings on the subject of banking, he was made General Manager of the London and Westminster Bank, — the first of the Joint-Stock Banks in England, opened in 1834. It was largely through his efforts that the Joint-Stock Banks survived the opposition encountered on every side, and became established as a part of the English banking system. His book may be relied on for accuracy, and is clear in statement. Read §§ I. and II. for the early history of banks in England and elsewhere; §§ III.- VI. for an account of the Bank of England and the other English banks; § XXVIII. for a discussion of the relation of the Bank of England to the currency since the Act of 1844; § XXXV. for a sketch of the Clearing-House; and §§ XXXVI. and XXXVII. for a history of the crises of 1857, 1866, 1875, and 1878. Macaulay, in History of England, Chapter XX., tells in his graphic way the story of the founding of the Bank of England. It would be well to read also his third chapter on the state of England in 1685, and his account of the controversy over the Recoinage Act of 1696 (Chapter XXI.). Rogers’s First Nine Years of the Bank of England is very suggestive, admirably bringing out the political side of the movement for the Bank. Then read Professor Sumner’s discussion of the “Bank Restriction” in his History of American Currency, which also con tains the “Bullion Report.” Ricardo’s Works might well follow. Read Chapter XXVII. in his Principles of Political Economy, on “Currency and Banks,” and also one or two of his classical essays on currency questions. Next take up Bagehot’s Lombard Street: a Description of the Money-Market, a book written with all the nervous vigor and keen insight of this versatile author. While the book treats mainly English conditions, a clever shifting of recitals to the American money-market will throw much light on the intricate subject.

This reading will have taken the student over the Bank Charter Act of 1844 and its effects. Then read the article in Lalor on “Banks of Issue,” by Professor E. J. James, to get a general view of the subject and a clear idea of the scientific questions involved.

Turning now to American Currency and Banking, the article in Lalor, by John Jay Knox, on “Banking in the United States,” will be found the best introduction to the subject. He has described the National Bank system in his report as Comptroller of the Currency (Finance Report, 1875). Then read Sumner’s History of the American Currency. The subject of paper money is best approached through the history of American Government issues, both colonial and national. Follow Sumner with Knox’s United States Notes, Upton’s Money in Politics, and Sherman’s Speeches on the Currency. The Government compilation of Laws relating to Loans and the Currency, Coinage and Banking, published 1886, and before mentioned, should be constantly at hand for reference. Study the Legal-Tender Act and Legal-Tender Cases, the National Bank system, and the present coinage laws of the United States, so as to understand clearly our present currency. Bolles’s Financial History of the United States is especially useful. Colwell’s Ways and Means of Payment is an able, systematic treatise on money and credit, and might well be read at this point.

This reading will bring into view the principles underlying the whole monetary system as well as the practical questions at issue. For clear exposition and able discussion of these principles, especially in regard to the part played by credit as organized in the banking system, turn to J. H. Walker’s Money, Trade, and Banking, C. F. Dunbar’s Theory and History of Banking, and R. H. Patterson’s Science of Finance. This latter book discusses also the question of the relation of the state to the currency.

The problem of the monetary standard remains, — “The Battle of the Standards.”

A great classic is A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm, by Lord Liverpool, published at Oxford in 1805. The writer had held many high offices, — Secretary of the Treasury, Lord of the Treasury, President of the Board of Trade, among others. In 1774 he had successfully urged the recoinage of the gold coins. England had always had a silver standard; gold, however, being a legal tender at a certain fixed ratio to silver. The silver had become very worn. Coin was scarce, the bank having stopped specie payments in 1797. Lord Liverpool urged the change from a silver to a gold standard, the making of gold the sole, full legal tender, giving only a small legal- tender limit to silver as a subsidiary coin. This policy was substantially carried out by the Recoinage Law of 1816, which as amended in 1870 is the English law to-day, and Englishmen have now forgotten that they ever had a silver standard. S. Dana Horton says of this Treatise, it “became the great charter of Monetary Right for the Nineteenth Century.” It contains much valuable historical information on English coinage, as well as formal discussions of the nature and functions of money and the principles applying to a monetary system. Its bearing upon the bimetallic controversy is obvious. Then read Ricardo’s essay, “Proposals for an Economic and Secure Currency.” The book to be next read is Horton’s The Silver Pound and England’s Monetary Policy since the Restoration, or Horton’s Gold and Silver [sic, “Silver and Gold” is the correct title]. Laughlin’s Bimetallism in the United States should follow. The Report of the International Monetary Conference of 1878 is very valuable, containing an appendix filled with historical material bearing on this question, a brief account of the Latin Monetary Union, and an extensive bibliography mentioned above. Atkinson’s Report on Bimetallism in Europe will also be found useful. Nicholson has several good essays in favor of Bimetallism in his Money and Monetary Problems. Giffen writes on the other side. Read also Jevons’s essays on the subject in his Investigations, etc., and the chapter on “Bimetallism” in Walker’s Political Economy. Henry C. Carey’s Pamphlet on Financial Crises, and Willson’s Currency, pp. 250-284, would be a good introduction to the subject of panics. Follow with Jevons’s essays on Crises, in his Investigations, etc., and with Wells’s Recent Economic Changes.

A work of the highest importance is Lalor’s Cyclopaedia of Political Science. It should be diligently referred to throughout this entire course of reading. The unique value of this book is that it contains the whole political and eco nomic history of the United States in compact form, and with abundant reference to special authorities, while at the same time treating particular questions not merely in the light of American experience, but with a broad outlook upon European conditions, and in a manner truly scientific.

Finally, when the above outline of reading is exhausted, take up Andrews’s Institutes of Economics and study Part II., Exchange; Part III., Money and Credit; Part IV., Chapter III., Interest; Part VI., Chapters I.- III., United States Currency. It is compact with suggestive thought and an excellent stimulus to independent thinking on the part of the reader.

 

Source: From Sidney Sherwood, The History and Theory of Money, Appendix “Syllabus of the Preceding Course of Twelve Lectures on the History and Theory of Money” (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896) pp. 359-365.

Image Source: Photograph of Sidney Sherwood by photographer Blessing. Johns Hopkins University. Sheridan Libraries.

Categories
Uncategorized

Johns Hopkins. Henry L. Moore on Thünen, 1893

Henry L. Moore was an early pioneer of econometrics whose most important disciple was Henry Schultz who later brought econometrics to the University of Chicago. Today’s posting is a summary of Moore’s presentation to the “economics conference” at Johns Hopkins in March 1893. Moore’s dissertation,“Von Thünen’s Theory of Natural Wages”, was published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. IX, Nos. 3 and 4 (April and July, 1895) and reprinted as a book with that title by George H. Ellis of Boston in the same year.  An overview of Moore’s career is provided in George Stigler’s article in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (1968). 

While Moore was a graduate student at Johns Hopkins, John Bates Clark offered a series of lectures on the economics of distribution.  The intense personal bond between Clark and Moore, at least felt on Moore’s side judging from the letters he wrote to his revered “Pater”, most certainly can be traced to that time.

Here is a “fun” link to the von Thünen Estate Museum in Tellow, Germany. While the website is in German, there are some nice pictures. 

______________________

If you find this posting interesting, here is the complete list of “artifacts” from the history of economics I have assembled thus far. You can subscribe to Economics in the Rear-View Mirror below. There is also an opportunity for comment following each posting….

_______________________________

[The Economics Conference of the Johns Hopkins University, 1892-93]

 

Dr. [Sydney] Sherwood has conducted on alternate Fridays throughout the year a voluntary conference of nineteen graduate students, giving special attention to economics. The work was devoted mainly to the investigations of recent tendencies in economic theory, and was carried on with great enthusiasm by the members. Several valuable contributions were made to economic literature. Among the papers read and discussed at the Conference may be mentioned the following: “The Theory of Final Utility in its Relation to Money and the Standard of Deferred Payments,” by L. S. Merriam, published in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, January, 1893; “Value and its Measurement,” by David I. Green, published in abstract in the University Circulars, May, 1893; “The Place of Abstinence in the Theory of Interest,” by T. N. Carver, published in abstract in the above named Circular; “Mill’s Fourth Fundamental Proposition concerning Capital,” by J. H. Hollander, published in abstract in the above named Circular, “The Logical Content of the Terms Labor and Capital,” by Frank I. Herriott, published in abstract in the above named Circular; “The Wage Theory of Von Thünen,” by H. L. Moore, published in abstract in the above named Circular; and “Marshall’s Theory of Distribution,” by A. F. Bentley.

 

Source: Eighteenth Annual Report of the President of the Johns Hopkins University. (Baltimore, Maryland: 1893), p. 61.

_______________________________

 

Some Notes on von Thünen. By H. L. Moore.
[From a paper read before the Economic Conference, March 10,1893.]

Johann Heinrich v. Thünen was descended from a noble Frisian family. He was born June 24, 1783, upon his father’s estate, Kanarienhausen, in Jeverland, and received his first training at the high school at Jever. Later, he studied agriculture under Thaer at Celle, and spent the two semesters of 1803-1804 at Gottingen.

In consequence of his betrothal to a lady of Mecklenburg, he left Jeverland, and in 1810, he purchased his Tellow estate in Mecklenburg, where he remained, pursuing his favorite studies agriculture and political economy until his death, September 22, 1850.

Von Thünen’s chief work is “Der Isolirte Staat.” [The Isolated State] The scope of the first part of this work, well indicated by its title: “Untersuchungen über den Einfluss, den die Getreidepreise, der Reichthum des Bodens und die Abgaben auf den Ackerbau ausüben,” [Investigations on the Impact of Grain Prices, Land Fertility and Levies on Agriculture] is more concisely pointed out by the statement of Rodbertus that it teaches “the law of the relative worth of each system of husbandry.” This part of the work first published in 1826, was translated into the French by Laverrière in 1851.

The second part of Der Isolirte Staat, which is by far the more important, is entitled “Der naturgemässe Arbeitslohn und dessen Verhältniss zum Zinsfuss und zur Landrente.” [The Natural Wage and it Relation to the Rate of Interest and Land Rent] It was published for the first time in 1850, and was translated into the French in 1857 by Mathieu Wolkoff under the title: “Le Salaire Naturel.”

This work, i. e. Der naturgemässe Arbeitslohn, like every other great work in economics, was the outgrowth of the spirit of the age in which it was written. The great labor agitations which originated in France about the time of the French Revolution did not reach Germany with all their force until shortly before the Revolution of 1848. Von Thünen was among the first to take up the discussion. He profoundly feared a dangerous conflict between the middle class and the proletariat, and went to work to avert, if possible, what he believed to be an impending calamity. After almost twenty-five years of labor, he completed his work, arriving at what he supposed to be a solution of the question.

The primary object of his work is to ascertain the natural wage. As, however, in complex modern society so many forces operate to obscure the proposed problem, von Thünen makes an ideal state the groundwork of his investigation. This state, isolated from the rest of the world by means of a wilderness capable of cultivation, is a plain of uniform fertility. Its only city, in which are concentrated all of its non-agricultural industries, is located at its centre. Neither railroads nor navigable waters are found in this ideal state. Its population is constant, and individual differences in the character of the laborers are not considered.

With these conditions placed upon the isolated state, von Thünen obtains by means of very complex mathematical reasoning the formula for the natural wage, viz.: \sqrt{ap}, where a represents the means of subsistence of the laborer, and p the product of his labor when he uses a definite amount of capital. Since a:\sqrt{ap}::\sqrt{ap}:p, he expresses the result of his work as follows: “The natural wage is the mean proportional between the means of subsistence of the laborer, and the product of his labor.” Von Thünen thought so much of this formula that he directed that it should be placed upon his tombstone.

A criticism of the formula cannot be given here, but the result to which it led must be noted. In the formula, \sqrt{ap}, the means of subsistence, is supposed to be constant for all men. Therefore as p, the product, increases, the natural wage must increase, since the natural wage is equal to \sqrt{ap}. In other words, according to von Thünen, the natural wage demands that as the product increases, the wage must increase also. Convinced of the correctness of his work, he followed up his belief by instituting in 1847 a system of profit-sharing on his Tellow estate. This was the first instance that was made known of agricultural profit-sharing in Germany.

One peculiar feature of the system founded by von Thünen was that the share of the laborer was not paid him in cash, but was credited to his account. On the sum credited to each laborer, von Thünen allowed 4 1/6 per cent. interest, which was paid out in cash at Christmas. When the laborer was sixty years of age, he was permitted to draw the capital sum. If, however, he died before attaining that age, the sum went to his widow.

Although the heirs of von Thünen had full power to abolish the system which he established, they continued it with no important change. In a letter dated November 22, 1881, Herr A. von Thünen, the grandson of the economist, wrote Mr. Sedley Taylor the following: “The results of the participatory arrangement here are very gratifying.”

Von Thünen’s work was a masterly attempt to solve the great social question of his day, and in view of the fact that it was published before the works of Rodbertus, Marx, and Lassalle, it may reasonably be asked, “Why has von Thünen received so little attention?” The answer is found in the extremely abstract mathematical character of his work. Pythagoras himself could not have attached more importance to mathematics. Von Thünen confesses that in his work he is unable to make progress unless he has a mathematically secure foundation.

However, those who undismayed by the multiplicity of figures and formulas have studied the book would doubtless join Prof. Roscher in saying: “Sollte unsere Wissenschaft jemals sinken, so gehören die Werke von Thünen’s zu denjenigen, an denen sie die Möglichkeit hat, sich wieder aufzurichten.” [“Should our science ever be lost, von Thünen’s contributions would be among those works that would allow us to reconstitute it once again.”]

 

Source: The Johns Hopkins University Circular, Vol. XII, No. 105 (May 1893), pp. 88-89.

Image: Close-up of Thünen’s grave taken by Irwin Collier in June 2008.

Categories
Chicago Columbia Cornell Courses Economists Harvard Johns Hopkins Michigan Pennsylvania Yale

Graduate Economics Courses. 23 US Universities. 1898-99

In this posting we have a compilation of virtually all the graduate courses in economics (and sociology) offered at the major graduate schools in the U.S. at the end of the 19th century. Source 

Barnard
Brown
BrynMawr
California
Chicago
Columbia
Cornell
Harvard
Hopkins
Stanford
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
NYU
Northwestern
Pennsylvania
Princeton
Radcliffe
Vanderbilt
Wellesley
WesternReserve
Wisconsin
Yale

____________________

EXPLANATORY

“ To state the numbers of Graduate Students who have taken courses in each department during 1897-8, thus giving an indication of the amount of graduate work actually going on. A Graduate Student often takes courses in two or more departments; such student counts once in each of those departments….

…The number of hours per week is put in small Roman, the number of weeks in Arabic numerals. A dash, followed by a mark of interrogation, calls attention to the absence of specific information. Unless months are given, a course usually extends from September or October to May or June (inclusive). The abbreviations for the names of the months are as follows: Ja., F., Mar., Ap., My., Jun., Jul., Au., S., O., N., D.

…[Enclosed] in brackets all courses not to be given in 1898-9. Bracketed courses usually may be expected in 1899-1900.

…[Marked] with the asterisk all courses “not designed primarily for Graduate Students.” It should be borne in mind that “Graduate work” in each institution is conditioned by local plans of administration, as well as by the previous preparation of Graduate Students. The marking of a course with an asterisk simply means that (under the conditions prevailing in his institution) the instructor does not offer the course with a primary purpose of meeting the needs of Graduate Students. But the inclusion of the course in these lists indicates that it is often useful to such students.” [p. liii]

 

 

 

  1. ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ETHNOLOGY. 

(Including Finance and Statistics. See also 9 and 11.)

 

BARNARD.
16 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

[All Graduate Courses in Columbia under 10 open to Barnard Graduate Students.]

 

BROWN.
8 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Henry B. Gardner, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Brown, ’84, and A.M., ’87; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’90;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., Brown, ’88-’90.

Hist. of Economic Thought.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Economic Policy. iii, 12, S.-D.
Money and Banking.* iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.
Public Finance.* iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.
Practical Economic Questions.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Economic Theory (adv.) iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.

 

George G. Wilson, Prof. of Social and Pol. Science.
A.B., Brown, ’86, A.M., and Ph.D., ’89;
Assoc. Prof. of Social and Pol. Science, ’91-5.

Princ. of Sociol.* iii, 12, S.-D.
Social Conditions and Probs.* iii, 21, Ja.-Jun.
Current Social Theory and Practice. i, 33.
Sociology. Seminary. Fort.

 

James Q. Dealey, Asst. Prof. of Social and Pol. Science.
A.B. Brown, ’90, A.M., ’92, and Ph.D., ’95.

Devel. of Social Theory. iii, 12, S.-D.
Social Philos. iii, 11, Ja.-Mar.
[Segregation of Population. iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.]

 

Alpheus S. Packard, Prof. of Zool. and Geol.
Ph.D., Bowdoin;
Libr. and Custodian, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ’65; Lect., Mass. Agricult. Col. ’69-’77; Maine Agricult. Col., ’71; Bowdoin, ‘73-6.

Anthropology.* iii, 10, Ap.-Jun.

 

 

BRYN MAWR.

3 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
1 Fel. $525 in Hist. of Political Science.

 

Lindley M. Keasbey, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Sci.
A.B., Harv., ’88; Ph.D., Columbia, ’90;
Asst. in Econ., Columbia, and Lect. on Pol. Sci., Barnard, ’92; R.P.D., Strassburg, ’92; Prof. of Hist., Econ., and Pol. Sci., State Univ. of Col., ’92-4.

Economic Institutions. i, 30.
Am. Primitive Society. i, 30.
Am. Commerce. i, 30.
Descriptive Sociology.* iii, 30.
Theoretical Sociology.* ii, 30.

 

 

CALIFORNIA.

1 Graduate Student, 1897-8.

 

Bernard Moses, Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Heidelberg.

Economic Theory.* iv, 16, Ja.-My.
[Econ. Condition of Laborers in Eng. ii, 16, Au.-D.]

 

Carl C. Plehn, Assoc. Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Science.
A.B., Brown; Ph.D., Gottingen.

[Federal Expenditures, Revenues and Debts. ii, 32.]
Industrial and Commercial Hist. of U. S. ii, 32.
[Currency and Banking. ii, 32.]
Finance and Taxation.* iv. 16, Ja.-My.
Statistics. Hist., Theory, and Method, as applied to Econ. Investigation.* ii, 16, Au.-D
Local Govt. and Admin. —?

 

CHICAGO.

 40 Graduate Students, 1897-8; and 40 in Summer Quarter, ‘97, in Political Economy;55 Graduate Students, 1897-8; and 95 in Summer Quarter, ’97, in Sociology. Pol. Econ., Club and Social Science Club fortnightly. Dept. libs. of Pol. Econ., Sociol. and Anthropol. have leading magazines and 6,000 vols. In Anthropol. Dept. of Walker Museum, coll. of 3,000 pieces on Archaeol. of Mexico,valuable colls. on Cliff and Cave Dwellings, and Japan and Aleutian Islands; also complete anthropometrical apparatus. Access to the Fieid Columbian Museum. 6 Fels. in Pol. Econ. 4 in Sociol. 1 Fel. in Anthropol.

 

J. Laurence Laughlin, Head Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’73; A.M., and Ph.D., ’76;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., same, ’83-8; Prof. Pol. Econ. and Finance, Cornell, ’90-2.

Money and Banking. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
Seminar. ii, 12, O.-D.
Money. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Seminar. ii, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Unsettled Problems. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Seminar. ii, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Bernard Moses, Prof. of History and Political Economy, Univ. of Cal.
Ph.B., Univ. of Mich., ’70; Ph.D., Heidelberg, ‘73;
Prof. of History and Engl. Lit., Albion Col. ’75; Prof. of Hist. Univ. Cal. ’75-6; Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ. Univ. Cal. ’76.

Practical Economics.* iv, 12, Jul.-S., and O.-D.
Advanced Course on Theory. iv, 12, Jul.-S., and O.-D.

 

Adolph C. Miller, Prof. of Finance.
A.B., California, ‘87 A.M., Harv., ‘88;
Instr., in Pol. Econ., Harv., ’89-’00; Lect. on Pol. Econ., California, ’90-1, and Asst. Prof.-elect of Hist. and Pol. Sci., same, ’91; Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ. and Finance, Cornell, ’91-2; Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ., Chicago, ’92-3.

[Public Finance. iv, 12, O.-D.]
[Economic and Social Hist. iv, 24, Ja.-Jun.]
Public Finance.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Financial Hist.* U. S. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
[Pol. Econ (adv).* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.]
[Taxation. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
Seminar in Finance. ii, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

William Hill, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Kansas, ’90; A.B., Harv., ’91, and A.M., ’92;
Fellow, Harv., ‘91-3; Instr. Pol. Econ., same, ’93; Tutor Pol. Econ., Chicago, ’93-4; Instr., same, ’94-7.

Tariff Hist.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Railway Transportation.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Oral Debates.* ii, 24, O.-Mar. (With Messrs. Damon and Lovett.)
Comparative Railway Legislation.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Banking.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Money and Banking. iv, 12, O.-D.

 

Thorstein B. Veblen, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Carleton, ‘80; Ph.D., Yale, ‘84;
Fellow in Economics and Finance, Cornell, ’91-2; Fellow, Chicago, ’92-3; Reader in Pol. Econ., same, ’93-4; Tutor, same, ’94-6.

Hist. of Pol. Econ.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Scope and Method of Pol. Econ.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Socialism. iv, 24, Ja.-Jun.
American Agriculture. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Economic Factors of Civilization. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Henry Rand Hatfield, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Northwestern, ’92; Ph.D., Chicago, ’97;
Prof. of Pol. Econ. Washington Univ., ’95-7.

Railway Accounts, Exchanges, etc.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Processes of Leading Industries. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Coöperation.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

A.W. Small, Head Prof. of Sociol.
A.B., Colby, ’76, and A.M.’79; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’89;
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Colby, ’81-8; Reader in Hist., Johns Hopkins, ’88-9; Pres., Colby, ’89-’92.

Social Teleology. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Sociol. Methodology. viii, 6, Jul.-Au., and iv, 12, O.-D.
[Philos. of Soc. iv. 12, O.-D. State and Govt., Ja.-Mar. Socialism, Ap.-Jun. Social Functions U.S. Govt. iv, 6, Jul.-Au. Contemp. Soc, Jul.-Au.]
[Sem. Probs. in Social Teleology. ii, 36, O.-Jun.]
Social Dynamics. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
[Historical Sociology. iv, 12, Ja.- Mar.]
[Outlines of Constructive Social Philos. Philos. of Society. iv, 12, O.-D. The Social Problem. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. Philos. of State and Govt. iv, 12, Ap.-S.]
[Seminar. Problems of Social Dynamics. ii, 36, O.-Jun.]
Seminar. Problems in Methodology and Classification. ii, 36, O.-Jun.
[Am. Experience with State Control of Social Action. iv, Ja.-Mar.]
Controlling Ideas of Modern Society. iv, 12. Ap.-Jun., and iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
[Some Pending Problems in Sociology. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.]
[The Sociological Method of Stating the Social Problem and of Arranging Evidence, Applied to a Selected Hist. Period. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.]
[Comparative Study of Social Forces in Am. and French Democracy. iv, 6, O.-D.]

 

C. R. Henderson, Assoc. Prof. of Sociol.
A.B., Old Univ. of Chicago, ’70, and A.M., ‘73; D.B. Baptist Union Theol. Sem., ’73; D.D., same, ’83;
Assist. Prof. Sociol., Chicago, ’92-4.

Methods of Social Amelioration. Sem. ii, 36, O.-Jun.
[The Domestic Inst. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Associations for Sociability and Culture. iv, 12, O.-D.
[Social Reform. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
[Beneficent Forces of Cities. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
Social Inst. of Organized Christianity. iv, 12, O.-D.
Social Treatment of Crime. iv, 6, Au.-S.
[Bibl. and Eccles. Social Theories. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
[Field Work in Local Institutions of Charity and Correction. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.]
The Family.* iv, 12, O.-D.
The Labor Movement.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Amelioration of Rural Life. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
Modern Cities. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Contemporary Charities. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Philanthropy. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

Marion Talbot, Assoc. Prof. of Sanitary Science.
A.B., Boston Univ.’80, and A.M., ’82; B.S., Mass. Inst. of Technology, ’88;
Instr. Domestic Science, Wellesley, ’90-2.

General Hygiene.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Seminar. Sanitary Science.* iv, 36, O.-Jun.
House Sanitation.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Economy of Living. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Sanitary Aspects of Water, Food, and Clothing. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

Charles Zueblin, Assoc. Prof. of Sociol.
Ph.B., Northwestern, ’87; D.B., Yale, ’89.

Social Philos. of Eng. People in the Victorian Era. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun. and Jul.-S.
Structure of Eng. Society.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun. and Jul.-S.

 

G. E. Vincent, Asst. Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Yale, ’85; Ph.D., Chicago, ’96;
Vice-Principal, Chautauqua System, ‘88-pr; Fellow in Sociology, Chicago, ’92-4.

Course in Statistics.
[Province of Sociol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
[Social Structure. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.]
The Social Mind and Education. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Contemporary Society in the U. S.* iv, 12, O.-D.
Am. City Life.* iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Introd. to Study of Society.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Introd. to Sociology,* iv, 12, O.-D.
The Theory of the Social Mind. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.

 

W. I. Thomas, Asst. Prof. of Sociol.

A.B., Univ. of Tenn., ’84; A.M., ’85; Ph.D., Chicago, ’96;
Prof. of English, Oberlin, ’89—’93; Fellow in Sociol., Chicago, ’93-4; Instr. in Folk-psychology, Chicago, ’95-6.

Folk-psychol. iv, 12, O.-D., and Ap.-Jun.
[Primitive Social Control. iv, 12, O.-D. Seminar.]
[Art and Amusement in Folk-psychol. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. Sex. Ap.-Jun.]
[Analogy and Suggestion in Folk-psychol. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar. The Child. Ap.-Jun.]
[Intro. to Study of Soc.* iv, 12, Jul.-S.]
Ethnological Æsthetic. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
The Primitive Social Mind. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
Sex in Folk-psychology. iv, 12, Ja.-Mar.
[Hungarian and South Slavonian Ethnology and Folk-psychol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Primitive Social Control. iv, 12, O.-D.

 

Lester F. Ward, Professorial Lecturer in Sociol., Smithsonian Institution.
A.B., Columbia, ‘69; LL.B., same, ‘71; A.M., ’73; LL.D., ’97.

Dynamic Sociology. iv, 4, Au.-S.
Social Mechanics. vi, 4, Au.-S.

 

Henry W. Thurston, Instr. in Econ. and Civics, Hyde Park High School.
A.B., Dartmouth, ’86.

A Method of Applying Sociological Pedagogy to the Teaching of Economics in Secondary Schools. iv, 6, Jul.-Au.

 

Frederick Starr, Assoc. Prof. of Anthropology.
S.B., Lafayette, ‘82; S.M. and Ph.D., ’85;
Prof. Biological Sciences, Coe Col., ‘84-8; in charge Dept. Ethnology, Am. Mus. of Natural Hist., ‘89-’91.

Lab. Work in Anthropology. iv, 36, O.-Jun.
Physical Anthropol. Lab. iv, 36, O.-Jun.
[Physical Anthropol. iv, 12, O.-D.]
Mexico Archaeology, Ethnology. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
General Anthropol.* iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.
Ethnology American Race. iv, 12, Jul.-S.
Prehistoric Archaeology. American. iv, 12, O.-D.
[Field Work in Anthropol. Mexico. Jul.-S.]
Prehistoric Archaeol. European. iv, 12, O.-D.
General Ethnology.* v, 12, Jul.-S.
General Anthropology.* iv, 6, Jul.-Au.
Ethnology American Race. iv, 6, O.-N.
Mexico. Archaeology, Ethnology. iv, 6, Au.-S.
[Comparative Technology. iv, 36, O.-Jun.]

 

Merton Leland Miller, Lecturer in Anthropology.

A.B., Colby Univ., ’90; Ph.D., Chicago. ’97.
Instr. Eureka Acad., ’92; Grad. Stud. at Chicago, ’92-7; Asst. In Anthropol. Mus., ‘94-7;

The Peoples of Europe. iv, 6. O.-N.
Physical Anthropology. Laboratory Work. iv, 36, O.-Jun.

 

J. H. Breasted, Asst. Prof. of Egyptology and Semitic Langs.; Asst. Dir. of Haskell Museum.
A.B., Northwestern, ’88;A.M., Yale, ‘92; A.M. and Ph.D., Berlin, ’94;
non-res. Fellow, Chicago, ’92-4; Asst. in Egyptology.

Chicago-Egyptian Life and Antiquities. iv, 12, Ap.-Jun.

 

C. H. Hastings.
A.B., Bowdoin, ’91.

Bibliography of Sociology. iv, 6, Au.-S.

 

 

COLUMBIA.

63 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
[All graduate courses under 10 open to Barnard Graduate Students.]

 

Richmond Mayo-Smith, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Social Science.
Ph.D. (hon.), Amherst.

Pol. Econ. (el).* iii, 14, F.-Jun. (With Mr. Day.)
Pract. Pol. Econ:
(a) Problems of Mod. Industry. iii, 16, O.-F.
(b) Problems of Exchange. iii, 14, F.-Jun.
(c) Problems of Distribution. iii, 14, F.-Jun
(d) Readings in Marshall’s “Prin. of Econ.” i, 30.
Statistics and Sociology. ii, 16, O.-F.
Statistics and Economics. ii, 14, F.- Jun.
Theory, Technique, and Hist. of Statis. Sci. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Seminar. Statistics. i, 30.
Seminar. Pract. Econ. i, 30.

 

Edwin R. A. Seligman, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
LL.B., Ph.D., Columbia, ’84.

Econ. Hist. of Europe and America. ii, 16, O.-F. (With Mr. Day.)
Sci. of Finance. ii, 30.
Fiscal and Indus. Hist. of U. S. ii, 16, O.-F.
Hist. of Economics. ii, 30.
Railroad Problems. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
[Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 30.]
Seminar. Pol. Econ. and Finance. i, 30.

 

John B. Clark, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Amherst, ’75;
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Carleton, ’77-’82; Prof. of same, Smith, ’82-’93; Lect. Johns Hopkins, ‘92-5; Prof. Pol. Econ., Amherst, ’92-5.

Econ. Theory. Statics. ii, 16, O.-F.
Dynamics. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Communistic and Socialistic Theories. ii, 16, O.-F.
Theories of Social Reform. ii, 14. F.-Jun.
Seminar. Pol. Econ. i, 30.

 

Franklin H. Giddings, Prof. of Sociology.
A.M., Union.

General Sociology. ii, 16, O.-F.
Progress and Democracy. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Pauperism, Poor Laws, and Charities. ii, 16, O.-F.
Crime and Penology ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Seminar. Sociology. i, 30.

 

William Z. Ripley, Lect. on Anthropology.
B.S., Mass. Inst. of Tech , ’90; A.M., Columbia, ’92; Ph.D., Columbia, ’93;
Assoc. Prof. Pol. Econ. and Sociol., Mass. Inst. of Tech., 94-7; Lect., Hartford School of Sociology, ’95-6.

Physical Geog. Anthropol. and Ethnology. ii, 16, O.-F.

 

Livingston Farrand, Instr. in Physiolog. Psychol.
A.M., Princeton, ’91; M.D., Columbia, ’91.

General Anthropology. ii, 14, F.-Jun.
Anthropology. Primitive Culture. ii, 30.

 

Franz Boaz, Inst. in Anthropol.
Ph.D., Kiehl, ’81.

Phys. Anthropol. ii, 30.
Applica. of Statistical Methods to Biolog. Problems (adv). iii, 30.
North Am. Langs. Seminar. ii, 30.

 

George J. Bayles.
Ph.D., Columbia, ’95.

Civil Aspects of Ecclesiastical Organizations. i, 30.

 

 

CORNELL.
14 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

J. W. Jenks, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Civil and Social Instit.
A.B., Michigan, ’78, and A.M., ’79; Ph.D., Halle, ’85;
Prof. Pol. Econ., Knox, and Indiana State Univ.; Prof. of Polit., Municipal, and Social Institutions, ’91-2.

Economic Legislation.* ii, 32.
Economics and Politics.*

 

Charles H. Hull, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.B.. Cornell, ’86; Ph.B., Halle, ’92;
Instr. in Pol. and Sociol. Institutions, Cornell. ’92-3.

Money, Credit, and Banking*. iii, 32.
Railroad Transportation.* iii, 9, Ap.- Jun.
Finance, Taxation, Admin.* Public Debts. ii, 32.
Recent Econ. Theory. Am., Eng., Continental.* ii, 32.
Earlier Econ. Theory (Prior to J. S. Mill).* ii, 32.
Economic and Commercial Geography. ii, 23, O.-Mar.
Seminary. ii. 32.

 

Chas. J. Bullock, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Boston, ’89; Ph.D., Wisconsin, ’95.

Industrial Hist., Eng. and Am.* ii, 32.
Internat. Trade and Tariff Hist. U. S.* ii, 32.
Labor Question.* ii, 12, S.-D.
Hist. Trades Unions.* ii, ll, Ja.-Mar.
Socialism.* ii, 9, Ap.-Jun.

 

Walter F. Willcox, Prof. of Social Science and Statistics.
A.B., Amherst; Ph.D., Columbia;
Instr. in Philos., Cornell, ’91-2; Asst. Prof. Social Science and Pol. Econ., ’92-4.

Social Science (el).* ii, 32.
Social Statistics.* ii, 32.
[Theoretical Social Science (adv).* ii, 32.]
Practical Social Science (adv).* ii, 32.
[Anthropology.* ii, 32.]
Philos. and Pol. Econ.* ii, 32.
Seminary. ii, 32.

 

Wm. E. Baldwin, Pres. Long Island R. R.
A.B., Harvard, ’85.

Pract. Railroad Management. Lects. i-ii, Ja.-Mar.

 

Charlton T. Lewis, Counsel Mutual Life Ins. Co.

Principles of Insurance. Lects. i, 15,
—?

B. F. Fernow, Director of Col. of Forestry.
Grad. State Col. of Forestry, Münden, Prussia;
Chief of Dir. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agric, ’86-’92, LL.D., Wisconsin.

Forestry: Econ and Pol. Aspects. ii, 21, Ja.-Jun.

 

 

HARVARD.
21 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
(Courses marked [R] are open to Radcliffe Graduate Students.)

Fel. in Pol. Econ., $450; in Soc. Sci., $500; in Archaeol. and Ethnol., $500 and $1,050, and Schol. of $200. Prize of $150 for Essay in Pol. Sci., two of $100 each for essays on social questions. Peabody Mus., Am. Archaeol., and Ethnol., with Lib., is intended for research.

 

Charles F. Dunbar, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’51; LL.D., same, ’91.

Financial Legislation of U. S.* ii, 15, F.-Jun.
[Financial Admin. and Pub. Debts. iii, 15, F.-Jun.]
Money and Banking. v, 15, O.-Ja.
Seminary. Economics. i, 30. (With Prof. Taussig and Asst. Prof. Cummings.)

 

Frank W. Taussig, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., ’79; Ph.D., ’83, and LL.B., ’86.

Econ. Theory in the 19th Cent.* iii, 30. (With Prof. MacVane.)
[Theory and Methods of Taxation. Special ref. to U. S. Local Taxation.* ii-iii, 15, O.-Ja.]
Scope and Method of Economic Theory and Investigation.* ii-iii, 30.

 

William J. Ashley, Prof. of Econ. Hist.
A.B., Oxford, ’81, and A.M., ’85; Fel., Lincoln Col., and Lect. on Hist., Lincoln and Corpus Christi Col., Oxford, ’85-8; Prof. Pol. Econ. and Const. Hist., Toronto, ’88-, ‘92.

[Mediaeval Economic Hist. of Europe.* ii-iii, 30.]
[Hist. and Lit. of Economics to close of 18th Cent.* ii-iii, 30.]

 

Edward Cummings, Asst. Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Harv., ’83; A.M., same, ’85.

Princ. of Sociology. Devel. of Modern State.* ii-iii, 30.
Socialism and Communism.* ii-iii, 30.
Labor Question in Europe and U. S.* iii, 30. (With Dr. John Cummings.)

 

John Cummings, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv., 91; Ph.D., Chicago, ’94.

Theory and Methods of Statistics*. iii, 30.

 

H. R. Meyer, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Harv. ’92; A.M., ’94.

Public Works, Railways, etc., under Corporate and Pub. Management.* iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

G. S. Callender, Instr. in Pol. Econ.
A.B., Oberlin Col., ’91; A.B., Harv., ’93; A.M., ’94; Ph.D., ’97.

Economic Hist. of the U. S.*
Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th Cents.* ii-iii, 15, F.-Jun.
Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects.* ii-iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

Francis G. Peabody, Prof. of Christian Morals.
A.B., Harv., ’69; A.M. and S.T.B., ’72; S.T.D., Yale, ‘87.

[Ethics of Social Questions.* iii, 30. (With Dr. Rand.)]
[Sociolog. Sem. Christian Doct. of the Social Order. ii, 30.]

 

Frederick W. Putnam, Prof, of Archaeology and Ethnology, and Curator of Peabody Museum.
A.M. (hon,), Williams, ’68; S.D.(hon.), Univ. of Pa., ’94;
Curator Dept. Anthropol., Am. Mus., Central Park, N. Y.

Primitive Religion. iii, 30. (With Mr. Dixon.)

[R] Am. Archaeol. and Ethnol. Research.

 

F. Russell, Asst. in Anthropology.
S.B., Univ., of Iowa, ’92, and S.M., ’95; Asst., same, ’94-5.

Gen. Anthropology, Archaeology, Ethnology.* iii, 30. (With an Asst.)
[R] Somatology. iii, 15, F.-Jun.
[R] Somatology (adv). Research—?

 

 

JOHNS HOPKINS.
9 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Sidney Sherwood, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’91.

Legal Aspects of Economics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Corporations and Economics. ii, 15, F.-My.
Econ. Conference. ii, 30.
Economic Theory. ii. 30.
Economics (adv).* ii, 15, O.-F.

 

Jacob H. Hollander, Assoc. in Economics.
Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’94.

Development of Economic Theories. ii, 15, O.-F.
Financial Hist. of U. S. ii, 15, F.-My.
Economics (adv)*. ii, 15, F.-My.
Current Congressional Happenings.* i, 30.

 

 

LELAND STANFORD, JR.
2 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Hopkins Railway Library, about 10,000 vols.; Transportation, Railway History, Economics, and Law.

 

Amos G. Warner, Prof, of Applied Economics.
B.L., Nebraska, ’85; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’88;
Prof,of Pol. Econ., Nebraska, ’87-’91.

[Corporate Industry.* iii, 15, S.-D.]
[Personal Economics.* ii, 15, S.-D.]
Seminary. (With Ross and Durand.) ii, 32.

 

Edward A. Ross, Prof. of Sociology.
A.B., Coe Col., ’86; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’91;
Prof. of Econ. and Social Science, Indiana, ’91-2; Assoc. Prof. of Pol. Econ, and Finance, Cornell, ’92-3.

[Economic Theory (adv). ii, 15, S.- D.]
[Sociology.* iii, 32.]

 

Mary R. Smith, Asst. Prof. of Social Sci.
Ph.B., Cornell, ’80, and M.S., ’82; Ph.D., Stanford, ‘96;
Instr. in Hist. and Econ., Wellesley, ’86- ’90.

[Statistics and Sociology.* iii, 17, Ja.-My.]

 

Edward D. Durand, Asst. Prof. of Finance and Administration.
A.B., Oberlin, ’93; Ph.D., Cornell, ’96;
Legislative Librarian, N. Y. State Library, ’96-7; Student, Berlin, ’97.

Practical Economic Questions.* iii, 17, Ja.-My.

 

 

MICHIGAN.
10 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Henry C. Adams, Prof, of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
A.B., Iowa Col., ’74; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’78;
Lect., Johns Hopkins, and Cornell; Statistician to Interstate Commerce Commission: Special Expert Agent on Transportation, 11th Cens.; Director of Economics, School of Applied Ethics.

[Devel. and Significance of Eng. Pol. Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.]
Devel. and Significance of Hist. School of Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.
[Devel. and Significance of Austrian School of Econ. iii, 6, O.-N.]
Relations of the State to Industrial Action. iii, 6, F.-Mar.
[Labor Organizations and Corporations as Factors in Industrial Organization. iii, 6, F.-Mar.]
History of Industrial Society.* ii, 17, O.-F.
Transportation Problems. iii, 17, F.- Jun.
Sem. Economics. ii, 17, O.-F.

 

F. M. Taylor, Junior Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Finance.
A.B., Northwestern, ’76, and A.M., ‘79; Ph.D., Mich., ’88;
Prof. of Hist. and Politics, Albion, ’79-’92.

Hist. and Theory of Money and Banking.* ii, 17. O.-F.
Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Principles of Finance.* ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Sem. Economics. ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Socialism.* ii, 17; F.-Jun.
[The Value of Money, Theory, and Statistics. iii, 6, O.-N.]
[The Standard of Value. iii, 6, N.-D.]
Paper Money. iii, 6, O.-N.
[Social Philos., with spec. ref. to Econ. Probs. iii, 6, F.-Mar.]
[Credit as a factor in Production. iii, 6, Mar.-Ap.]
The Agricult. Problem. iii, 6, Mar.-Ap.

 

C. H. Cooley, Instr. in Sociology.
A.B., Mich., ’87; Ph.D., same, ’94.

Principles of Sociology.* iii, 17, O.-F. Problems, F.-Jun.
Sociology (adv).* ii, 17, F.-Jun.
Histor. Devel. of Sociolog. Thought. iii, 6, Ja.-F.
Nature and Process of Social Change. iii, 6, My.-Jun.
[Aims and Methods in Study of Society. iii, 6, Ja.-F.]
Social Psychology. iii, 6, My.-Jun.
[Current Changes in Social Organization of U. S. iii, 6, My.-Jun.]
[Theory of Population. iii, 6, Ja.-F.]
Theory of Statistics.* i, 34.
Special Studies in Statistics.* ii, 17, F.-Jun.

 

 

MINNESOTA.
26 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

William W. Folwell, Prof. of Pol. Science.
A.B.,Hobart, ’57; A.M., ’60; LL.D., ’80;
Prof. Math., Hobart, ’59-’61; Prof. Math. and Engineering, Kenyon Col., ‘69; Pres., Univ. of Minn., ’69-’84.

Pol. Sci. Sem. i, 36.
Individual Research. ii, 36.

 

Frank L. McVey, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Ohio Wesleyan, ‘93; Ph.D., Yale, ‘95;
Instr. in Hist. Teachers’ College, N. Y., ’96.

Comparative Econ. Doctrine. ii, 36.
Economics.* iv, 13, S.-N.
Modern Industrialism.* iv, 12, Mar.-Jun.

 

Samuel G. Smith, Lecturer on Sociology.
A.B., Cornell Col., ’72; A.M.. and Ph.D., Syracuse, ’84; D.D., Upper Iowa Univ., ’86.

Social Sci.* iii, 12, Mar.-Jun.
Indiv. Research. i, 36.

 

 

MISSOURI.
3 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

F. C. Hicks, Prof, of Hist. and of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Univ. of Mich., ’86; Ph.D., same, ’90.

Economic History.* iii, 36.
Problems in Economics.* iii, 36.
Modern Financial Systems.* ii, 36.
Seminar. ii, 36

 

 

NEW YORK.
21 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Frank M. Colby, Prof. of Economics.
A.B., Columbia, ’88, and A.M., ’89.

Practical Economics. ii, 24.
Economic Theory. ii, 24.
Hist. of Indust. Devel. ii, 30.

 

I. F. Russell, Prof. of Sociology, and of Law in N. Y. U. Law School.

A.M., N. Y. U., ‘78; LL.M., Yale, ‘79; D.C.L., Yale, ‘80; LL.D., Dickinson, ‘93;
Prof. Econ., and Const. Law, N. Y. U., ’80-’93.

[Intro. to Sociology. ii, 30.]
Principles of Sociology. ii, 30.

 

 

NORTHWESTERN.
6 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

John H. Gray, Prof. of Political and Social Science.
A.B., Harv., ‘87; Ph.D., Halle, ‘92;
Instr. in Econ., Harv., ’87-9.

Administration. ii, 36.
[Finance.* ii, 36.]
Seminary.* ii, 36.

 

William Caldwell, Prof. of Moral and Social Philosophy.
A.M., Pass Degree, Edinburgh, ’84; A.M., and Honors of First Class, same, ’86;
Asst. Prof. of Philos., same, ’88-’90; Instr., Cornell, ’90-1; Instr., Chicago, ’92-4; Fellow, Edinburgh, ’86-’93, and Sc.D., ’93.

Seminary. Ethical Philos.* ii, 36.
Seminary. Sociology.* iii, 36.

 

 

PENNSYLVANIA.
12 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Colwell Lib. of Pol. Econ., 7,000 vols. Carey Lib., valuable for economic history, including 3,000 Eng. pams. 1 Fel. $500 + tui; 1 Schol. in Hist. and Economics, $100 + tui.

 

Simon N. Patten, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.D., Halle.

Hist. of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, O.-F.
Recent Devel. of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, F.-My.
Relat. of Eng. Philos. to Econ. in 18th Cent. ii, 15, O.-F.
[Scope and Method of Pol. Econ. ii, 15, F.-My.]
[Pract. Applications of Econ. Theory. ii, 12, O.-F.]
Problems of Sociol. ii, 15, F.-My.
Special Topics. ii, 30.

 

Henry R. Seager, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
Ph.B., Mich., ‘90; Ph.D.. Univ. of Pa., ’94;
Instr. in Pol. Econ., same, ’94-6.

Econ. Conference. ii, 30.
Adv. Reading in Ger. and Fr. Economics. ii, 30.
Eng. Indust. Hist. and Devel. of Econ. Theory, 1750-1870. ii, 15, F.-My.

 

Emory R. Johnson, Asst. Prof. of Transportation and Commerce.
B.L., Univ. of Wis., ‘88; M.L., same, ’91; Fel. in Econ., Univ. of Pa., ’92-3; Ph.D., same, ‘93;
Lect. on Transporta., same, ’93-4; Instr., same, ’94-6; Instr. in Econ., Haverford, ’93-6.

Theory of Transportation. i, 30.
[Am. Railway Transportation. ii, 30. ]
Transportation Systems of the United Kingdom and Germany. i, 30.
Hist. of Commerce since 1500. 1, 30.

 

Roland P. Falkner, Assoc. Prof. of Statistics.
Ph.B., Univ. of Pa.. ’85; Ph.D., Halle, ‘88;
Instr. in Statistics, ’88-’91.

Intro. to Statistics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Statistics of Econ. Problems. ii, 15, F.-My.
Hist. and Theory of Statistics. ii, 15, O.-F.
Statistical Organization. ii, 15, F.-My.

 

Samuel McC. Lindsay, Asst. Prof. of Sociol.
Ph.B., Univ. of Pa., ’89; Ph.D., Halle, ’92.

Theory of Sociol. (2 yr. course). ii, 30.
Social-Debtor Classes. ii, 30.
Sociol. Field Work. ii, 30.
Seminary. ii, 30.

 

 

PRINCETON.
5 Graduate Students, 1887-8.
1 Fellowship, $500.

 

Winthrop M. Daniels, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Princeton, ’88, and A.M., ’90;
Instr. Wesleyan, ’91-2.

Public Finance.* ii, 18, S.-Ja.
Hist. of Pol. Econ.* ii, 18, F.-My.

 

W. A. Wyckoff, Lect. on Sociology.
A.B., Princeton, ’88, and A.M., ’91.

Sociology.* ii, 18, F.-My.

 

 

RADCLIFFE.
4 Graduate Students, 1897-8.
[See Harvard Courses marked “[R]”.]

Seminary in Econ. (With Prof. Taussig and Asst. Prof. Cummings.)

 

W. J. Ashley.

[Med. Econ. Hist. of Europe.* iii,30.]

 

Dr. Cunningham, Trinity Col., Cam. Eng.

Industrial Revolution in Eng. in 18th and 19th Cents.* iii, 15, F.-Jun.

 

G. S. Callender.

Econ. Hist. of U. S.*

 

Edward Cummings.

Princ. of Sociol.* iii, 30.

 

Edward Cummings and John Cummings.

Soc. and Econ. Conditions of Workingmen.* iii, 30.

 

John Cummings.

Statistics, Theory, Methods, Practice.*

(Of last three courses, two only will be given in 1898-9.)

 

F. Russell.

Gen. Anthropol.* —?

 

 

VANDERBILT.
2 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Frederick W. Moore, Adj. Prof. of Hist. and Econ.
A.B., Yale, ’86, and Ph.D., ’90

 

Chas. F. Emerick, Asst. in Economics.
A.B., Wittenberg, ’89; Ph.M., Mich., ’95; Ph.D., Columbia, ’97.

Theory of Pol. Econ. Growth of Corporate Industry. iii, 32.
A Study of Socialism.* iii, 16.

 

 

WELLESLEY.
o Graduate Students, 1897-8.

 

Katharine Coman, Prof. of Hist. and Pol. Econ.
Ph.B., Mich., ’80.

Indust. Hist. of U. S.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
[Indust. Hist. of Eng.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.]
Statistical Study of Problems in the U.S. iii, 17, S.-Ja.

 

Emily Greene Balch, Instr. in Economics.
A.B., Bryn Mawr.

Socialism.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Evolution and Present Conditions of Wage Labor.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.
Social Economics.* iii, 17, S.-Ja.; also F.-Jun.

 

 

WESTERN RESERVE.
4 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

S. F. Weston, Assoc. Prof. of Pol. and Soc. Sci.
A.B., Antioch, ’79, and A.M., ’85; Asst. in Economics, Columbia, ’92-4.

Social Theories.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Pauperism and Charities.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Money and Banking.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
U.S. Tariff and Revenue System. iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Economic History of England.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Economic History of United States.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
The State.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Civil Government.* iii, 16, S.-Ja.
Social Problems.* iii, 17, F.-Jun.
Economic Theories. iii, 36.

 

 

WISCONSIN.
24 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Location at State capital gives special facilities for studying the State’s activities and methods of administration. Field work in charitable and correctional institutions in Madison and Chicago. Opportunity for continuous practical work during summer months.

 

Richard T. Ely, Prof. of Pol. Econ. and Director of the Sch. of Econ., Pol. Science and Hist.
A.B., Columbia, ’76; Ph.D., Heidelberg, ‘79; LL.D., Hobart, ’92;
Chair of Pol. Econ., Johns Hopkins, ’81-’92.

Distribution of Wealth. iii, 72, S.-Jun. (This course is to run through ’98- ’99, and ’99-1900.)
Public Finance. iii, 18, S.-F.
Taxation and Am. Public Finance. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
[Social Ethics. ii, 18, S.-F.]
[Socialism. ii, 18, S.-F.
Economic Seminary. Recent Devel. of Econ. Theory. ii, 36. (With Prof. Scott and Dr. Jones.)

 

William A. Scott, Prof. of Econ. Hist. and Theory.
A.B., Rochester, ‘86; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, ’92.
Prof. Hist. and Pol. Econ., Univ. So. Dak., ’87-’90; Instr. in Hist., Johns Hopkins, ’91-2;

[Theories of Value. ii, 18, S.-F.]
Theories of Rent, Wages, Profits, and Interest. ii, 36, S.-F.
[Theories of Production and Consumption. ii, 18, F.-Jun.]
Classical Economists. iii, 18, F.-Jun.

 

Edward D. Jones, Instr. in Econ. and Statistics.
B.S., Ohio Wesleyan Univ., ’92; Halle and Berlin, ’93-4; Ph.D., Univ. of Wisconsin, ’95.

Economic Geography. ii, 18, S.-F.
Statistics. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
Charity and Crime. iii, 18, S.-F.

 

Balthasar H. Meyer, Instr. in Sociol. and Transportation.
B.L., Univ. of Wis., ’94; Berlin, ’94-5; Fel. Univ. of Wis., ’95-7; Ph.D., Univ. of Wis., ’97.

Elements of Sociology.* iii, 18, S.-F.
Psychological Sociologists.* ii, 18, S.-F.
Modern Sociological Thought. iii, 18, F.-Jun.
Transportation. ii, 18, F.-Jun.

 

Frank C. Sharp, Asst. Prof. of Philos.
A.B., Amherst, ’87; Ph.D., Berlin, ’92.

Social Ethics. ii, 18, F.-Jun.
Readings in Ger. Social Philos. ii, 18, S.-F.

 

 

YALE.
43 Graduate Students, 1897-8.

Pol. Science Club meets fortnightly. Club Room with Library for Graduate Students.

 

W. G. Sumner, Prof. of Pol. and Soc. Sci.
A.B., Yale, ’63; LL.D., Tenn., ’84.

Anthropology. ii, 32.
Systematic Societology. ii, 32.
[Indust. Rev. Renaissance Period. ii,32.]
[Begin. of Indust. Organization. ii,32.]
Science of Society.* (German.) ii, 32.

 

H. W. Farnam, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Yale, ’74; R.P.D., Strassburg, ’78.

[Pauperism. ii, O.-D.]
Modern Organiza. of Labor. ii, 20, Ja.-Jun.]
Princs. Pub. Finance. ii, 32.

 

A. T. Hadley, Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B., Yale, 76, and A.M., ’87.

Econ. Problems of Corporations. i, 32.
Relat. between Econ. and Ethics. ii, 32.
Railroad Transportation.* ii, 32.

 

A. T. Hadley and Irving Fisher.

Economics (gen. course).* iii, 32.

 

W. F. Blackman, Prof. of Christian Ethics.
A.B., Oberlin, ’77; D.B., Yale, ’80; Ph.D., Cornell, ’93.

Social Science. ii, 32.
Lit. of Social. ii, 12, O.-D.
Soc. Study of Family. i, 12, O.-D.
Soc. Teach. and Influence of Christianity. i, 32.

 

J. C. Schwab, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Science.
A.B., Yale, ’86, and A.M., ’88; Ph. D., Göttingen, ’89.

Finance. ii, 32.
U.S. Indust. Hist. ii, 32.
U.S. Financial Hist. i, 32.
Finances of Confed. States, 1861-65. i, 32.

 

Irving Fisher, Asst. Prof. of Pol. Econ.
A.B. Yale, ’88, and Ph.D., ’91.

Principles of Economics (adv). ii, 32.
Statistics. ii, 20, Ja.-Jun.
Vital Statistics and Life Insurance. ii, 12, O.-D.

____________________

Source:  Graduate Courses 1898-99: A Handbook for Graduate Students. (6th edition). (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1899), pp. 80-90.