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Toronto. Examination papers in political economy, 1876

Knox College Building

 

The previous post provided transcriptions of the 1875 examinations at the University of Toronto in political economy. The 1876 examinations transcribed below include two additional examinations dedicated to Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations.

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Other Toronto examinations in political economy

University of Toronto, Annual Examinations for 1858.

University of Toronto, Annual Examinations for 1875.

University of Toronto, Annual Examinations for 1891.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Second Year.

ROGERS’S POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Examiners: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. What is the true definition of rent? Does this definition apply equally to land in country and city? State generally the causes which will increase and diminish rent.
  2. What is the measure of the price in England of any kind of foreign produce? Give an illustration of this.
  3. When the imports of a country exceeds its exports, what advantage or disadvantage to the country is thereby indicated? Illustrate your answer by one or two imaginary commercial transactions between merchants in two countries.
  4. Mention some of the causes giving rise to an efflux of specie. Can you suggest a case in which such an efflux would not be checked by a rise in the rate of discount?
  5. Explain the constituent parts of wages, and state the causes which determine their amount.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Second Year.

ROGERS’S POLITICAL ECONOMY
Honors

Examiner: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. What are the economical grounds upon which a government is justified in insisting upon the education of the young, and in levying a tax for educational purposes?
  2. Illustrate, by reference to the past history of England, the alteration that has taken place during the last five centuries in the theory of the functions of government.
  3. When a tax is imposed on an export, in what cases may it be paid by the consuming country? What is the effect upon the trade in the article taxed in the exporting country where the tax is not paid by the consuming country?
  4. A certain article of commerce, of which there are several grades having different values, becomes suddenly scarce: are all the grades affected equally as to price? Explain your answer fully.
  5. Shew the fallacy of the statement that inferior lands have been occupied and cultivated as population has increased.
  6. Explain the meaning of the assertion that values are relative to each other. What circumstances are necessary to give value to any object of commerce?

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Third Year.

POLITICAL ECONOMY
Pass

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

ROGERS.

  1. (a) Investigate the relation between labor and wages, so as to discover the causes of high and low wages.
    (b) Explain and criticize the Malthusian theory of population.
  2. (a) Give an account of the principal restrictions on occupations as exhibited in the commercial history of England.
    (b) Examine various methods adopted to regulate the rate of wages, and shew their economic effects.
  3. “There is not a shadow of evidence in support of the statement that inferior lands have been occupied and cultivated as population increases.” What theory is here referred to? What is Rogers’ theory of rent?
  4. In the long run the price of commodities depends, as we have several times seen, on the cost of production.” Fully explain this statement. What modification does it admit of?
  5. (a) “The fact is, as demand, to be effectual, must be accompanied by the power of exchange; so supply, to be effectual must be accompanied by the power to produce.” Develop a line of argument in support of this statement.
    (b) Shew the effect of increasing the price of manufactured or imported articles, the price of the productions of the earth given in exchange remaining fixed.
  6. Assign limits to governmental interference with the free course of trade.
  7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of indirect taxation.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Third Year.

SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS

Examiners: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. Shew how the accumulation of stock leads to the improvement in the productive powers of labour.
  2. Expain the two different ways in which a capital may be employed so as to yield a revenue or profit to its employer.
  3. Does the money of any Society form a portion of its gross, or its neat revenue, or of either, or both? Explain fully.
  4. Explain shortly the advantages gained by the substitution of paper for gold or silver money.
  5. What is meant by the “balance of trade”? Explain the fallacy upon which was founded the supposition, that a favourable balance of trade was necessary to the prosperity of a country.
  6. What are drawbacks? What was their object under the mercantile system, and in what cases, if any, does the author think them reasonable, and in what cases unreasonable?

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Third Year.

SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS
Honors.

Examiners: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. Distinguish the gross, from the neat, revenue of all the inhabitants of a country; and describe what each is composed of.
  2. “What is annually saved, is as regularly consumed as what is annually spent, and nearly in the same time too, but it is consumed by a different set of people”.
    How does the author proceed to shew this?
  3. Explain the different ways in which a nation may purchase the pay and provisions of an army in a distant country.
  4. How does the author expose the fallacy of the theory entertained by Mr. Locke, Mr. Law, and others, that the increase of the quantity of gold and silver, after the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, was the real cause of the lowering of the rate of interest in Europe?
  5. Shew how it is, that the study of his own advantage necessarily leads each individual member of a Society, to prefer that employment of his capital which is most advantageous to the Society.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Third Year.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.
Honors

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

MILL I.

  1. Explain what is meant by the mercantile system. Assign causes for the errors involved therein.
  2. (a) Mention and illustrate by examples, the different kinds of indirect labor employed in production.
    (b) Distinguish between materials and implements.
  3. (a) “Yet in disregard of a fact so evident, it long continued to be believed that laws and governments without creating capital, could create industry.” Fully explain. What exception does Mill admit to the general rule he lays down?
    (b) Examine whether the unproductive expenditure of the rich is necessary to the employment of the poor.
  4. Distinguish between circulating and fixed capital. Show the effect of increasing the latter at the expense of the former.
  5. Give the substance of Mill’s remarks on the degree of productiveness of productive agents.
  6. Compare the advantages of production on a large and on a small scale, including in your discussion the relative advantages of large and small farming.
  7. Give and illustrate the law of increase of production from land.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Candidates for B.A.

CIVIL POLITY.

Examiner: Rev. George Paxton Young, M.A.

COX’S BRITISH COMMONWEALTH.
SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS.

  1. Define the duties of Government.
  2. Where does the right of taxation lie? Give historical illustrations.
  3. Discuss the question, whether a representative in Parliament ought to be the chosen advocate of particular classes or interests.
  4. “The law does not allow any man, however great his property, to give more than one vote to one candidate.” —Is this law based on correct principles?
  5. What distinctions are there between the pleadings in equity and at common law?
  6. What are the principles on which International Executive Government is established?
  7. Point out the reciprocal obligations of a Supreme State and its Colonies.
  8. What principle give occasion to the division of labour? To what limitation is the division of labour subject? Illustrate.
  9. Discuss the subject of the wages of labour.
  10. Inquire into the policy of restraints upon the importation from foreign countries of such goods as can be produced at home.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1876
Candidates for B.A.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.
Honors

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

MILL

  1. (a) Discuss the nature of wealth, giving different views. What conclusion does Mill come to? Give his reasoning.
    (b) Discuss after Mill the nature of productive labour.
  2. How does Mill answer the question, “What is Capital?” State the fundamental propositions respecting capital; and examine the effect of government loans for unproductive expenditure.
  3. Inquire into the effect of increasing the cost of the raw material of manufactures; and show whether the increased cost of food affects prices or not.
  4. Give, with illustrations, the equation of International Demand.
  5. Give the substance of the chapter “Of Excess of Supply.”
  6. Trade the influence of credit on prices, and inquire into its effects on the general prosperity of a community.
  7. Give different theories of the cause of rent. Criticise Mill’s statement of it, showing how he differs from American economists.
  8. What are the principles of the Theory of Value?
    (a) Give Mill’s summary.
    (b) Some political economists assign as the cause of value, desire for an object—values being regulated by the strength of the desire. Carefully examine this view.
  9. What different remedies have been offered and tried for low wages? State your own views on the principal cause of low wages; also, state the most effectual remedies.
  10. (a) Examine how far paternal government would be economically beneficial.
    (b) Give illustrations of how governments may undertake commercial enterprises for the benefit of the nation, which otherwise could be carried out by private companies.
  11. Discuss, from an independent stand point, the advantages and disadvantages of incidental protection.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1876.

Image Source: Knox College. University of Toronto Libraries / Heritage U of T / U of T Chronology. (archived copy at the Wayback Machine)

 

 

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Exam Questions Toronto

Toronto. Examination papers in political economy, 1875

From the six exams covering economics at the University of Toronto from 1875 we see that Rogers’ Manual of Political Economy was used as an introductory text with J. S. Mill’s Principles being principal text for the more advanced courses. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations also explicitly examined.

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About the 1875 Examiners

Thomas Hodgins, M.A. Q.C., Toronto

The Canadian Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-Made Men: Ontario Volume. Chicago and Toronto: American Biographical Pub. Co., 1880. pp. 386-388.

George Paxton Young

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. XI (1881-1890).

William John Robertson (Toronto, B.A.1873)

A Brief Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking and Currency  by W. J. Robertson (Examiner in Political Economy, Toronto University). Paper read before the historical and political science association of the University of Toronto, Feb. 4th, 1888.

William P. R. Street (b. 10 May 1868; d. 27 August 1946)

According to Toronto City Directory:  Judge (1890)

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875
Second Year.

ROGERS’S POLITICAL ECONOMY

Examiners: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. What was Mr. Price’s scheme for extinguishing the National Debt?
  2. What are the objects of Trades Unions, and what are the means taken to carry them out?
  3. Explain the peculiar disadvantages of taxes on raw materials.
  4. What is the measure of value? Explain the statement that there can be no universal rise in values.
  5. How does the author discuss the question as to the propriety of government interference to check the too rapid exhaustion of coal in Great Britain?
  6. State briefly the causes which increase and diminish rent, and explain their operation in doings so.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875
Second Year.

ROGERS’S POLITICAL ECONOMY
Honors

Examiners: Thomas Hodgins, M.A., LL.B. [and] W. P. R. Street, LL.B.

  1. Mention some of the causes of an efflux of specie.
  2. “If a government interferes with the liberty of its subjects it is bound to shew cause for the interference.” What are the two causes which the author mentions as justifying such interference?
  3. How is Rent defined? Upon whom does the loss arising from an increase in the wages of agricultural laborers fall? Explain?
  4. Mention some of the difficulties in the way of an equitable tax upon incomes.
  5. Explain the operation of a rise in the rate of discount in checking a drain of specie. Under what circumstances is it likely to be ineffectual for that purpose?
  6. What is the real pledge given by a government as the security for the National debt? How is this shewn by the author?

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875

Third Year.
POLITICAL ECONOMY
Pass

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

ROGERS.

  1. If the contract be voluntary, and the service be mutual, is one man’s gain another’s loss? Discuss.
  2. (a) What is the cause of value? Distinguish between value in exchange, and value in use.
    (b) What expedients are adopted to lessen labor, and increase production?
    (c) Give examples of the beneficial effect of division of labor.
  3. (a) What, according to Rogers, is the measure of value? Illustrate.
    (b) Can there be a general rise in value? If not, why not?
    (c) Can there be a general rise in price? Illustrate.
  4. (a) What functions does money perform? Account for the error that money alone is wealth.
    (b) Enumerate various substitutes for money.
  5. Investigate the true relation between Capital and Labor, referring to popular theories and remedies, which you deem erroneous.
  6. Give an account of the causes which depress the rate of wages.
  7. Give Rogers’s views regarding the subject of Protection, stating the limits he prescribes, and shewing wherein he disagrees with Mill.
  8. (a) Give the general rules of taxation?
    (b) What are the relative advantages of direct and indirect taxation?

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

 

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875

Third Year.
CIVIL POLITY.
Honors

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

MILL I.

  1. (a) What are the requisites of production?
    (b) Does nature contribute more to the efficacy of labor in some occupations than in others? Explain.
  2. State the different ways in which labor is employed. Criticise the division of labor into agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial.
  3. Discuss, after Mill, the questions of productive and unproductive labor, also of productive and unproductive consumption.
  4. Enumerate and illustrate (where necessary) the fundamental propositions respecting capital.
  5. Institute a comparison between the benefits of large and small farming respectively.
  6. Give the substance of Mill’s chapter “Of the Law of the Increase of Labor.”

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875

Candidates for B.A.
CIVIL POLITY.

Examiner: Rev. George Paxton Young, M.A.

COX’S BRITISH COMMONWEALTH—SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS.

  1. From what source is the right of government derived? Examine the question fully.
  2. Give an account of the origin and rise of the British Cabinet. On what conditions does the permanence of any particular Cabinet usually depend?
  3. Describe the practice of Parliament with respect to private bills; and state what different courses may be adopted when a public bill is returned from either House to the other with amendments.
  4. What is an impeachment, and how is it conducted?
  5. Examine the doctrine of the balance of power.
  6. Under what restrictions are criteria of truth afforded by public opinion? And to what extent do justice and policy require that governments should be directed by its dictates?
  7. Give an account of the origin and use of money.
  8. Show, that, in the price of commodities, the profits of stock constitute a component part altogether different from the wages of labour, and regulated by different principles.
  9. Explain the order in which manufactures, agriculture, and foreign commerce naturally arise; and state the relation of these branches to the increase of opulence, whether in town or country.
  10. “The attention of governments never was so unnecessarily employed as when directed to watch over the preservation of the increase of the quantity of money in any country.” How does Smith establish this position?

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

 

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University of Toronto
Annual Examinations: 1875

Candidates for B.A.
CIVIL POLITY.
Honors

Examiner: W. J. Robertson, B.A.

MILL

  1. Show what would be the effect of increasing fixed Capital, at the expense of circulating.
  2. Explain and illustrate the diversity in the effective strength of the desire of accumulation.
  3. Give the substance of the chapter “Of the Law of the Increase of Production from Land.”
  4. Distinguish between Communism, St. Simonism, and Fourierism. Criticise these systems.
  5. Examine Mill’s views on the right of bequest and inheritance.
  6. Give examples of the influence of custom on rents, tenure of land, and prices.
  7. Discuss the question of peasant proprietorship.
  8. Enumerate various popular remedies for low wages. Criticise.
  9. State Mill’s theory of rent, with your own views thereon.
  10. Can there be an over-supply of commodities generally? Explain.
  11. (a) What regulates international values? Illustrate.
    (b) Briefly show the indirect benefits of Commerce.
  12. Give examples of exceptions to the rule of Laisser-faire.
  13. Discuss briefly the influence of credit on prices.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination Papers for 1875.

Image Source:  BlogTO / Toronto of the 1880s (January 11, 2011)

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Exam Questions Toronto

Toronto. Political economy examinations on Smith, Whately, Senior and Mill. 1858

1858. Construction south side of quadrangle. University of Toronto

 

 

Today’s post provides the earliest set of university examination questions thus far at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. The examiners for political economy at the University of Toronto in 1858 were the Reverends James Beaven and George Paxton Young. Two of the exams focus exclusively on political economy as found in texts by Richard Whately and Adam Smith. The other two exams are split equally between political economy  (Nassau Senior and John Stuart Mill) and political philosophy (Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui and Francis Lieber)

Interesting to note are the misspellings of the names of both Richard Whately and John Stuart Mill as well as getting the title incorrect for Nassau Senior’s book.

 

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[Richard Whately, Introductory Lectures on Political Economy, 2nded. London: B. Fellowes, 1832.]

University of Toronto
ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS: 1858.
THIRD YEAR.

WHATELEY’S [sic] POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Examiners:  Rev. James Beaven, D.D. and Rev. G.P. Young, M.A.

  1. (a) What is the subject matter of the science of political economy?
    (b) What three other names does Whateley mention as having been applied to
    the science?
    (c) State and illustrate the objections to two of them, and the recommendations
    of the third.
  2. (a) Shew that, even on the supposition that wealth is an evil, it is right to study
    the subject of wealth.
    (b) Show that what may appear an increase of luxury is not necessarily pernicious.
  3. Discuss the question, whether the savage state is the original condition of mankind.
  4. Illustrate the beneficent wisdom of Providence, in directing towards the public
    good the conduct of those who act from selfish motives.
  5. (a) Show that it is most probable a priorithat advancement in national prosperity should be favourable to moral improvement.
    (b) Show that we have no sufficient ground for thinking poverty by itself favourable to moral improvement.
  6. (a) Show the evils of an ill-conducted diffusing of knowledge.
    (b) Explain how they are to be avoided.
  7. (a) Give examples of the need of definition in political economy.

[SECOND PAGE OF EXAM APPARENTLY MISSING]

Source: University of Toronto. Examination papers, 1858. Arts.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086615500?urlappend=%3Bseq=269

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[Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural and Politic Law, 1747]
[Nassau W. Senior. An Outline of the Science of Political Economy, 1836.]

University of Toronto
ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS: 1858.
Third Year.

CIVIL POLITY.

BURMALAQUI’S NATURAL LAW, AND SENIOR’S OUTLINES [sic] OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
Honors and Scholarships

Examiners:  Rev. James Beaven, D.D. and Rev. G.P. Young, M.A.

  1. (a) What are the different primitive and original states of man, as set forth by Burmalaqui?
    (b) Why, and under what restrictions, may the adventitious states produced by human consent be considered, for the purposes of argument, as so many natural states?
  2. (a) Explain Burmalaqui’s view of what is implied in the term Obligation.
    (b) How does he discuss the opinion, That the principle of obligation is the will of a superior?
    (c) May obligation be more or less rigorous?
  3. State the principal theories of the origin and foundation of sovereignty. What is Burmalaqui’s view?
  4. (a) What are the conditions, internal and external, requisite to constitute a law?
    (b) Define natural law, and natural jurisprudence.
    (c) Give the leading steps in the argument by which the existence of natural laws is established.
    (d) Enunciate the two propositions laid down by Burmalaqui, as the general foundation of the whole system of natural law.
  5. (a) What is meant by Sociability?
    (b) Mention some of the natural laws which flow from it.
    (c) What place is assigned to this principle in the system of Puffendorf? How far does Burmalaqui agree with, or differ from, Puffendorf? And on what grounds?
  6. (a) Define Imputation
    (b) Distinguish simple from efficacious imputation.
    (c) Notice a difference between the imputation of good and bad actions.
    (d) Can forced actions be imputed? Give Puffendorf’s view.
    (e) What principles does Burmalaqui lay down for determining whether the action of one person be imputable to another?
  7. How can the authority of natural laws be evinced?
  8. What probable arguments does Burmalaqui advance in favour of the doctrine of the immortality of the soul? And in what connexion is the discussion of this doctrine introduced?

*  *  *

  1. (a) What is Value?
    (b) Point out, and illustrate, the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of the value of a commodity.
    (c) Explain what is meant by steadiness of value; shewing how far it depends on intrinsic, and how far on extrinsic, causes.
  2. (a) Define Production.
    (b) What are the instruments of production?
    (c) Classify and describe the parties among whom the results of the different instruments of production are divided.
    (d) How does Senior remark on the doctrine of over-production or universal glut?
  3. (a) What does Senior understand by cost of production?
    (b) Explain his views on the question, whether profit forms a part of the cost of production?
    (c) Show how it happens that the influence of cost of production in regulating price, under free competition, is subject to much occasional interruption.
  4. What are the obstacles which limit the supply of all that is produced? And what is the mode in which these obstacles affect the reciprocal values of all the subjects of exchange?
  5. (a) Trace the progress of a colony, so as to illustrate the view, that, in the absence of counteracting causes, an increase of population would tend to make the obtaining of raw produce a matter of greater difficulty.
    (b) Point out the principal causes which, as the population of a new colony increases, are likely for a period to fully counteract the tendency referred to.
  6. (a) Illustrate the proposition, That additional labour, when employed in manufactures is more, and when employed in agriculture is less, efficient in proportion.
    (b) Point out some of the principal consequences of this proposition.
  7. (a) What does Senior lay down as the proximate cause of the rate of wages?
    (b) Show that his view is inconsistent with the opinion that the general rate of wages can (except in two cases) be diminished by the introduction of machinery?
  8. (a) Mention the causes on which the extent of the fund for the maintenance of labour depends.
    (b) Two parishes contain each twenty-four labouring families. In the one, eighteen families are employed in producing commodities for the whole twenty-four: in the other only twelve are so employed. What, on Senior’s principle, would be the comparative rate of wages in these parishes, first, on the supposition that labour in the two parishes is equally productive; and, next, on the supposition that in the latter parish labour is more productive by one-half than in the former? Point out the reason of the answer.

Source: University of Toronto. Examination papers, 1858. Arts.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086615500?urlappend=%3Bseq=308

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Adam Smith. Wealth of Nations (1776), Cannan Edition.

University of Toronto
ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS: 1858.
FOURTH YEAR.

SMITH’S WEALTH OF NATIONS.

Examiners:  Rev. James Beaven, D.D. and Rev. George Paxton Young, M.A.

  1. Give the general plan of the work.
  2. State and illustrate the causes of the superior productiveness of the division of labour.
  3. (a) Shew that labour is the real measure of the exchangeable value of commodities.
    (b) Shew by what steps money comes to represent such value.
    (c) Illustrate the variableness of the valueof money itself.
  4. (a) What general circumstances regulate the rent of land?
    (b) Shew that it bears very little relation to any outlay of the landlord upon it.
    (c) Of the materials of clothing and the materials of lodging, which commonly first pays rent to the owner of the land on which they are produced? and why?
    (d) Illustrate the variations in the quantity of rent which they yield.
  5. (a) What is the relation of the accumulation of stock to the division of labour? Explain.
    (b) What is capital and its relation to stock?
    (c) Into what two parts is the capital of a community divided? And what does each part consist of?
  6. (a) Give an account of the causes which have retarded the improvement of agriculture in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire.
    (b) What state of things in this country resembles the Metayersystem?
  7. (a) What, according to Smith, are the two objects of political economy?
    (b) What relation do the system of commerce and the system of agriculture bear to one of those objects?
    (c) What is the principle of the agricultural system?
    (d) What nations have adopted such a system?
  8. (a) State the principle of bounties?
    (b) To what branch of trade is it proposed to apply them in this country? And on what grounds?
    (c) What is Smith’s opinion of this class of bounties? Explain.
  9. (a) Under what branchof political economy is the subject of the public revenue treated?
    (b) What are the three duties of a sovereign which require that a public revenue should be raised?
  10. (a) Under what four general heads does Smith rank the taxes of a country?
    (b) Under which of these heads does a tax upon consumable commodities come?
    (c) What circumstances render a tax on the interest of money less expedient than a tax upon land?
    (d) In what respect does a tax upon necessaries produce the same effect as a tax upon wages?
  11. (a) Trace the origin and growth of public debts.
    (b) What is Smith’s opinion of the operation?

 

Source: University of Toronto. Examination papers, 1858. Arts.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086615500?urlappend=%3Bseq=292

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[Francis Lieber. Manual of Political Ethics Volume I, Volume II]
[John Stuart Mill. Principles of Political Economy (7th ed.), Ashley edition.]

University of Toronto
ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS: 1858.
Candidates for B.A.

CIVIL POLITY.

LIEBER’S POLITICAL ETHICS.—MILLS’ [sic] POLITICAL ECONOMY
Honors and Scholarships

Examiners:  Rev. James Beaven, D.D. and Rev. G.P. Young, M.A.

  1. (a) What place in the chain of sciences do Political Ethics occupy? And what forms the subject matter of this division of Ethics?
    (b) What historical instances of the pressing necessity of justifying public acts, are brought forward by Lieber, for the purpose of proving that: politics may be treated in an ethic point of view?
    (c) Shew that Ethics cannot be applied to politics precisely as to private relations.
  2. (a) Supposing a society to be defined by the nature of the relation existing between its members, what is the peculiar relation on which the State is founded?
    (b) Distinguish the fundamental idea of the State from that of the family; and illustrate, by reference to a difference between the ancient Areopagites and an English jury, the circumstance that the line of demarcation between the State and the family is less strongly drawn in the early history of nations than at a more advanced period.
    (c) What particulars are included in the protection which the State is bound to afford to each individual?
    (d) “The State has been compared to an insurance company in which property forms the share each citizen holds.” “All the State has to do is to look outthat my neighbourdoes not pick my pocket or boxmy ears.”How doesLieber remark on the views of the State and of its office presented in these quotations?
    (e) Develop [sic] the maxims; “The State exists of necessity.” “The State does not absorb individuality.” “La justice constituée, c’est l’état.”
  3. (a) What is government? Point out a serious misconception which has arisen from confounding Government and State.
    (b) Does Lieber hold that Government has sovereign (as distinguished from supreme) power? What is the distinction referred to? Illustrate by an example from Roman history? Mention an important instrument in British history to which Lieber refers in this connexion; and give the substance of his remarks on the words for everin the instrument in question.
    (c) In what different ways may governments be established?Give an historical example of each kind.
  4. “Hamarchy signifies something entirely different from the ancient synarchy, which merely denoted a government in which the people had a share together with the rulers proper.”
    (a) Describe what Lieber terms hamarchy, pointing out the difference between it and the ancient synarchy.
    (b) What proof does he adduce of the hamacratic character of the English polity? And what historical circumstances contributed to give this character to the English polity?
  5. (a) Mention some of those habits in which it is most important, as respects political ends for the young to be educated.
    (b) How does Lieber shew the importance of the classical department in superior education by a reference to the elements or factors out of which our peculiar civilization arises. Specify the ffactors referred to. What remark does he make in this connexion on Chinese education?
  6. (a) What are the characteristics of a sound political party?
    (b) To what dangers are party organizations exposed?
    (c) When a party is in opposition, what are the rules it ought to follow, in order not to be liable to the charge of factiousness?
  7. Explain and illustrate the following propositions:
    (a) Industry is limited by capital.
    (b) Capital is the result of saving
    (c) Capital, though saved, and the result of saving, is nevertheless consumed.
  8. If one of two things commands on the average a greater value that the other, to what causes must this be attributable? And which of the causes is the most important?
  9. Notice and examine any popular remedies for low wages.
  10. State the true theory of rent by whom was it first propounded, and when? By whom was it rediscovered, after having been for some time neglected?
  11. (a) Explain and prove the following proposition:“The quantity [of money]wanted [in a country] will depend partly on the cost of producing gold, and partly on the rapidity of its circulation.”
    (b) What difference can be pointed out betwixt money and other things in respect of the law, that value conforms to the cost of production?
  12. How does Mill discuss the doctrine of Protection to Native Industry?

 

 Source: University of Toronto. Examination papers, 1858. Arts.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086615500?urlappend=%3Bseq=312

 

Image Source: Quadrangle of University College under construction – This view of the south side of the quadrangle, taken in the summer of 1858, show the rafters to the museum partially in place. Construction has begun on the section east of the central tower, the upper floor of which would house the University library. Website: University of Toronto, Heritage. Webpage “Building a College”.  [A1977-0049/001(13)] – Digital I.D.: 2012-02-3MS.jpg]